A text classification example, step by step¶
We will work with a dataset containing messages from several usenet newsgroups. A newsgroup, in case you don't know, is just like a forum. Before the adoption of the World Wide Web, Usenet newsgroups were among the most popular Internet services.
Load the data¶
We'll fetch data from two newsgroups:
rec.autosfor discussing about cars, andsci.spacefor space nerds.
In [1]:
import numpy as np
import plotly.offline as py
import plotly.graph_objs as go
py.init_notebook_mode(connected=False)
from IPython.core.display import display, HTML
import sklearn.ensemble
import collections
The dataset is already split in separate training and testing sets. They are split by date: the 60% oldest messages are used for training, the 40% newest for testing. More info in the sklearn docs and the dataset website.
In [2]:
categories = ['rec.autos','sci.space']
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_20newsgroups
ds_tr = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='train',
categories=categories,
remove=('headers', 'footers', 'quotes')) # Keep just the messages
ds_te = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='test',
categories=categories,
remove=('headers', 'footers', 'quotes'))
Understand the data¶
Let's have a look at the training data, which is in the ds_tr variable
In [3]:
print(f"We have {len(ds_tr.data)} training instances")
print(ds_tr.target)
y_names = ds_tr.target_names
for label in range(len(y_names)):
print(f"y = {label} means that the message is from the {y_names[label]} newsgroup")
# Just for peace of mind, let's make sure that
assert(ds_tr.target_names == ds_te.target_names)
We have 1187 training instances [1 0 0 ... 1 0 0] y = 0 means that the message is from the rec.autos newsgroup y = 1 means that the message is from the sci.space newsgroup
Given a message text, we want to guess which newsgroup it comes from. Can you?
Execute the cell below again to get a new post.
In [4]:
ix = np.random.randint(len(ds_tr.data))
display(HTML(f'<h3>Newsgroup (select to reveal): <p style="color:#FFFFFF">{y_names[ds_tr.target[ix]]}</p></h3>'))
display(HTML('<h3>Message text:<h3>'))
print(ds_tr.data[ix])
Newsgroup (select to reveal):
rec.autos
Message text:
Hello netters! I'm visiting the US (I'm from Sweden) in August. I will probably rent a Chevy Beretta from Alamo. I've been quoted $225 for a week/ $54 for additional days. This would include free driving distance, but not local taxes (Baltimore). They also told me all insurance thats necessary is included, but I doubt that, 'cause a friend rented a car last year and it turned out he needed a lot more insurance than what's included in the base price. But on the other hand he didn't rent it from Alamo. Does anyone have some info on this? Is $225 a rip-off? Probability that I'll be needing more insurance? Is the beretta a good rental car? Thanx
Implement a function to create a list of numeric features for a given message¶
Let's begin with the simplest option. It won't work very well, but it's a start
In [5]:
def compute_features_for_string(s):
return [
len(s), # length of the string
s.count("\n") # number of newlines in the string
]
# Test...
compute_features_for_string("Hey, I'm a string with two lines\nHello")
Out[5]:
[38, 1]
Implement a function to compute a feature matrix for a dataset¶
We'll use this function to compute features for each instance in the training set and testing set.
In [6]:
def compute_features(data): # data is a list of strings
ret = []
for s in data:
ret.append(compute_features_for_string(s))
return np.array(ret)
# Test...
compute_features([
"Hey, I'm a string with two lines\nHello",
"A short string",
"A very loooooooong string\nwith many many\n\n\n\n\nnewlines"
])
Out[6]:
array([[38, 1],
[14, 0],
[53, 6]])
Solve the classification problem¶
We now build a feature matrix for the training and testing sets.
In [7]:
X_tr = compute_features(ds_tr.data)
y_tr = ds_tr.target
X_te = compute_features(ds_te.data)
y_te = ds_te.target
print(X_tr.shape, y_tr.shape, sum(y_tr==0), sum(y_tr==1))
print(X_te.shape, y_te.shape, sum(y_te==0), sum(y_te==1))
(1187, 2) (1187,) 594 593 (790, 2) (790,) 396 394
Let's train a classifier and evaluate it on the testing set
In [8]:
clf = sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier()
clf.fit(X_tr, y_tr)
yhat_te = clf.predict(X_te)
yscores_te = clf.predict_proba(X_te)
print("Accuracy: ",np.mean(y_te==yhat_te))
print("AUC: ", sklearn.metrics.roc_auc_score(
y_true=y_te,
y_score=yscores_te[:,1]))
Accuracy: 0.5544303797468354 AUC: 0.5579814643900938
Note that we used this useful function from sklearn.
The performance of our classifier is pretty poor, but still better than a trivial classifier! Note that the problem is not the classifier itself (indeed, the random forest classifier we used is pretty powerful and used in many state-of-the-art applications!), but instead the poor features we are using. Garbage in, garbage out.
Exercise 1¶
Write a function
def draw_ROC(y_true, y_scores):
...that draws the ROC curve given:
- the array of true labels (0 or 1)
- the array of scores returned by the classifier for class=1
In order to compute the FPR and TPR values for each threshold, you can implement the necessary function yourself or use this function provided by sklearn; read the documentation and learn how to use it.
In [9]:
# Solution
import numpy as np
from sklearn import metrics
def draw_ROC(y_true, y_sores):
fpr, tpr, thresholds = metrics.roc_curve(y_true, y_sores, pos_label=2)
return fpr, tpr, thresholds
draw_ROC(y_te, yscores_te[:,1])
C:\Users\jonat\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\sklearn\metrics\ranking.py:571: UndefinedMetricWarning: No positive samples in y_true, true positive value should be meaningless
Out[9]:
(array([0. , 0.08734177, 0.09113924, 0.17594937, 0.18101266,
0.26075949, 0.26582278, 0.26835443, 0.38481013, 0.38734177,
0.39113924, 0.39367089, 0.39493671, 0.47088608, 0.4721519 ,
0.47468354, 0.48227848, 0.48607595, 0.54936709, 0.5556962 ,
0.63037975, 0.63291139, 0.63670886, 0.67341772, 0.67721519,
0.72531646, 0.72658228, 0.73417722, 0.82151899, 0.82531646,
0.82911392, 0.83037975, 0.90759494, 0.91139241, 0.91265823,
1. ]),
array([nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan,
nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan,
nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan]),
array([2. , 1. , 0.91666667, 0.9 , 0.83333333,
0.8 , 0.75 , 0.71 , 0.7 , 0.66666667,
0.65 , 0.62666667, 0.62 , 0.6 , 0.58166667,
0.56833333, 0.55 , 0.51 , 0.5 , 0.43333333,
0.4 , 0.385 , 0.38333333, 0.35915298, 0.35 ,
0.3 , 0.275 , 0.25 , 0.2 , 0.16 ,
0.15 , 0.125 , 0.1 , 0.05 , 0.03333333,
0. ]))
Exercise 2¶
Which AUC do you expect to obtain if your features were completely useless? For example, if the features for every message were random numbers? Compute the AUC and draw the ROC curve.
In [10]:
# Solution
# Mi aspetto una retta che passa da 0 a 1 e l'AUC è di 0.5
Exercise 3¶
Make this mental experiment: "We train a 1-nearest-neighbor classifier on our training data, and then evaluate the trained classifier on the training data itself". What accuracy value do you think you will get?
Once you make up your mind, implement it and check if you guessed correctly: it's just a small change on the code above, use sklearn.neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=1) (docs). Make sure you understand the result!
In [11]:
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
neigh = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=1)
neigh.fit(X_tr, y_tr)
yhat_te = neigh.predict(X_te)
yscores_te = neigh.predict_proba(X_te)
print("Accuracy: ",np.mean(y_te==yhat_te))
print("AUC: ", sklearn.metrics.roc_auc_score(
y_true=y_te,
y_score=yscores_te[:,1]))
Accuracy: 0.5278481012658228 AUC: 0.5277329128851972
In [12]:
def count_digits(s):
counts = []
for i in range(10):
counts.append(s.count(str(i)))
return sum(counts)
count_digits("here is a string with several digits: 0000 1111 2222 :)")
Out[12]:
12
This is the same, but more elegant; it uses list comprehensions, a great python feature which looks confusing at first but is actually really useful.
In [13]:
def count_digits(s):
return sum([s.count(str(i)) for i in range(10)])
count_digits("here is a string with several digits: 0000 1111 2222 :)")
Out[13]:
12
Exercise¶
Write (and test) functions for computing (some of) the following features for a given string:
- the number of digits in the message
- the fraction of the message's characters that are digits
- some features computed per line on the input string (use str.splitlines()):
- the maximum number of digits per line
- the average number of characters per line
Add these features to the dataset: did the AUC improve?
In [14]:
#Si l'aggiunta di feauture porta ad un miglioramento di AUC
Tokenization¶
In python, you can tokenize strings (i.e. divide the string in words) with the str.split() method, like this
In [15]:
"hey, i'm a string\nand you should split me.".split()
Out[15]:
['hey,', "i'm", 'a', 'string', 'and', 'you', 'should', 'split', 'me.']
However, note that the result is not perfect. I.e. there is a comma after "hey". We could do better with some ad-hoc regex, but if you think about it solving this properly is complicated. Just because it's so easy, we'll use a proper library for tokenizing words in english text, from NLTK, the Natural Language Toolkit.
You'll need to install nltk (super easy with conda). If you have problem installing NLTK, feel free to use str.split. Otherwise...
In [16]:
import nltk
#nltk.word_tokenize("hey, i'm a string. Don't split me!")
Note that:
- the comma is a separate token
- the
'mini'mis a token by itself (which is correct, because it stands for "am") - the
n'tindon'tis a token by itself (which is correct, because it stands for "not")
Get all words in a message¶
In [17]:
#words = nltk.word_tokenize("This is a message!")
words = "This is a message!".split()
print("is" in words)
print("age" in words) # We are looking for a full word, not a word part
print("this" in words) # Careful! Case sensitive...
True False False
Let's forget case and only operate on lowercase words
In [18]:
"HeY".lower()
Out[18]:
'hey'
In [19]:
message = "This is a message!"
#words = nltk.word_tokenize(message)
words = message.split()
lwords = []
for w in words:
lwords.append(w.lower())
lwords
Out[19]:
['this', 'is', 'a', 'message!']
Or, better, using list comprehension:
In [20]:
#lwords = [w.lower() for w in nltk.word_tokenize(message)]
lwords = [w.lower() for w in message.split()]
lwords
Out[20]:
['this', 'is', 'a', 'message!']
Is there a given word in the message?¶
You can use the in operator
In [21]:
print("this" in lwords)
True
Which words are in the message?¶
For each word in a vocabulary, we want to know whether it's in the message or not.
We are computing something similar to the bag-of-words model which is frequently used in Natural Language Processing.
In [22]:
vocabulary = ["message", "mickey", "one"]
presence = []
for v in vocabulary:
presence.append(v in lwords)
presence
Out[22]:
[False, False, False]
In [23]:
# or equivalently with list comprehensions
presence = [(v in lwords) for v in vocabulary]
presence
Out[23]:
[False, False, False]
Let's now define a meaningful vocabulary and use the presence (or absence) of each word in each message as a feature. Note that we are not telling the classifier whether a feature should be indicative of one class or the other. Also, in this way we might add irrelevant features, but we expect the classifier to figure that out and not be too confused (unless we add too many of them).
In [24]:
def compute_features_for_string(s, vocabulary):
#lwords = [w.lower() for w in nltk.word_tokenize(s)]
lwords = [w.lower() for w in s.split()]
presence = [(v in lwords) for v in vocabulary]
ret = [len(s),s.count("\n")] + presence # the + concatenates two lists
return ret
def compute_features(data, vocabulary):
ret = []
for s in data:
ret.append(compute_features_for_string(s, vocabulary))
return np.array(ret)
vocabulary = ["car","engine","auto","moon","planet",
"ford","piston","fuel","entry","atmosphere"]
X_tr = compute_features(ds_tr.data, vocabulary)
y_tr = ds_tr.target
X_te = compute_features(ds_te.data, vocabulary)
y_te = ds_te.target
clf = sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=100)
clf.fit(X_tr,y_tr)
yhat_te = clf.predict_proba(X_te)
auc = sklearn.metrics.roc_auc_score(y_te, yhat_te[:,1])
accuracy = sklearn.metrics.accuracy_score(y_te, yhat_te[:,1]>0.5)
print("AUC: ",auc)
print("Accuracy: ",auc)
AUC: 0.7533103881454135 Accuracy: 0.7533103881454135
Challenge!¶
Can you get to AUC > 0.85 by adding less than 5 additional words to the vocabulary? What AUC can you get if you use 30 words in total?
Note: every time you train the random forest classifier, it will be (slightly) different because the training algorithm is stochastic, so the AUC will change a little bit.
In [25]:
c = collections.Counter()
c.update(["red","red","blue"])
print(c)
c.update(["violet","red","red","green","green"])
print(c)
print(c.most_common(2)) # The two most common elements
Counter({'red': 2, 'blue': 1})
Counter({'red': 4, 'green': 2, 'blue': 1, 'violet': 1})
[('red', 4), ('green', 2)]
Let's use a counter to find the most frequent words in the dataset.
In [26]:
c = collections.Counter()
for s in ds_tr.data:
lwords = [w.lower() for w in s.split()]
c.update(lwords)
c.most_common(1000)
Out[26]:
[('the', 9853),
('to', 4360),
('a', 4276),
('of', 4173),
('and', 3879),
('in', 2746),
('is', 2408),
('i', 2225),
('for', 1894),
('that', 1874),
('on', 1514),
('it', 1505),
('you', 1321),
('be', 1225),
('are', 1187),
('this', 1076),
('have', 1072),
('with', 975),
('as', 911),
('was', 888),
('at', 849),
('not', 803),
('or', 786),
('they', 776),
('but', 764),
('if', 752),
('space', 740),
('from', 726),
('by', 709),
('an', 646),
('about', 617),
('will', 609),
('would', 597),
('-', 592),
('my', 521),
('can', 521),
('has', 468),
('there', 467),
('some', 439),
('all', 426),
('your', 423),
('more', 422),
('which', 405),
('do', 397),
('what', 386),
('one', 382),
('like', 380),
('just', 374),
('so', 373),
('any', 370),
('out', 369),
('we', 362),
('car', 355),
('than', 353),
('get', 351),
('other', 339),
('--', 323),
('up', 306),
("don't", 305),
('also', 301),
('had', 297),
('were', 291),
('how', 285),
('no', 282),
('when', 282),
('their', 273),
('been', 272),
('new', 264),
('he', 261),
('these', 258),
('could', 257),
('very', 257),
('may', 257),
('only', 255),
('me', 250),
('much', 250),
('who', 242),
('into', 235),
('launch', 231),
('nasa', 229),
('think', 228),
('its', 218),
('good', 217),
('first', 214),
('should', 210),
('know', 205),
("it's", 205),
('then', 202),
('them', 202),
('people', 195),
('time', 195),
('use', 194),
('data', 187),
('us', 186),
('after', 181),
('most', 178),
("i'm", 172),
('make', 172),
('see', 169),
('lunar', 169),
('where', 167),
('two', 165),
('|', 165),
('does', 160),
('even', 159),
('his', 158),
('over', 156),
('/', 155),
('satellite', 153),
('it.', 152),
('shuttle', 151),
('many', 151),
('used', 149),
('system', 148),
('because', 145),
('same', 143),
('anyone', 142),
('such', 142),
('being', 142),
('go', 138),
('few', 138),
('why', 134),
('am', 133),
('available', 131),
('need', 130),
(':', 130),
('those', 128),
('through', 127),
('might', 127),
('still', 126),
('while', 125),
('back', 125),
('really', 125),
('since', 124),
('cars', 124),
('long', 122),
('earth', 122),
('power', 121),
('want', 121),
('information', 121),
('1', 120),
('did', 120),
('last', 118),
('off', 117),
('right', 116),
('years', 116),
('high', 115),
('using', 114),
('little', 113),
('=', 113),
('around', 112),
('before', 111),
('orbit', 110),
('got', 109),
('better', 109),
('program', 108),
('please', 107),
('put', 107),
('another', 107),
('well', 106),
('something', 106),
('way', 106),
('cost', 106),
('small', 105),
("i've", 105),
('mission', 105),
('our', 103),
('engine', 103),
('now', 102),
('going', 102),
('said', 101),
('down', 100),
('look', 100),
("didn't", 100),
('&', 99),
('take', 98),
('3', 98),
('probably', 98),
('between', 98),
('someone', 97),
('station', 97),
('never', 97),
('solar', 97),
('*', 97),
('find', 96),
('things', 95),
('national', 95),
('year', 94),
("can't", 94),
('center', 94),
('commercial', 94),
('made', 94),
('here', 93),
('moon', 93),
('problem', 92),
('vehicle', 91),
('spacecraft', 91),
('part', 90),
('several', 90),
("i'd", 89),
('enough', 89),
('2', 88),
('science', 87),
('work', 87),
('flight', 87),
('rocket', 87),
('research', 86),
('speed', 86),
('different', 86),
('sure', 85),
('big', 85),
('both', 84),
('every', 83),
('general', 83),
('lot', 82),
('april', 82),
('too', 82),
('three', 80),
('next', 80),
('called', 80),
('old', 79),
('under', 79),
('low', 79),
('least', 79),
('1993', 79),
('large', 79),
('send', 79),
('planetary', 79),
('based', 79),
('list', 78),
('real', 78),
('it,', 77),
('during', 77),
('technology', 77),
('actually', 76),
('must', 74),
('quite', 74),
('probe', 74),
('say', 73),
('idea', 73),
('each', 73),
('drive', 73),
('without', 72),
('anything', 72),
('getting', 72),
('maybe', 72),
('orbital', 71),
('mars', 71),
("you're", 71),
('thing', 70),
('money', 70),
('test', 70),
('satellites', 70),
('oil', 70),
('looking', 69),
('5', 69),
('rather', 69),
('point', 69),
('article', 69),
('air', 69),
('heard', 68),
('done', 68),
('own', 68),
('however,', 68),
('thought', 68),
('saturn', 68),
('come', 68),
(':-)', 68),
('give', 67),
('less', 67),
('light', 67),
('far', 67),
('radar', 67),
('try', 67),
('>', 67),
('launched', 66),
('found', 66),
('international', 66),
('software', 66),
('(or', 65),
('model', 65),
('market', 64),
('development', 64),
('keep', 64),
('+', 64),
('dealer', 64),
('fuel', 63),
('change', 63),
('car.', 62),
('4', 62),
('set', 62),
('able', 62),
('read', 61),
('control', 61),
('(and', 61),
('within', 61),
('email', 61),
('technical', 61),
('doing', 61),
("that's", 60),
('number', 60),
('great', 59),
('6', 59),
('driving', 59),
('well,', 59),
('possible', 58),
('buy', 58),
('world', 58),
('always', 58),
('thanks', 58),
('ever', 58),
('support', 57),
('following', 57),
('etc.', 57),
('went', 57),
('images', 57),
('university', 56),
('place', 56),
("isn't", 56),
('times', 56),
('price', 56),
('(i', 56),
('designed', 56),
('current', 56),
('news', 55),
('systems', 55),
("doesn't", 55),
('until', 55),
('let', 55),
('kind', 55),
('live', 55),
('including', 55),
('best', 54),
('tell', 54),
('telescope', 54),
('bit', 54),
('local', 54),
('remember', 54),
('surface', 54),
('seen', 53),
('design', 53),
('mass', 53),
('end', 53),
('ford', 53),
('major', 52),
('build', 52),
('office', 52),
('believe', 52),
('post', 52),
('once', 52),
('car,', 52),
('told', 51),
('early', 51),
('group', 51),
('government', 51),
('per', 51),
('second', 50),
('either', 50),
('interested', 50),
('brake', 50),
('service', 50),
('took', 50),
('radio', 49),
('working', 48),
('pretty', 48),
('problems', 48),
('left', 48),
('known', 48),
('start', 48),
('provide', 48),
('given', 48),
('almost', 48),
('ftp', 48),
('"the', 48),
('km', 48),
('case', 47),
('russian', 47),
('dr.', 47),
('also,', 47),
('near', 47),
('help', 47),
('gas', 47),
('propulsion', 47),
('missions', 47),
('american', 47),
('m', 47),
('bought', 46),
('white', 46),
('having', 46),
('front', 46),
('side', 46),
('order', 46),
('name', 46),
('requests', 46),
('built', 46),
('orbit.', 46),
('question', 45),
('bad', 45),
('titan', 45),
('seems', 45),
('road', 45),
('include', 45),
('performance', 45),
('safety', 45),
('company', 45),
('models', 45),
('astronomy', 45),
('probes', 45),
('course', 44),
('orbiter', 44),
('trying', 44),
('check', 44),
('time.', 44),
('10', 44),
('currently', 44),
('star', 44),
("i'll", 44),
('gets', 43),
('note', 43),
('life', 43),
('pay', 43),
('worth', 43),
('auto', 43),
('material', 43),
('parts', 42),
('tires', 42),
('.', 42),
('day', 42),
("aren't", 42),
('30', 42),
('physical', 42),
('sounds', 42),
('contact', 42),
('project', 42),
('de', 42),
('military', 42),
('similar', 42),
('(the', 41),
('billion', 41),
('u.s.', 41),
('costs', 41),
('fact', 41),
('guess', 41),
('questions', 41),
('higher', 41),
('reason', 41),
('miles', 41),
('remote', 41),
('various', 41),
('astronomical', 41),
('energy', 41),
('dc', 40),
('force', 40),
('interesting', 40),
('aerospace', 40),
('discussion', 40),
('require', 39),
('whether', 39),
('call', 39),
('hard', 39),
('q:', 39),
('a:', 39),
('turn', 39),
('anonymous', 39),
('venus', 39),
('state', 39),
('engines', 39),
('\\', 39),
('...', 39),
('perhaps', 38),
('goes', 38),
('hope', 38),
('area', 38),
('single', 38),
('1)', 38),
('ames', 38),
('posted', 38),
('public', 38),
('society', 38),
('funding', 38),
('book', 38),
('insurance', 38),
('instead', 38),
('(send', 38),
('20', 37),
('asked', 37),
('looks', 37),
('comes', 37),
('base', 37),
('run', 37),
('posting', 37),
('consider', 37),
('although', 37),
('months', 37),
('box', 37),
('else', 37),
('van', 37),
('toyota', 37),
('ago', 37),
('process', 36),
('(in', 36),
('astronaut', 36),
('redesign', 36),
('add', 36),
('system.', 36),
('experience', 36),
("wouldn't", 36),
('ask', 36),
('via', 36),
('useful', 36),
('makes', 36),
('specific', 36),
('driver', 36),
('exactly', 36),
('access', 36),
('info', 36),
('business', 36),
('me.', 36),
('delta', 36),
('ground', 36),
("haven't", 35),
('payload', 35),
('mail', 35),
('computer', 35),
('mean', 35),
('example,', 35),
('future', 35),
('water', 35),
('couple', 35),
('sales', 35),
('stuff', 35),
("there's", 35),
('special', 35),
('potential', 35),
('return', 35),
('unless', 35),
('due', 35),
('value', 35),
('theory', 35),
('inside', 34),
('deal', 34),
('sort', 34),
("won't", 34),
('certainly', 34),
('him', 34),
('says', 34),
('important', 34),
('soviet', 34),
('drivers', 34),
('days', 34),
('sources', 34),
('atmosphere', 34),
('half', 33),
('along', 33),
('up.', 33),
('total', 33),
('exploration', 33),
('show', 33),
('services', 33),
('system,', 33),
('reports', 33),
('---', 33),
('others', 33),
('is,', 33),
('fast', 33),
('report', 33),
("they're", 33),
('institute', 33),
('sell', 33),
('against', 33),
('gravity', 33),
('sun', 33),
('source', 33),
('time,', 33),
('sent', 33),
('recently', 32),
('nothing', 32),
('whole', 32),
('washington,', 32),
('above', 32),
('posts', 32),
('tire', 32),
('now,', 32),
('(which', 32),
('reading', 32),
('means', 32),
('type', 32),
('away', 32),
('them.', 32),
('wanted', 32),
('assume', 32),
('past', 32),
('already', 32),
('required', 32),
('sensing', 32),
('mailing', 32),
('degrees', 32),
('results', 31),
('guy', 31),
('saying', 31),
('free', 31),
('additional', 31),
('feel', 31),
('cars.', 31),
('saw', 31),
('land', 31),
('image', 31),
('scientific', 31),
('observatory', 31),
('range', 31),
('ozone', 31),
('mind', 31),
('solid', 31),
('seem', 31),
('rockets', 31),
('south', 31),
('late', 31),
('o', 31),
('close', 30),
('nice', 30),
('move', 30),
('stage', 30),
('except', 30),
('buying', 30),
('option', 30),
('dc-x', 30),
('rate', 30),
('ssf', 30),
('v', 30),
('course,', 30),
('developed', 30),
('wheel', 30),
('line', 30),
('become', 30),
('stop', 30),
('expect', 30),
('started', 30),
('hear', 30),
('honda', 30),
('larger', 30),
('this,', 30),
('planet', 30),
('orbiting', 30),
('organization', 30),
('talking', 30),
('person', 30),
('kg', 30),
('taking', 29),
('longer', 29),
('$', 29),
('options', 29),
('years.', 29),
('job', 29),
('so,', 29),
('four', 29),
('included', 29),
('agency', 29),
('address', 29),
('yet', 29),
('issue', 29),
('lower', 29),
('expensive', 29),
('hand', 29),
('rear', 29),
('this.', 29),
('answer', 29),
('european', 29),
('section', 29),
('full', 29),
('body', 29),
('defense', 29),
("wasn't", 29),
('series', 29),
('???', 29),
('human', 29),
('attitude', 28),
('applications', 28),
("couldn't", 28),
('considered', 28),
('key', 28),
('top', 28),
('numbers', 28),
('figure', 28),
('field', 28),
('manned', 28),
('usually', 28),
('difference', 28),
('2)', 28),
('short', 28),
('likely', 28),
('vehicles', 28),
('basic', 28),
('8', 28),
('analysis', 28),
('june', 28),
('everyone', 28),
('groups', 28),
('launches', 27),
('yes,', 27),
('open', 27),
('simply', 27),
('upon', 27),
('team', 27),
('making', 27),
('net', 27),
('one.', 27),
('interest', 27),
('recent', 27),
('(for', 27),
('involved', 27),
('cut', 27),
('includes', 27),
('it?', 27),
('(if', 27),
('1992', 27),
('below', 27),
('study', 27),
('behind', 27),
('communications', 27),
('liquid', 27),
('reference', 27),
('space,', 27),
('***', 27),
('motor', 26),
('existing', 26),
('fund', 26),
('million', 26),
('easily', 26),
('apr', 26),
('years,', 26),
('again', 26),
('weeks', 26),
('amount', 26),
('me,', 26),
('facility', 26),
('year,', 26),
('scale', 26),
('apollo', 26),
('fairly', 26),
('foot', 26),
('needed', 26),
('especially', 26),
('9', 26),
('sky', 26),
('five', 26),
('w.', 26),
('advertising', 26),
('night', 26),
('kill', 26),
('year.', 26),
('companies', 26),
('g', 26),
('she', 26),
('version', 25),
('taken', 25),
('main', 25),
('increase', 25),
('budget', 25),
('rest', 25),
('lots', 25),
('wants', 25),
('demand', 25),
('allen', 25),
('third', 25),
('spent', 25),
('here.', 25),
('subject', 25),
('spend', 25),
('aviation', 25),
('vw', 25),
('level', 25),
('ca', 25),
("you'll", 25),
('putting', 25),
('often', 25),
('excellent', 25),
('according', 25),
('related', 25),
('driven', 25),
('users', 25),
('site', 25),
('global', 25),
('15', 25),
('100', 25),
('engineering', 25),
('studies', 25),
('training', 25),
("you'd", 25),
('though', 25),
('anybody', 25),
('gave', 25),
('later', 25),
('sci.space', 25),
('traffic', 25),
('1.', 25),
('!', 25),
('cause', 25),
('came', 25),
('mariner', 25),
('(on', 25),
("larson's", 25),
('uses', 24),
('weight', 24),
('funds', 24),
('track', 24),
('added', 24),
('john', 24),
('cover', 24),
('japanese', 24),
('industry', 24),
('prices', 24),
('none', 24),
('hit', 24),
('expected', 24),
('understand', 24),
('building', 24),
('published', 24),
('wrong', 24),
('basically', 24),
('crew', 24),
('e-mail', 24),
('there.', 24),
('articles', 24),
('owners', 24),
('opinions', 24),
('places', 24),
('looked', 24),
('tracking', 24),
('reach', 24),
('class', 24),
('happened', 24),
('comet', 24),
('impact', 24),
('mine', 24),
('black', 24),
('coming', 24),
('antenna', 24),
('ariane', 24),
('care', 24),
('pioneer', 24),
('upper', 23),
('now.', 23),
('wondering', 23),
('states', 23),
('that,', 23),
('talk', 23),
('carry', 23),
('street', 23),
('press', 23),
('you,', 23),
('archive-name:', 23),
('manufacturers', 23),
('cars,', 23),
('standard', 23),
('generally', 23),
('works', 23),
('engine.', 23),
('happen', 23),
('stupid', 23),
('form', 23),
('jupiter', 23),
('true', 23),
('direct', 23),
('internet', 23),
('volume', 23),
('attempt', 23),
('files', 23),
('towards', 23),
('intended', 23),
('outside', 23),
('craft', 23),
('het', 23),
('signal', 23),
('landing', 23),
('march', 23),
('abort', 23),
('joint', 23),
('advanced', 23),
('clear', 22),
('that.', 22),
('original', 22),
('operations', 22),
('sorry', 22),
('all,', 22),
('space.', 22),
('you.', 22),
('physics', 22),
("we're", 22),
('etc.)', 22),
('so.', 22),
('contains', 22),
('appropriate', 22),
('manual', 22),
('offer', 22),
('though.', 22),
('everything', 22),
('command', 22),
('paper', 22),
('archive', 22),
('status', 22),
('jpl', 22),
('velocity', 22),
('shows', 22),
('atlas', 22),
('significant', 22),
('elements', 22),
('moon.', 22),
('tv', 22),
('thermal', 22),
('program.', 22),
('california', 22),
('further', 22),
('door', 22),
('2.', 22),
('3.', 22),
('object', 22),
('nuclear', 22),
('history', 22),
('p.', 22),
('powered', 22),
('books', 22),
('prize', 22),
('size', 21),
('particular', 21),
('avoid', 21),
('from:', 21),
('united', 21),
('paying', 21),
('sometimes', 21),
('program,', 21),
('week', 21),
('structure', 21),
('successful', 21),
('phone', 21),
('members', 21),
('limited', 21),
('somewhat', 21),
('normal', 21),
('serious', 21),
('mostly', 21),
('systems,', 21),
('entire', 21),
('reported', 21),
('acceleration', 21),
('selling', 21),
('unit', 21),
('mary', 21),
('ssto', 21),
('one,', 21),
('sold', 21),
('described', 21),
('activities', 21),
('projects', 21),
('message', 21),
('certain', 21),
('luna', 21),
('amateur', 21),
('robert', 21),
('module', 21),
('martian', 21),
('previous', 21),
('tom', 21),
('simple', 21),
('constant', 21),
('sho', 21),
('mentioned', 21),
('lines', 21),
('network', 21),
('?', 21),
('universe', 21),
('highly', 20),
('actually,', 20),
('plan', 20),
('bring', 20),
('term', 20),
('actual', 20),
('final', 20),
('problem.', 20),
('plus', 20),
('federal', 20),
('proposed', 20),
('allow', 20),
('automotive', 20),
('changes', 20),
('50', 20),
('p', 20),
('areas', 20),
('suggest', 20),
('replace', 20),
('cheaper', 20),
('license', 20),
('automatic', 20),
('abs', 20),
('steering', 20),
('well.', 20),
('damage', 20),
('cold', 20),
('caused', 20),
('mile', 20),
('friend', 20)]
Let's put the 200 most common words in a list
In [27]:
vocabulary = []
for w,count in c.most_common(200): # we are using tuple unpacking here
vocabulary.append(w)
vocabulary
Out[27]:
['the', 'to', 'a', 'of', 'and', 'in', 'is', 'i', 'for', 'that', 'on', 'it', 'you', 'be', 'are', 'this', 'have', 'with', 'as', 'was', 'at', 'not', 'or', 'they', 'but', 'if', 'space', 'from', 'by', 'an', 'about', 'will', 'would', '-', 'my', 'can', 'has', 'there', 'some', 'all', 'your', 'more', 'which', 'do', 'what', 'one', 'like', 'just', 'so', 'any', 'out', 'we', 'car', 'than', 'get', 'other', '--', 'up', "don't", 'also', 'had', 'were', 'how', 'no', 'when', 'their', 'been', 'new', 'he', 'these', 'could', 'very', 'may', 'only', 'me', 'much', 'who', 'into', 'launch', 'nasa', 'think', 'its', 'good', 'first', 'should', 'know', "it's", 'then', 'them', 'people', 'time', 'use', 'data', 'us', 'after', 'most', "i'm", 'make', 'see', 'lunar', 'where', 'two', '|', 'does', 'even', 'his', 'over', '/', 'satellite', 'it.', 'shuttle', 'many', 'used', 'system', 'because', 'same', 'anyone', 'such', 'being', 'go', 'few', 'why', 'am', 'available', 'need', ':', 'those', 'through', 'might', 'still', 'while', 'back', 'really', 'since', 'cars', 'long', 'earth', 'power', 'want', 'information', '1', 'did', 'last', 'off', 'right', 'years', 'high', 'using', 'little', '=', 'around', 'before', 'orbit', 'got', 'better', 'program', 'please', 'put', 'another', 'well', 'something', 'way', 'cost', 'small', "i've", 'mission', 'our', 'engine', 'now', 'going', 'said', 'down', 'look', "didn't", '&', 'take', '3', 'probably', 'between', 'someone', 'station', 'never', 'solar', '*', 'find', 'things', 'national', 'year', "can't", 'center', 'commercial', 'made', 'here', 'moon', 'problem', 'vehicle', 'spacecraft', 'part', 'several', "i'd"]
In [28]:
# Better yet, with a list comprehension
vocabulary = [w for w,count in c.most_common(200)]
Exercise¶
What AUC can you get if you use the $N$ most common words in the vocabulary for computing features? Compute the AUC vs $N$ for $N = {10, 20, 40, 100, 200, 400, 1000, 2000, 4000, 10000}$.
Plot the results with a blue line (using go.Scatter(..., mode = 'lines+markers')), with $N$ on $x$ and the AUC on $y$.
In [29]:
import plotly.offline as py
import plotly.graph_objs as go
py.init_notebook_mode(connected=False)
# Create a trace
#value =[10,20,40,100,200,400,1000,2000,4000,10000]
value =[10,20,40,100,200,400,1000]
aucList = []
for i in range(len(value)):
vocabulary = []
for w in c.most_common(value[i]): # we are using tuple unpacking here
vocabulary.append(w)
vocabulary
X_tr1 = compute_features(ds_tr.data, vocabulary)
y_tr1 = ds_tr.target
X_te1 = compute_features(ds_te.data, vocabulary)
y_te1 = ds_te.target
clf = sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=1)
clf.fit(X_tr1,y_tr1)
yhat_te1 = clf.predict_proba(X_te1)
auc = sklearn.metrics.roc_auc_score(y_te1, yhat_te1[:,1])
accuracy = sklearn.metrics.accuracy_score(y_te1, yhat_te1[:,1]>0.5)
aucList.append(auc)
# Create a trace
trace = go.Scatter(
y = aucList,
x = value,
mode = 'lines+markers'
)
data = [trace]
# Plot and embed in ipython notebook!
py.iplot(data, filename='basic-scatter')
Advanced: stemming¶
Did you notice that, so far, we considered similar words such as "car" vs "cars" (or "launch" vs "launched") as different words? That's probably not ideal. It would be great if we could reduce all words to a "simple" form, so that we count both "car" and "cars" as the same word. This operation in the Natural Language Processing literature is called stemming (closely related: lemmatization). Read about them here.
In [30]:
from nltk.stem.porter import PorterStemmer
ps = PorterStemmer()
for word in ["car", "cars", "launch", "launched", "missile", "missiles", "missilistic", "transparent",
"biology", "biologic"]:
print(f"{word} → {ps.stem(word)}")
car → car cars → car launch → launch launched → launch missile → missil missiles → missil missilistic → missilist transparent → transpar biology → biolog biologic → biolog
Let's apply a stemmer to all the words of a random message in the training set. Note that some stems do not correspond to real words: that's OK. Run the cell again to see another message.
In [31]:
ix = np.random.randint(len(ds_tr.data))
s = ds_tr.data[ix]
print()
words = s.split()
for w in words:
print(ps.stem(w), end=" ")
I don't care who told you thi it is not gener true. I see everi singl line item on a contract and I have to sign it. there is no such thing as wrap at thi university. I also ask around here. ther is no wrap at marquette, univers of wisconsin madison, utah state, weber state or embri riddl U. I am not say that it doee not happen but in everi instanc that I have been abl to track down it doe not. also the presid of our univers who wa provost at univers of west virgina said that it did not happen there either and that thi figur must be includ in the overhead to be a legitim charge. I did they never heard of it but suggest that, like our presid did, that ani percentag number like thi is includ in the overhead. No allen you did not. you mere repeat alleg made by an employe of the overhead capit of nasa. noth that reston doe could not be dont better or cheaper at the other nasa center where the work is go on. kinda funni isn't it that someon who talk about a problem like thi is at a place where everyth is overhead. whi did the space new artic point out that it wa the congression demand chang that caus the problems? methink that you are be select with the fact again. If it take four flight a year to resuppli the station and you have a cost of 500 million a flight then you pay 2 billion a year. you state that your "friend" at reston said that with the current station they could resuppli it for a billion a year "if the wrap were gone". thi mere point out a blatent contridict in your number that understand you fail to see. dennis, univers of alabama in huntsville.
Exercise (difficult)¶
How does the performance of our classifier change if instead of using the presence of words as features, we use the presence of words that stem in a given way? Note that the motivation of this change is similar to the reason why we used str.lower() previously. And the implementation is very similar. You should:
- Compute the $N$ most frequent word stems in the training data. Use those as a
stem_vocabulary. - For each message: tokenize it, convert each token to lowercase and extract its stem. Then, check if each element in
stem_vocabularyis in the message.
Compare the performance of the classifier which uses these features to the performance of the classifier that uses the presence of unstemmed words as features (which you computed in a previous exercise).
The cell below solves the first point (computing stem_vocabulary).
In [32]:
c = collections.Counter()
for s in ds_tr.data:
stems = [ps.stem(w.lower()) for w in s.split()]
c.update(stems)
N = 200
stem_vocabulary = [stem for stem,count in c.most_common(N)]
Examining the results of the classifier¶
Let's print the classifier predictions (you can do this with any classifier, but it is more fun if it works reasonably well, i.e. AUC > 0.8).
Make sure the classifier scores are in variable yscores_te.
In [33]:
for i in range(len(ds_te.data)):
print(f"Instance {i} - True class {y_te[i]} =====================================")
for c in [0,1]:
print(f"Class {c} ({y_names[c]}) score: {yscores_te[i,c]:0.2f}")
print()
print(ds_te.data[i])
print()
Instance 0 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 1.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 0.00
Instance 1 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
xIf you put a locking lugnut on your tires, do you need to have your
xtires rebalanced??
x
xJohn Mas
x
xE-Mail Address :: MAS@SKCLA.MONSANTO.COM
Since the wheel/tire is balanced off the car i.e. the lugnuts are
not normally involved, how would they do that? I would think that
since the lugs are so close to the center of rotation any slight
difference in weight between a normal lugnut and a locking one would
not have any noticable effect on the balance. I could be wrong, it *is*
Friday afternoon.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mack Costello <mcostell@oasys.dt.navy.mil> Code 65.1 (formerly 1720.1)
David Taylor Model Basin, Carderock Division Hq. NSWC ___/-\____
Bethesda, MD 20084-5000 Phone (301) 227-2431 (__________>|
Instance 2 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 1.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 0.00
I am curious about knowing which commericial cars today
have v engines.
V4 - I don't know of any.
V6 - Legend, MR3? MR6?
VW Golf/Passat 2.8l VR6 (inline V6!), very narrow angle (11 deg?), one head.
Audi 80/100 2.6/2.8l V6
V8 - Don't know of any.
Audi V8 3.6/4.2l
Some MBs
Some BMWs
V12 - Jaguar XJS
BMW 750/850
MB *600*
Please add to the list.
Thanks,
-S
ssave@ole.cdac.com
Instance 3 - True class 1 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 1.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 0.00
[discussion of pros and cons deleted]
Could someone give me the references to the LLNL proposal? I've been meaning
to track it down in conjuntion with something I'm working on. It's not
directly related to space stations, but I think many of the principles will
carry over.
Instance 4 - True class 1 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 1.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 0.00
I think you're both right. Teflon was actually discovered by accident
before WWII. From what I've heard, they had some chemical (I assume it
was tetrafluoroethylene) in a tank and but the valve got gummed up.
Cutting it open revealed that it had polymerized.
The material was useful for seals, but it had a major problem for, say
the linings of vessels: it wouldn't stick to metal. What the space
program did was to find a way to get it to stick. Thus we had no-stick
frypans on the market in the late '60s.
Instance 5 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
& >I'm not familiar with the trannies used in Winston Cup, but in the trans-am
& >cars I've played with the transmissions were the racing variety, with
& >dog clutches instead of sychros. In a transmission with dog clutches, the
& >gears are always engaged with each other and moving the dog clutches
& >engages the gears to the shafts. Motorcycle transmissions are the same way.
& >Shifting without the clutch on a transmission with syncros can and will cause
& >transmission damage, the only question being how long it takesto grenade
& >something (for the trans in my 87 Pulsar SE, it was about 3-5k miles, but
& >it had a weak tranny in the first place).
&
& just out of curiosity, how is this "dog clutch" any different from a synchro
& transmission. What you described SOUNDS the same to me. In fact, what little
& i've studied on trannies, the instructor referred to the synchros as "dogs"
& and said they were synonymous. The gears are always meshed in a synchronized
& gearbox, and you slip the synchro gears back and forth by shifting. Or at least,
& that is what i was taught. Explain, por favour?
Motorcycle transmissions don't have synchros. The engagment dogs are very
corse and sloppy. There are maybe 6-10 teeth (dogs) on the side of the
gears that engage the next gear over as the forks slide the gears back
and forth. To shift: start to apply pressure at the same time the
clutch is pulled (the clutch is a hand lever) and shift quickly. If
you try a slow lazy shift it will grind, you just have to pop it into
the next gear before it has a chance to grind. There isn't a neutral
between gears (obviously there is, but you can't select it with the
shifter) so double clutching is not a possibility. "speed shifting"
(which is what I have always heard "clutchless shifting" called) works
pretty well for upshifts with some practice, but I usually use the
clutch-especially for the lower gears.
I think auto (as in automobile) trannys are similar, except that the
engagment dogs are very fine, with no slop. And the addition of
syncho rings. The gear teeth are always engaged in auto transmissions
that are synchronized, but may not be in non-synchro gears (reverse
and sometimes first).
Instance 6 - True class 1 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
How difficult would it be to do a solar sail mission to say mercury?
Not much has been there and there is a 23?KM/s delta v to eat off.
could a solar sail, handle say adiscovery bus, and drop it into
mercury orbit, good enough for rockets to put it into some
form of polar orbit?
Instance 7 - True class 1 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 1.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 0.00
I don't know about C-5's, but on C-130's which are regularly used
for Medium haul Personnel transport by the Army, only have a
funnel and a garden hose in the aft. The female personnel
hate long trips in the box cars.
Instance 8 - True class 1 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
an image of the moon has been caught in a weather satellite images of the earth.
it appears in both the 0430-1500UT ir and visual images of the earth.
the GIF images can be down loaded from vmd.cso.uiuc.edu and are named
CI043015.GIF and CV043015.GIF for the IR and visual images respectively.
pretty cool pictures; in the ir it's saturated but in the visual image
details on the moon are viewable.
the moon is not in the 1400UT images.
Instance 9 - True class 1 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
In Space Digest V16 #487,
...about the protests over proposals to put a giant billboard into orbit,
Mr. Hathaway's post is right on the money, if a little lengthy. In short,
an orbiting billboard would be trash, in the same way that a billboard on
the Earth is trash. Billboards make a place look trashy. That is why there
are laws in many places prohibiting their use. The light pollution
complaints are mainly an attempt to find some tangible reason to be against
orbiting billboards because people don't feel morally justified to complain
on the grounds that these things would defile the beauty of the sky.
Regular orbiting spacecraft are not the same in this respect, since they are
more like abstract entities, but a billboard in space would be like a beer
can somebody had thrown on the side of the road: just trash.
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Well, I agree. I hope others chime in with suggestions on specific
technologies which could be applied towards the maintenance of an
Earth like atmosphere on a long-duration spacecraft.
Tim et al:
I think we should try looking at atmosphere first.
This seems to be the single most fundamental issue in keeping anyone alive.
We're all taught that when supporting a patient
you look for maintaining airway. So, in keeping with my trauma training
(and keeping my emergency medicine professor happy), I suggest that
we look at the issues surrounding a regenerable atmospheric circuit.
Howz that Tim?
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Is English (American, Canadian, etc.) common law recognized as
legally binding under international law? After all, we're talking about
something that by its very nature isn't limited to the territory of one
nation.
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If by chance you answered my request for NEO Asteroids in the last two days
please send them to me directly. I by mistake deleted instead of read
all the space-request messages .
Thanks and sorry.
Harry G. Osoff
Science & Technology Editor
Access News Network
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It is actually simple in principle. Porous adsorbents like zeolite and
activated carbon can adsorb gases evaporated from the adsorbate (water
or methanol, etc.) giving the cooling effect. Upon being heated, the
gas-saturated adsorbent bed will give off the gases which are then to be
condensed. This forms the adsorption refrigeration cycle. The only problem
is that the COP is very low (0.2 -0.6).
Max
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R. Goldstein (rdg@world.std.com) sez:
: As the subject says, I am moving from Mass. to Calif. and will be driving
: mostly on Interstate 80.
: Any advice from folks who have done it before?
- Plan your gas stops in major-city areas to avoid the 25 cent-per-gallon
"only gas station for 50 miles and you're an out-of-towner" surcharge.
- Prepare your car. Don't forget things like your fuel & air filters. If
you're loading your car up, consider putting your spare on TOP of your stuff
just in case of a flat. In my x-country trip, a tire disintegrated in the
California desert & it took me 20 minutes to unload all my stuff to get to
the tire.
- If you have a hatchback, cover all your stuff with a white bedsheet to help
keep the stuff and your car cool, as well as *possibly* avoiding theft.
- McDonalds have good, clean bathrooms.
- invest in a $30 CB & magnetic roof antenna. It may help if you're stranded,
and you can always ask people for places to stop for food, etc.
- Many times police like to hang out in the 1st 10 miles after you enter a
new state, to catch all the speeders who have "escaped" the previous state.
- Same as above; when you enter a 55mph city zone after hours and hours of
65mph rural interstate
-=$>Dave<$=-
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And here's my two cents:
The best convertible for the money, IMO, is the Miata. Yes, it's small, but
you're buying it as a second car, I hope, so you don't need the cargo room
of a big car. It's got enough power for fun, it's RWD like a sports car
ought to be (I'm gonna regret that :-{) and the top, while manual, operates
like a dream. 30 seconds and one hand to lower, and not much longer to raise.
The targa-type cars are nice, but they're not real convertibles.
--
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For some reasons we humans think that it is our place to control
everything. I doubt that space advertising is any worse than any other
kind advertising, but it will be a lot harder to escape, and is probably
the most blatant example yet of our disregard for the fact that we are
not in fact creaters of the universe. Annoying little species, aren't we?
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Could someone explain where these names come from? I'm sure there's a
perfectly good reason to name a planetoid "Smiley," but I'm equally sure that
I don't know what that reason is.
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I'm having an interesting problem with my girlfriend's car. Before
I delve into its innards, I thought I'd check "net.wisdom" on the
subject. :)
It's a 1985 Buick Skyhawk (I know...I know)
2.0l EFI 4-banger
auto
35k miles
When I drive tha car long enough to get it hot (especially at
highways speeds) the transmission has this nasty habit of
getting "stuck" in 3rd gear. As a result, when you stop for
a light the motor stalls. Putting the car in park, and waiting
for 30-60 seconds before restarting sometimes allows the transmission
to "reset" and go back into 1st. Otherwise, it just stalls when
put in drive.
My thoughts: Either it the 3rd gear band is binding and getting
stuck when it gets hot (not so likely) or perhaps the lock-up
converter is not disengaging properly (seems likely). The least
likely (keeping fingers crossed) is that some critical vacuum
hose has broken/cracked and this behaviour is due to lack of
vaccuum somewhere (as used to happen with old modulator valves).
My background is that my father owns a service station and
I worked there on and off from 10-19 years of age. Please
feel free to be as technical as you want. :)
I'd appreciate hearing any tips/suggestions/offers of free
beer. <grin>
Skoal,
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The clutch on my '92 Honda Civic EX-V (EX in the U.S.) does this too.
It's annoying. Now that I think about, it _is_ worse when the humidity is
high. The dealer also claims there's nothing they can do since the clutch is
a "self-adjusting hydraulic design". Yeah, right.
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The 850 is a V12 (5L, from the 750iL) Is there a 835? or 840?
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They changed the lights and slope of the hood, along with the new
grille. Otherwise, it is unchanged.
Interestingly, their lack of wood and lack of a grille was a BIG
design statement... they tried to defy conventional wisdom and carve
their own niche ... unfortunately, sales were only half those of the
LEXUS and hence, they now join the pack. I still wonder if much of
the problem wasn't the slow start from the initial AD campaign.
Personally, I like the Q without the Grille.
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Excerpt From: rek@siss81 (Robert Kaye)
:Just a few contributions from the space program to "regular" society:
:
:1. Calculators
:2. Teflon (So your eggs don't stick in the pan)
:3. Pacemakers (Kept my grandfather alive from 1976 until 1988)
Don't forget Tang! ::smile::
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No comparison. The BEL is just a hooped up wideband Escort like detector.
No directional indicators, no Bogey counter, no radar signature analysis, no
remote display option, not as sensitive, not as well built.
Had it, sent it back!
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Stay away from GEICO.
A recent CAR & DRIVER issue has an article about GEICO giving free
laser guns to police departments to increase they're speed limit
enforcement. The article also said that if you get a speeding ticket
your premium will increase dramatically based on how much "over the
limit" you were. If I remember correctly, at "more than 20 over",
you'll get something like a 65% increase.
If you have a radar detector, you will be denied coverage or dropped
immediately.
One accident claim and you will be dropped.
After many years with GEICO, my father who had 0 tickets and had made
0 claims, had an accident and filed an $800 claim. He was dropped
immediately. Since then he has been with State Farm for years with
no complaints.
I have been with State Farm for about 20 years - no complaints.
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In my opinion, the limited tort option is the best thing Casey has ever
done. Basically, limited tort means that you give up your right to sue
for pain and suffering, unless one of the following conditions is met:
1. Your medical bills resulting from the accident exceed $X (where X is
some number like 50,000 -- I'm not sure of the exact number)
2. The accident was caused by a drunk driver (I mean, the OTHER driver
was drunk)
3. You get a good lawyer and have a good case (basically, you can appeal
to regain your right to sue, but there's almost no chance of this ever
happening).
You are only giving up your right to sue for pain and suffering; you can
still sue for medical costs, actual damages, etc. By agreeing to limited
tort, you are essentially giving up your right to be an asshole who
treats every accident as an entry into the litigation lottery. In
exchange, you get a substantial reduction in your rates. I save
$150/year.
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I also experience this kinda problem in my 89 BMW 318. During cold
start ups, the clutch seems to be sticky and everytime i drive out, for
about 5km, the clutch seems to stick onto somewhere that if i depress
the clutch, the whole chassis moves along. But after preheating, it
becomes smooth again. I think that your suggestion of being some
humudity is right but there should be some remedy. I also found out that
my clutch is already thin but still alright for a couple grand more!
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Forwarded from the Mars Observer Project
MARS OBSERVER STATUS REPORT
April 28, 1993
12:40 PM PDT
Flight Sequence C9 is active as of 00:11 AM, Tuesday, April 27. With
activities beginning at shortly before 5:00 AM yesterday, C9 commanded
the spacecraft to execute a series of slews and rolls to provide the MAG
(Magnetometer) Team data points in varying spacecraft attitudes and
orientations for the purpose of better characterizing the
spacecraft-generated magnetic field and its effect on their instrument.
The spacecraft was commanded back to Sun Star Init state at 9:07 AM to
re-establish Inertial Reference. Transition back to Array Normal Spin
began at 11:17 AM, after which the sequence powered on the on-board
transmitter at 11:18 AM. Telemetry reacquisition occurred at
approximately 11:30 AM at the 4 KBS Science and Engineering downlink
data rate on the High Gain Antenna. Subsystem engineers report that all
systems appear to be nominal. The command to terminate using the Low
Gain Antenna for uplink was sent at 12:31 PM. Uplink and Downlink are
currently via the HGA.
MAG Calibration data has been recorded on Digital Tape Recorders 2 and 3.
Playback of DTR 2 is scheduled to take place tomorrow morning between
8:11 AM and 12:42 PM. Playback of DTR 3 is scheduled to take place
tomorrow evening beginning at 11:57 PM and ending at 4:28 AM on Friday.
DTR playback will be performed via the High Gain Antenna at 42,667 bits
per second. Upon verification of successful DTR playbacks, downlink will
be maintained at the 4K S & E rate.
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If I may offer a constructive criticism, perhaps you should decide if you
love vehicles or the use they are put to. I, myself, think the F-86 is
a beautiful aircraft, but rest assured, I wouldn't even think of flying
it in combat today. Most of us want access to space and judge vehicles
on how they perform.
Not to this degree.
Why?
Your wrong. The DC approach is very tollerent of failure. It also has
the advantage of far greater reliability do to its reusable nature (Shuttle
isn't reusable, it's salvagable).
The flip over happens at a very low speed, not supersonic. If the DC-X
shows the flip over works, it will work unless the laws of physics change.
The final DC-1 will have fully intact abort throughout the entire flight
envelop. Upon re-entry for example, it can loose about 80% of available
thrust and still land safely.
Everything can suffer from catastrophic failure but that's not the same
thing. Shuttle simply isn't a fault tolerent design, SSTO is.
You don't put your patients in conditions where there is no way out. You
wouldn't for example, give a patient a drug and not monitor them for
harmful side effects would you?
You are very much in the minority. If the DC series fails to make orbit, it
will still be a very worthwhile effort. It will show us EXACTLY what we do
need to do to build SSTO.
Again, refering to the DC-1, it will provide fully intact abort theroughout
the flight envelop. Shuttle doesn't. DC is fault tollerent, Shuttle isn't.
Not true. Build a passenger pallet (a fairly easy thing to do) and it will
carry passengers.
I would suggest you talk to the DC-X crew themselves. Their original
schedule had an operational DC-1 flying in 96.
Your ignoring the dammage it does. Mannes space has a reputation for being
unreliable and hugely expensive. Shuttle supporters only make it easy for
opponents of manned space to kill it.
The only way to prove those things is to build it.
Allen
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This is a tricky situation; if the previous owner didn't inform
the dealer of the odometer change, then the previous owner committed
fraud, and he may be liable. The dealer may also be liable; If the
previous owner notified the dealer, or if the previous owner had the
dash replaced at a dealer, or if the previous owner had the dash changed
legally, any records search on the car should turn up the fact that
the odometer had been altered. If a dealer changes the speedometer, he has
to report it (it goes into the car's service record with the manufacturer,
and on the title, if I remember correctly; the dealer told me that
the old mileage, etc. were sent to Ford when my T-Bird's speedo
was replaced). If the odometer can be set to the old mileage, it must
be; if it can't (eg, electrically-driven odometers) then the mileage
of the old odometer must be written on a permanent sticker which is
affixed to the door frame of the vehicle.
Either way, if the change had been done legally, then a records search
(which the dealer almost certainly did) should have turned it up.
Call your state's Department of Transportation/Public Safety/Motor
Vehicles--or your tag agent--to find out for certain what your
rights are. Your state's Attorney General will know for certain ;-)
James
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I had to turn to one of my problem sets that I did in class for this
little problem. I don't have a calculator, but I DO have the problem set that
we did not too long ago, so I'll use that, and hope it's what you wanted.
This is a highly simplified problem, with a very simple burst. Bursts are
usually more complex than this example I will use here.
Our burst has a peak flux of 5.43E-6 ergs cm^-2 sec^-1 and a duration
of 8.95 seconds. During the frst second of the burst, and the last 4 seconds,
its flux is half of the peak flux. It's flux is the peak flux the rest of the
time. Assume that the background flux is 10E-7 erg cm^-2 sec^-1.
Then we had to find the integrated luminosity of the burst, for several
different spheres: R=.25pc(Oort Cloud Radius), R=22.5pc(at the edge of the
galaxy), R=183.5pc or the edge of the galactic corona, and lastly at a
R=8800Mpc.
We integrated the flux over all time to find the fluence, then used the
old standby formula:
Luminosity=4(pi)(r^2)Fpeak
For a radius of .25 pc, we found an L around 10^32 erg/sec. Pretty
energetic for close by. for the coronal model, we found around 10^43 erg/sec.
And lastly, for the cosmological model an L=10^53. That's what you'd call
moderately energetic, I'd say. Any suggestions about what could put out that
much energy in one second?
-jeremy
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Not to mention how those those liberal presidents, Nixon, Ford,
Reagan, Bush. did nothing to support true commercial space
activities.
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I was wondering what the country extension are.
Sometimes I just don't have a clue from where
some people are writing.
These are the extensions I know of
ch Switzerland
se Sweden
fi Finland
uk UK
Com US?
Edu US? (are both com and edu US?)
fr France
Please feel free to add to this list.
/ Markus
__________________________________________________________________________
_ _ _ ____ _________
/ | / | / | / / / / / / /
/ | / | /__| /___/ /--| / / /___ '75 Chevy Camaro 350/TH350
/ |/ | / | / | / | /___/ ____/ '87 Peugout 205 1.4/4-speed
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Interstellar grains are not at all close to blackbodies. The "large"
grains have sizes of order 0.1 micron and absorb visible light with
fair efficiency. However, at temperatures below 100 K, 90% of the
thermal emission will be beyond 22 microns, where radiating
efficiency is poor. (A small antenna cannot easily radiate at long
wavelengths.) Thus the grains must heat up more in order to radiate
the energy they have absorbed.
Moreover, the IRAS observations had a maximum wavelength of 100
microns. Grains colder than 30 K will radiate primarily at longer
wavelengths, and IRAS would be relatively insensitive to them. In
the extreme limit, grains as cold as 5 K will be almost undetectable
by any conceivable observation.
Worse still, IRAS color temperatures are heavily contaminated by a
population of "small" grains. These grains have only perhaps 50
atoms, and when they are hit by a single photon they heat up to
temperatures of several hundred or 1000 K. Of course they cool
quickly and then stay cold for a while, but _when they are radiating_
the characteristic temperature is several hundred K. Even a small
population of these grains can dramatically raise the observed
"average" temperature.
A model for local infrared emission consistent with COBE data has
three components. These represent scattered radiation from Zodiacal
dust (color temperature 5500 K), thermal emission from Zodiacal dust
(Tc = 280 K), and thermal emission from Galactic dust (Tc=25 K). At
the ecliptic poles, the emissivities or dilution factors are
respectively 1.9E-13, 4E-8, and 2E-5. The first two are roughly
doubled in the ecliptic plane.
To find the thermal equilibrium temperature, we add up the dilution
factor times the fourth power of temperature for all components, then
take the fourth root. In the table below, starlight comes from
Allen's number that stellar emission from the whole sky is equivalent
to 460 zero mag stars with B-V color of 0.75. No doubt careful work
could do much better. (The person who suggested starlight had a
dilution factor of E-4 must have been remembering wrong. We would be
cooked if that were the case. In any event, the energy density of
starlight comes out about the same as that of the microwave
background, and I believe that to be correct.)
Dilution Temp. DT^4
Microwave background 1 2.7 53
Galactic dust 2E-5 25 8
Zodiacal dust (emission) 6E-8 280 369
Zodiacal dust (scattering) 3E-13 5500 275
Starlight 1E-13 5500 92
-----
797
The fourth root of 797 is 5.3 K. Outside the Solar system, the
result would be 3.5 K.
I find these results surprising, especially the importance of
Zodiacal dust, but I don't see any serious mistakes.
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From: nataraja@rtsg.mot.com (Kumaravel Natarajan)
The technology Cummins is applying to diesels to comply with
the newer Ca. emissions laws involves three things I know of:
1. All compliant diesels are turbocharged.
2. All use an "aftercooler", which cools the air which was heated
by compression by the turbocharger (up to about 25 PSI).
3. A gismo on the injector pump which senses the pressurized air
intake, and limits full delivery of fuel while the pressure is
low.
No scrubbers, catalytic converters, etc, are used. The path from
the turbocharger to the exhaust outlet is kept very free.
Interestingly, except for the low-pressure fuel limitation, power output
and mileage are enhanced by these measures. One can buy aftermarket
turbos and aftercoolers which generate more power, lots more power,
and these are approved by the CARB.
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I've always heard them referred to "horizontally opposed"...
Joe
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George William Herbert sez:
I like your optimism, George. I don't know doots about raising that kind
of dough, but if you need people to split the work and the $700M, you just
give me a ring :-) Living alone for a year on the moon sounds horrid, but
I'd even try that, if I got a bigger cut. :-)
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \\ As the radius of vision increases,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \\ the circumference of mystery grows.
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I think you've got an off-by-one error in your memory. :-) MM bought the
satellite-building side of GE. E, not D. MM and GD are still competitors.
Better, yes, but we're not talking order of magnitude. (Especially if you
want to use Titan IV, which belongs to the USAF, not MM.)
Sure, you can get a heavylift launcher fairly cheap if you do it privately
rather than as a gummint project. But we're still talking about something
that will cost nine digits per launch, unless you can guarantee a large
market to justify volume production.
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This is a whole different situation. If aliens were able to get here prior
to us being able to get there, one might conclude that they would be more advanced
and therefore "more intelegent" that we are. However if we get somewhere where there
is life, chances are we wont be able to communicate with them. So we will have
no clue as to weather they are "intelegent" or not.
That's a good point, I hadn't thought of it that way. My question however was
more along the lines of... Every year the US spends millions of tax dollars
and giving tax breaks to individuals and companies who feed the poor of foreign
countries while thousands of our own people sleep on the streets at night.
Would we give to the economicly dissadvantaged on another planet if we hadn't resolved
these issues on our own?
But... Your comment brings up another good question. Over the years we have decided
that certain cultures need improvements. The native americans is a good example. Prior
to our attempt to civilize them, the native american culture had very little crime, no
homelessnes, no poverty. Then the europeans came along and now they have those and
more. If we encounter life elsewhere, do we tell them they have to live in houses, farm
the land and go to church on sunday?
--
Have a day,
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I have both an '84 and an '86 Camry, each with manual 5-speed transmissions.
The '84 has about 105,000 miles on it and the '86 about 83,000 miles. ABout
a year ago I found that the master cylinder on the clutch in the '84 was
leaking fluid around the piston seal, leading to air in the system and fluid
back into the passenger compartment of the car. I pulled the plunger and
got a rebuild kit (new plunger, seal, etc.) and thought I had the problem
licked. Much to my surprise, the same problem developed several months
later! This time I looked carefully at the master cylinder to make sure
there were no scratches, burrs, or other obvious causes of the problem. I
didn't find any. Ever since I have been periodically feeding the clutch
hydraulins additional fluid and bleeding air from the system. I knew I
would be selling the car and didn't want to go all the way to solving the
problem.
I should add that the clutch is original, and that I've had to adjust the
pedal to allow maximum extension of the piston into the master cylinder in
order to actuate the clutch.
My hypothesis is that this means that when fully depressing the clutch pedal,
the angle of the piston rod (attached to the pedal) is off the axix of the
cylinder, thus cocking the piston and seal and perhaps deforming it.
What do you think of that as an explanation? Can you suggest a possible fix
short of replacing the master cylinder and getting a new clutch put in?
Now the '86: same problem, except that the above diagnosis doesn't explain
why all of the fluid leaked out (by way of the master cylinder, into the
passenger compartment) while I was on vacation for 10 days, during which
the clutch pedal was not depressed or otherwise caused to distort. What
can you suggest here?
Many thanks. Let's hope I don't end up going to Click and Clack on this...
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Or do like the manual says and put it in 3rd first, then you can quickly
go into reverse... no waiting.
mark
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In some sense, I think that the folks who think the idea is wonderful, and the
folks who want to boycott anyone who has anything to do with this project are
both right.
That is, I think that space advertising is an interesting idea, and if someone
wants to try it out, more power to them. However, a company may discover that
the cost of launch is not the only cost of advertising, and a company who
gauged that ill will would lose them more revenue than the advertising would
gain might decide to bow out of the project.
I got incensed when I read that Carl Sagan called this idea an "abomination."
I don't think that word means what he thinks it does. Children starving in the
richest country in the world is an abomination; an ad agency is at worst just
in poor taste.
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Does anyone have a reference (something I can look up, not just your own
recollections -- I have a few of those myself) on the temperature of the
(night) sky as seen from space?
Note, I am *not* talking about the temperature of the Microwave Background
Radiation. There are more things in the sky than just the MBR; what I'm
after is total blackbody temperature -- what a thermal radiator would see,
disregarding (or shielding against) the Sun and nearby large warm objects.
My dim recollection is that the net effective temperature is substantially
higher than that of the MBR, once you figure in things like stars and the
zodiacal light, but I'd like numbers.
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There are people who have adapted to high altitudes in the Andes and in
Tibet. I suspect that it took them several generations to make the
adaptation because Europeans had difficulty making the adaptation. They
had to send the women to a lower altitude when they were pregnant in order
to insure sucessful childbirth.
Another factor you should consider is the X-ray opacity of the atmosphere
in case of stellar flares, the uv opacity is also important because uv
radiation can kill or damage microbes, plants, and animals.
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Mail bounced, so...
Traditional wisdom says you are almost certainly better off selling it
yourself if you don't mind that extra hassle. Having a trade-in on a purchase
just makes getting the best price from a dealership more confusing.
I assume this is _retail_ bluebook. There are two bluebook prices, one for
retail and one for wholesale. You really want the retail price if you can
get it. The blue books also have adjustments you can make for low mileage
and extras on your particular car. You should look all this stuff up yourself.
Also keep in mind that the blue book prices are averages over the country
that may not apply in your area. For example, blue book prices are low for
California. A better way of finding out how much your car might be worth is
to call around and see what it's selling for (if any used lots have one) or
looking in local papers for similar cars and checking out the prices. It
might be more time efficient to take a small loss (rather than hold out for
6 months for the best price).
I don't know what you mean by "an acquaintance" but I would make darn sure
that I was paid, that is, cashier's check in full before delivery. There's
a real temptation when selling to a pseudo-friend to be more accomodating
than you should. Make sure you get the money and if they hedge about paying
in full at the start (with a cashier's check or cash) then I would go
elsewhere. Rememeber that you can probably sell your car to a used car lot
or wholesaler and get wholesale bluebook. That's probably a safer approach
than selling to a private party.
--
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Hi,
I need your help with a problem I have with a 1989 Mitsubishi
Galant GS transmission. The car has a 5 speed manual tranmission.
Since the car was bought new, while shifting from 2nd to 3rd, unless
I do it SLOWLY and carefully, it makes a "popping" or "hitting" sound.
The dealer and Mitsubishi customer service (reached by an 800 #) say
this is NORMAL for the car. IS IT?
And about a year ago, at 35Kmiles, the stick shift handle got STUCK
while attempting to put it in reverse:
1- The shifter would not budge. The clutch had no effect.
2- The front tires would not budge, even when the clutch is
fully depressed.
3- If the clutch is released the engine would die.
4- Assuming that some gear was engaged while the shifter was
stuck, I could not make the car move. It acted as if
it were in Neutral(except for dying when clutch is released.)
5- I finally was able to release the shifter by having
someone rock the car back and forth (less than an inch),
while I depressed the clutch and jiggled the shifter.
6- The shifter acted normally after that.
When this happened, I took it to the dealer, they checked the
clutch, it was o.k. They checked the transmission, it was o.k.
I had the exact problem a couple of months ago, and again last
week. The dealer says there is nothing they can do because
Mitsubishi (the 800 #) says they have never heard of the
problem, and the dealer could not reproduce the problem while
they had the car.
In all three occurances, the car was parked head first in a garage,
and since the front wheels were stuck, the car could not be towed
to the dealer before releasing the shifter (hence temporarily
solving the problem). And the dealer, and Mitsubishi, refused to
send someone to check the car while it was stuck.
I KNOW there is smething wrong with the transmission (shifting
from 2nd to 3rd), and getting stuck at random, but I can't get
the dealer to fix it. I need your help with the mechanical problems,
and with how to handle Mitsubishi.
All hints and suggestions are greatly appreciated, and sorry to
bore you with the long post.
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Yesterday, I went to the Boeing shareholders meeting. It was a bit shorter
than I expected. Last year (when the stock was first down), they made a big
presentation on the 777, and other programs. This year, it was much more
bare-bones.
In any case, I wanted to ask a question that the board of directors would
hear, and so I got there early, and figured that If I didn't get to the mike,
maybe they would read mine off of a card, and so I wrote it down, and handed it
in.
After the meeting started, Mr. Shrontz said that he would only answer written
questions, in order to be fair to the people in the overflow room that only
had monitors downstairs. Naturally, I was crushed.
So, when question and answer time came, I was suprised to find my question
being read and answered. Admittedly near the end of the ones that he took.
Presumably getting there early, and getting the question in early made all
the difference.
So, on to the substance. The question was
Is Boeing looking at anything BEYOND the high speed Civil Transport, such
as a commercial space launch system, and if not, how will Boeing compete
with the reusable single stage to orbit technology presently being developed
by Mcdonnell Douglass?
Well, he read it without a hitch, and without editing, with impressed me,
then he answered it very quickly treating it as a two part question, last
part first.
This is to the best of my recollection what he said.
As far as single stage to orbit technology, we think that we have a better
answer in a two stage approach, and we are talking to some of our customers
about that. As far as commercialization, that is a long ways off. The High
speed Civil Transport is about as far out as our commercial planning goes at
this point.
So, this tells me that Boeing still considers space to be a non-commercial
arena, and for the most part this is true, however it also tells me that
they consider there to be enough money in building space launchers for them
to persue work on their own.
Now, I do have a friend on the spacelifter program at boeing. Actually,
this is a mis-nomer, as there is no spacelifter contract for the work that this
guy is doing, however, he is doing work in preparation of a proposal for space
lifter contracts. He won't tell me what he is doing, but maybe this is where
the TSTO action is taking place at boeing. At the very minimum, the chairman
of the board of boeing said that they have an approach in mind, and they are
trying to do something with it.
Anybody know anything further?
Is this really news?
Does this threaten further work on DC-? ?
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That would be the Opel GT, sold in this country from '69 to '73. It originally
had a 1100 cc engine, which was later replaced by the 1900 cc. It was based
on the old Kadett drive train and suspension, with leaf springs in the rear
and a single transverse leaf spring in the front. It looked good, but was
limited as a performer.
There has also been some discussion in this thread about the Manta and other
models. In 1971 Opel introduced a new line of models, the 1900 series, that
were also known as model numbers 51, 57, etc. These cars had the newer
1900cc engine and were available as two and four-door coupes, a station wagon,
and a "sport coupe", known in Europe as the Manta. At the same time, there
were two 30-series cars, which sold very few numbers, that also had the 1900
engine but the Kadett suspension. The sport coupe, (model 57) was also
available as the Rallye, (57R), with a blacked out hood, tach, and fog lights,
but was mechanically the same except for a numerically higher rear end ratio.
In 1973 the sport coupe was also named the Manta in the US. 1973 was the last
year for the GT in any country, both because of the US bumper height regulations
and the fact that FIAT exercised an option on the factory that Opel was leasing
to build the GTs.
The 1900 series continued in 1974 with minor body differences. In 1975, the
Manta, 1900 sedan (also called the Ascona) and the wagon were available with
Bosch electronic fuel injection. These cars also had larger brakes and
wider wheels. These cars were starting to compete with the 1975 Buick Century
low price leader of the time, and were the last Opels imported into the US.
From 1976 to 1979, cars that sported Buick/Opel badges were still sold by
the Buick dealers, but were rebadged Isuzu I-marks. The idea was to call them
Opels instead of changing the dealers' neon signs.
Various models of the 50-series cars dominated the Showroom Stock racing of the
70's in their class, and were known as serious 2002-competition.
Parts are still available from a number of sources.
(I still have a '73 manta and two '75 sedans and all the trick parts I could
collect in 20 years).
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Kidding, right?
Corvette, several MBZ's and BMW's, Mustang GT, etc., etc. There's a lot of
them. You from a European site?
-Kenny
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this is an interesting point. some people are not really buying the coverage,
they are buying 'peace of mind', marketing folks love selling that. i suggest
that people *choose* to not engage their minds in peaceless worry rather than
buying that 'peace of mind'.
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What are those other objects? UFOs????
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It's been suggested. (Specifically, lightning strikes between clouds
in the interstellar medium.)
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Hi! This is my first time to post on this news group. Now a days , I have stucked at a certain problem. I have '88 mazda mx-6, non turbo fuel injection.
There is a engine warning signal on the dash board. While driving, this signal turns on, but not always. What does this mean? In the manual, they say "Go to authorized mazda dealer.". It is really good idea. Don't you think so?
I wanna know how the engine warning signal comes. Is anybody out there who can give me same advice as "authorized mazda dealer" can give ?
Youjip Won
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Try another dealer. Sometimes the sophistication of equipment etc is
better at one dealer than another. You may also find another dealer
willing to help you with the problem.
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Me too!
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: >the Single Launch Core Station concept. A Shuttle external tank and solid
: >rocket boosters would be used to launch the station into orbit. Shuttle
: >main engines would be mounted to the tail of the station module for launch
: >and jettisoned after ET separation.
Karl Dishaw (0004244402@mcimail.com) replied:
: Why jettison the SSMEs? Why not hold on to them and have a shuttle
: bring them down to use as spares?
One performance reason comes to mind: if you jettison the SSME's, you
don't have to drag them with you when you perform your circularization
burn(s). On-orbit, SSME's are just dead weight, since we don't have an
SSME H2/O2 pressurization mechanism which works in zero-G. This means
that you can't use them for re-boost or anything else. Dead weight has
a couple of advantages, but more disadvantages.
Throw-away SSME's might let us use some of the old SSME's which are not-
quite-man-ratable. But I doubt we'd do that; the cost of a launch
failure is too high.
-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov (713) 483-4368
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I'm wondering if "vandalize" is the proper word to use in this situation. My
dictionary defines "vandalism" as "the willful or malicious destructuion of
public or private property, especially of anything beautiful or artisitc." I
would agree the sky is beautiful, but not that it is public or private property.
I personally prefer natural skies, far from city lights and sans aircraft.
However, there is also something to be said for being able to look up into the
sky and see a satellite. Many people get a real kick out of it, especially if
they haven't seen one before.
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I'm replying to someone who asked for information on space camp.
I have a brochure that has all different schedules. What age, what
level and what program do you want to know the schedule of? Most of the
missions are 5 to 8 days long. The address for Huntsville is:
Alabama Space Science
Exhibit Commission
U.S. Space and Rocket Center
One Tranquility Base, Huntsville, AL 35807
- Jennifer
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Commericial support for exploration examples:
Also much if Baranovs exploration and Utilization of Alaska (Russian America,
also included parts of Washington state, Oregon, and N. California) was doen by
private funds (yes some royal governmental funds at times..)..
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On the subject of the V4,Ford in the UK used V4 engines exstensively in
their Ford Transit vans.This brings back a memory from the seventies.I
played in a band at the time and for something like 180 pounds four of
us bought a 1967 "tranny" to cart the gear around in.It was in terrible
shape (cosmetically) because it's last owner was a pig farmer.We spent
days cleaning it up and putting in a partition and more seating but 'til
the day it died everytime you turned on the fan to the defroster dried
pig shit came flying out the vents!!!.
Back to the engine if I remember right it was a 1600cc V4 and that
thing could haul,we could fill it with equipment and up to 8 people and
it went like a bat out of hell,of course there were no pollution controls
on the engine and the gas was leaded and higher octane than we get now.
When the mechanical fuel pump quit we put in an electric one from a
Morris Minor that worked great. Ah fond memories.
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On the other hand, remember the old adage that a verbal agreement isn't worth
the paper it's printed on. Once you sign, you are going to have one hell of a
time proving fraud based on a comparison to what you thought you were going to
sign ...
Being in the right is one thing, proving it is another.
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That's assuming it could get built by them.
Of course, it would probably sport Cruise missile Racks,
Sidewinder Missile tubes, Bomb Points, extra drop tanks,
a Full ECM suite, Terrain following radar and stealth
materials.
IT might not fly, but a technology demonstrator does
not require actual flight.
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Robert McElwaine is the authoritative source of scientific data on Internet.
He can be reached alt.fan.mc-elwaine...
Spiros
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Getting wierd again?
Okay we have figure out that a mission specifically to Pluto is to large and to
expensive..
Okay what about launching one probe with multiple parts.. Kind of liek the old
MIRV principle of old Cold War Days.
Basically what I mean is design a mother ship that has piggy backed probes for
different missions,namely different planets. Each probe would be tied in with
the mother ship (or earth as the case may be).. This is good when and if we go
for Mars (the MArs mission can act as either Mother ship or relay point for the
probes.
Also the mother ship would be powered (if not the Mars Mission) by a normal
propulsion, but also a solar sail (main reason for solar sail race is to see
what can be done and autmoated?) the sail would get the probes to were they
needed.. I know the asteroid/meteor clouds (and such) might get in the way of a
Sail??
Main reasonf ro mother ship idea is to make it more economoical to send
multiple probes/mission/satellites/exploreres to different places and cut
costs..
The probes could do fly bys or ?? we shall see...
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flat = 180 deg V = horizonatlly opposed
Usually, it also equals "boxer," however, I think the term is
traditionally reserved for 8's and 12's (and firing order matters).
This was talked about here in r.a many months back; I can't remember
the consensus.
Examples:
Ferrari's 512TR is a flat 12 boxer.
Porsche's 911 is a flat 6.
Subaru's Impreza is a flat 4.
Regards,
Brian
bqueiser@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu
------------------------------------------------------------------------
I am the engineer, I can choose K.
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It's a toll for insurance companies and auto dealers to rip you
off in case of accident or trade-in.
Charlie Ellis
chellis@nyx.cs.du.edu
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Basically the right question, although I was interested in cases closer
to home where the Sun is behind either a natural object or effective
shielding.
Good point (and thanks for the references).
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I wouldn't want anyone to make kindling out of my front living-
room wall and then drive their diesel powered M-60 tank into it,
shooting super-hot soot all over my curtains and that freshly
made kindling.
In other words, please don't FLAME me!
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Well, it depends on what kind of locking lugnuts you have. My previous
car had locking lugnuts that weighed about 2.5oz. more than the others.
The locking lugnuts were factory equipment, and according to the factory
service manual, after tire balancing the technician/mechanic was
supposed to put a 1/2 oz. counterweight on the rim opposite the locking
nut. I always had vibration problems with those stupid lugnuts since no
one ever did the service correctly. I eventually got rid of the locking
lugnuts and replaced them with the standard lugnuts. Unfortunately, I
found out about the counterweighting technique 6 months after I got rid
of the locking nuts. :-(
My present car, a Saturn SC, has locking lugnuts that I bought at the
dealer and are made specifically for the Saturn. They have been made to
be exactly the same weight as the non-locking lugnuts (said so on the
package and I verified it myself). I haven't had any vibration problems
with the tires at all (due to the nuts) in 12,000 of ownership. I did
have some other vibration problems, but it was due to a poor job of tire
balancing.
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I have been having problems with a slightly different clutch problem on
my 90 Prelude. See rec.autos.tech for more detail. My problem is a false
engagement point below the actual one. It also seems affected by weather -
it is most noticeable (and annoying) on damp or cold days. My dealer says
he can't reproduce the problem - I think I'll just sell the car.
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I disagree with what to tout, although I agree that the space program is
inherently a good thing. Most people today only care about "what will it
cost me?" and "what's in it for me?" and could care less about whether
something is simply worthwhile in and of itself. Our society has become
increasingly geared toward the short-term (which you could read as NOW!).
They couldn't care less about next week, much less next century. They want
something to show for the expenditure and they want it *now*.
I think we *should* tell them about the things that they are using now that
are spinoffs of the space program. That is the only way you can *prove*
its worth to *them* - and they vote and pay taxes too. The continued
existence of the space program relies upon that money.
just my $.02
BTW: don't forget Velcro...
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When I went thru all the spinning chair tests at JSC the PhD in charge
was Milt Reshke but the technician who strapped me in and, on occasion,
inserted the "probe" (needle) was named Bev Bloodworth.
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Thanks to the people who have answered here and in email to my
question about which countries engage in space surveillance.
Unfortunately, I apparently didn't make the meaning of the message
clear, since most replies have addressed satellite reconnaissance,
rather than space surveillance
What I meant was _not_ which countries use satellites to look at
the Earth (satellite reconnaissance) , but _was_ which countries have
programs to detect and track (i.e., determine the orbital elements of)
satellites as they pass overhead (space surveillance).
The US uses missile-defense radars, supplemented by a fascinating
quasi-radar operated by the Navy, to do this for satellites in LEO, and
electrooptical systems for objects at altitudes above 5,000 km or so.
The FEE, I understand, does much the same thing.
Amateur satellite observers use eyeballs, binoculars, stopwatches
and PCs for objects out to around 1500 km, enabling them to keep track
of satellites for which, ah, official element sets aren't available.
See the fascinating books by Desmond King-Hele for details, as well as
the files in the molczan directory on kilroy.jpl.nasa.gov. The
material posted in my previous message suggests that Japan engages in
optical and radar space surveillance to a modest degree, and it may be
that other countries do also.
Which was the question I meant to ask: who are they, how do they do
it, and why do they do it?
Allen Thomson SAIC McLean, VA
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Markus, what is that we are noting about the spelling? That you aren't good at it? :^)
That Peugeot is OUT of N. America? What does this mean?
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I don't think that idea means what you think it does. Having everyone
on Earth subject to some ad agency's "poor taste" *is* an abomination.
(abomination : n. loathing; odious or degrading habit or act; an
object of disgust. (Oxford Concise Dictionary)) Maybe *you* don't mind
having every part of your life saturated with commercials, but many of
us loathe it. I'd rather not have the beauty of the night sky always marred
by a giant billboard, and I'll bet the idea is virtually sacrilegious
to an astronomer like Sagan.
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Dennis.
WE agree a lot , it's just we don't both post when we agree
on something. And when we disagree, it tends to be a lot more
noticeable.;-)
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I am considering the purchse of a 1987 VW Jetta GLI with 87k miles on it.
I recently found out that there are two versions of the GLI -- 8v and 16v.
I know of three differences between the two cars that both carry the same
name: the 16v version has 20 more horsepower, 4 wheel discs, and a standard
sunroof.
Oops, that's the difference between the GLI 16v and the regular GL !!
So in addition to the engine, what other differences exist between the
two models of the Jetta GLI ?
More importantly, how can I tell which version this one is ? There are
no badges that said "16v" so I am inclined to think that is the 8v version.
Assuming this one (the one I looked at) is the 8v version, is there a valid
reason to buy it instead of a comparably equipped GL which would cost less ?
(Of course I would love to get the 16v version, but money talks.)
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You guys are correct. The Bricklin was produced in Canada.
The National Museum of Science and Technology here in Ottawa
has one, and sometimes they put it on display. Most of the time,
it stays in storage because the museum doesn't have much room.
It's a big deal for a car to be Canadian and that's why they
have it. If anybody's a fan, they also have a nice green '73
Riviera that looks like it just came out of the showroom.
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Hi everybody ...
Well I don't know if this is a known problem
to you in the big state but over here in Europe
it is in some places ...
It just happened to me and I payed A LOT to get my
new Honda Civic repaired.
A marten choose my car to stay one night in and this
damn little animal damaged almost everything which
was plastic/rubber ..
I never thought that these little #@%##@ could do that
much damage.
So to ALL you car owners out there :
Is there a GOOD known method of gettin' rid of this animal ???
except for waiting all night long beneath my car with a gun ???
HELP IN ANY FORM WOULD BE APPRECIATED VERY VERY MUCH !!!!
e-mail: scheer@faw.uni-ulm.de
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: > "hose" h-o-s-e
: Dork. d-o-r-k.
Oh, really?
Here's what you posted earlier in another thread. Before you thrash
others for making simple mistakes or flaunt your wonderful "vi skill",
think about how you make them feel as well as how you look (you spelled
it right). ;-}
For years you have assaulted others with offensive language, etc. From
the content of many of your posts, you appear to have a lot of useful
information to share with people, but it gets overshadowed when you come
across as an abusive smart-ass.
: In article <C5LoBL.DDw@mentor.cc.purdue.edu> marshatt@feserve.cc.purdue.edu (Z
: >
: > Remember roads in America are NOT designed for speeds above 80
meaning they
: >would be safe at 55-65. Roads like the Autobahn are smoother,
straiter,
: >wider and slightly banked.
: Well, that's news. Before 1975 the speed limit on Texas
highways
: was 75. The speed limit on the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) was 70.
There
: were no speed limits in Nevada or Montana.
: >east becoming hidden by trees after about 1,000 ft and continued to
the
: >left strait north. I wanted to turn north, checked the south lane,
rolled
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Yes, but that's because interstellar grains are very poor radiators, not
remotely black bodies. As a consequence they are a lot warmer than the
"ambient".
When I was in graduate school, a long time ago, we used 10,000 deg K with
a DILUTION FACTOR of 10+4 for representative values of the radiant energy
background in the galaxy due to starlight.
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And unless I am mistaken (I screwed up my borrowed VCR and got the first 2
minutes :-), the Corrado SLC was awarded AJAC's Sports (Sporty?) Car of the
Year..
Mattias
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Speaking of which, a paper was out a few years ago about a
weather sat imaging a lunar eclipse -- are those images
uploaded anywhere? I could dig out the reference if there's interest.
Shag
--
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Just for the record, read your owner's manual before attempting a push start.
Most manufacturers today do not recommend this (I think the catalytic converter
is the primary reason - unburned gas goes down to it and may ignite when
the converter gets into its operating range).
The best reason for a manual? Because you like to drive one. I find that its
much easier to develop lazy habits in an auto trans car. Remember, pay
attention out there - stupidity behind the wheel has still taken more people
to the morgue than drunk driving. The problem is that we don't revoke peoples
license for stupidity.
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... So how about this? Give the winning group
(I can't see one company or corp doing it) a 10, 20, or 50 year
moratorium on taxes.
You are talking about the bozos who can't even manage in November to
keep promises about taxes made in October, and you expect them to make
(and keep!) a 50-year promise like that? Your faith in the political
system is much higher than mine. I wouldn't even begin to expect that
in Australia, and we don't have institutionalised corruption like you
do.
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I have to agree with Ward. The problem with your approach is they add
up what you can reasonably claim as 'spin-offs', add up what's been
spent on space, and then come back with something like, "You spent $X
billion for that? Wouldn't it be better just to spend the money on
direct research and forget all this space stuff? We could have got
all that stuff a *lot* cheaper that way. Space is wasteful and
inefficient."
Then they cancel your funding and spend it studying mating rituals of
New Guinea tribesmen or something.
--
"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
in the real world." -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
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Well, this isn't the right group for this, but I have to say that I don't
think violence is any more socially acceptable now, by any means. How
can you say that when we used to have of pistol-toting gunslingers as
heros, or even gangland thugs being considered romantic. Do you think
our great grandparent got yelled at by their parents for playing cowboys
and indians? I don't think so. That behavior was somewhat encouraged
back then, in fact.
I think the only difference between now and then is that nowadays, when
some teenager kills another one in a classroom in California, we here
about it in MA the same day. Back in the old days, they'd never hear
about something like that, period.
Sorry about posting to rec.autos, but this is where it came up...
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
___
/ _ \ '85 Mustang GT Bob Pitas
/ /USH 14.13 @ 99.8 bpita@ctp.com
/ /| \ Up at NED, Epping, NH (Cambridge, MA)
"" - Geddy Lee (in YYZ)
Disclaimer: These opinions are mine, obviously, since they end with my .sig!
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From the Pluto Fast Flyby Instrument definition research anouncemnet,
the instrument payload constraints are:
Mass allocation - 7 kilograms (15.4 lbs)
Power allocation - 6 watts
Required instruments:
Visible imaging system (1024x1024 CCD, 750 mm fl, f/10 optics)
IR mapping spectrometer (256x256 HgCdTe array, 0.3% energy resolution)
UV spectrometer (55-200 nm, 0.5 nm resolution)
Radio science (ultrastable oscilator incorporated in telecom system)
ultrastable means 10^-14.
This doesn't leave much room for payloads which are totally unrelated
to the mission of the spacecraft. In addition, the power will come
from a radioisotope thermal generator, and the whole space craft will
be about 2 feet in diameter, with no booms, which means there will be
strong gamma-lines from Pu-239 and associated schmutz in the
background, which tends to reduce sensitivity somewhat.
It would still be nice, and our group here at Goddard is looking
in to it.
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It is kind of absurd, isn't it? Some players even want more distortion,
especially the Hendrix fans :-) But there are a lot of them out there
that can only afford the amp, or who like playing music without distortion.
Then there are your hard-core Hendirx fans that want particular *types*
of distortion, i.e., they make it, not their amps.
I didn't see a thing about waste-heat from Babbage, and haven't seen one
of those mechanical TV's in a while, so it's anybodie's guess :-)
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \ They communicated with the communists,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \ and pacified the pacifists. -TimBuk3
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GK>I hear that tires for this car can get really expensive. I
GK>currently have Goodyear GT+4s that cost the previous owner $500
GK>for four.
Try Eagle GAs, wear better, cost less, lose little handling, and are
quieter. I'm going to switch to 225s in my next set, with new rims
(Fitti Twists) if I can afford 'em by the time my GAs wear out.
GK>is a whole new ritual for me with that fangled pedal! Also, I began
GK>to wonder how strong that brake really is. (Today, I backed out of
GK>parking spot today and started to drive away before I noticed
GK>the glowing brake light. Oops.)
Mine is strong enough to not let the car move when it's in, even if you're
giving it enough gas to normally move it in 1st. You might need a brake
adjustment.
GK>The driver's power window creaks when closed all the way. The same
GK>thing happens in my parents 1989 Mercury Sable. Oddly, all the
GK>other windows work smoothly.
Watch it closely, the glass actually flexes from the torque in the motor, it
seems stronger in the drivers window then the others.
GK>I'm liking the interior amenities more and more each day. The
GK>cupholders are great.
I've found the location (under the armrest in between the seats) to be a
pain, but like having them. They moved it into the dash (pop out) in the
'91 model year, MUCH better.
GK>I really feel like I don't deserve this car. I really can't
GK>believe that I could afford it. I got this car ten years
GK>ahead of schedule. :-)
I did the same thing. Got a black '89 with 65.5k miles on it for $8k
in July '92.
GK>I've put together the responses to my questions about the cars, as
GK>well as other posts with useful information on these cars. I'll be
GK>posting this in the form of a FAQ soon.
Grabbed it and archived it. Thanks!
GK>If anyone is interested in starting a mailing list, please speak up!
GK>I don't know if I have the resources here at Purdue to start one, but
GK>maybe someone out there does.
I'll be starting one this summer, one way or the other (current software
I use dosen't support mailing lists, but is on the RSN list - if not, I'm
going to upgrade to another package that DOES have it), that is, if nobody
else beats me to it. Will make an announcement here when it goes up.
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We used to have a tax in Greece named after the Queen's Mother. The Queen
left (Monarchy was abolished) but the tax stuck...
Similar single purpose taxes have stuck (i.e. to help the victims of
the earthquake of 19XX, build the Metro)
ObMoralConclusion: next time someone proposes a car tax or gasoline tax
promising it's temporary, it AIN'T.
Spiros
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Hi all,
I have available to me a set of Metric wheels (came off a Mustang or T-Bird)
which are wearing nearly-bald Michelin TRX 220-55R390 tires. The only place
I have found these tires is the Tire Rack mailorder place for $121 a pop.
Is there a cheaper source, or another manufacturer of this size tire? Thanks
for any info...please E-Mail responses and I will post a summary if there is
any interest.
JAS
JIM STRUGLIA C465353@MIZZOU1.MISSOURI.EDU
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Are 180 degree V-6 "Flat-Six" engines???
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I remember a physic prof. who talked about scaling a cue ball to Earth size.
Its was significantly less spherical that the Earth!
---
Terry F Figurelle Boeing Defense & Space Group
email: tff@plato.ds.boeing.com PO BOX 3999, Mail Stop 6J-EA
phone: 206-394-3115 fax:206-394-4300 Seattle, WA 98124-2499
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Teflon? A contribution from the space program? Since the French were using
Teflon on household items in the early 1950's, it is unlikely that it was
invented by NASA. As for pacemakers and calculators, again those are
anecdotally connected with NASA.
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The 91 and 92 Cruisers run the 4.0L straight 6 which only has about 150hp
and 220lb-ft of torque. Plenty off-highway, marginal on the highway.
The 93 has a much improved 4.2L straight 6 with >200hp and 275ft-lb torque.
If you take them on rough trails, you'll see the difference. The Cruiser
is an order of magnitude better in off-highway ability.
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: In article <1993Apr29.121501@is.morgan.com>, jlieb@is.morgan.com (Jerry Liebelson) writes...
: > I want to know what weightlessness actually FEELS like. For example, is
: >there a constant sensation of falling?
Ron Baalke (baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov) replied:
: Yes, weightlessness does feel like falling. It may feel strange at first,
: but the body does adjust. The feeling is not too different from that
: of sky diving.
I'm no astronaut, but I've flown in the KC-135 several times. I'll
tell you about my first flight.
At the on-set of weightlessness, my shoulders lifted and my spine
straightened. I felt a momentary panic, and my hands tried to grab
onto something (like the strap keeping me firmly against the floor)
to prevent me from falling; I remember conciously over-ruling my
involuntary motions. My ears felt (not heard) a rush and I could
feel fluid moving in my head (like when you get up from bed while
you have a cold).
At that point, I ceased to concentrate on my physiological response,
since I had some science to do. I was busy keeping my experiment
going and keeping track of all the parts during the "return" of
gravity and subsequent 1.8-G pull-out, so I didn't really pay
attention to physiology at that time.
After about 5 parabolas, I discovered that I was performing one
of the tricks I've discovered to keep myself from getting motion
sickness; I was keeping my head very still and moving very slowly
-- all except my hands and arms, which needed to be in rapid,
concious motion for my experiment. During the pull-out to
parabola 5, my queasiness finally started to get to me, and I
had to use one of those air-sickness bags. I was basically
useless for the rest of that flight, so I went to the seats in
the back of the plane while my partner (whom I drafted for just
this purpose) kept working on the experiment while I was ill.
(He was a vetran Vomit Comet rider, one of those anomalous
people who don't get sick on the thing.)
I didn't think of it as a "constant sensation of falling" so
much as like swimming in air. It's very close to the sensations
I feel when I'm scuba diving and I turn my head down and fins up.
Jerry:
: >And what is the motion sickness
: >that some astronauts occasionally experience?
Ron:
: It is the body's reaction to a strange environment. It appears to be
: induced partly to physical discomfort and part to mental distress.
: Some people are more prone to it than others, like some people are more
: prone to get sick on a roller coaster ride than others. The mental
: part is usually induced by a lack of clear indication of which way is
: up or down, ie: the Shuttle is normally oriented with its cargo bay
: pointed towards Earth, so the Earth (or ground) is "above" the head of
: the astronauts. About 50% of the astronauts experience some form of
: motion sickness, and NASA has done numerous tests in space to try to
: see how to keep the number of occurances down.
I'm a volunteer in JSC's Space Biomedical Laboratory where they do,
among other things, some of the tests Ron mentions. I was in one
called the Pre-flight Adaptation Trainer, which consisted of a chair on
a several-degree-of-freedom motion base with moving geometric visual
aids. The goal was to measure the victim's^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H subject's
responses and subjective physiological descriptions and see if repeated
exposure to this environment could reduce future motion sickness
symptoms.
Jerry --
I don't know of any former or active-duty astronauts who personally
read this group. I know that Bruce McCandless's office had been
waiting anxiously for the Space Station Redesign option I posted
last week, but I don't think Bruce reads the group himself.
-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov (713) 483-4368
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Well, I seem to have struck an interesting discussion off. Given that I
am not an astrophysicist or nuclear physicist, i'll have to boil it
down a bit.
1) ALl the data on bursts to date, shows a smooth random distribution.
2) that means they aren't concentrated in galactic cores, our or someone
elses.
3) If the distribution is smooth, we are either seeing some ENORMOUSLY
large phenomena scattered at the edge of the universe said phenomena
being subject to debate almost as vioent as the phenomena
OR
we are seeing some phenomena out at like the Oort cloud, but then it needs
some potent little energy source, that isn't detectable by any other
current methods.
4) we know it's not real close, like slightly extra solar, because
we have no parallax measurements on the bursts.
5) the bursts seem to bright to be something like black hole quanta or
super string impacts or something like that.
So everyone is watching the data and arguing like mad in the meanwhile.
what i am wondering, is this in people's opinion, A NEW Physics problem.
Einstein got well known for solvingthe photoelectric effect.
Copernicus, started looking at irregularities in planetary motion.
Is this a big enough problem, to create a new area of physics?
just a little speculative thinking folks.
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Another factor against bringing the HST back to Earth is risk of contamination.
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Hello all,
I know that after market sunroofs may have left a bad taste in some of
your mouths, but I am really interested in finding a "good" brand if one
exists. Please let me know if you have heard of any makers with a good
reputation (few failures, no leaks, that sort of thing) and whether or
not you have had first hand experience with that manufacturer. Who is
generally regarded in the industry as the "best" (price no object) maker
of power sunroofs??
--Steve
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I think to some extent this is a case of stooping to their level. You assume
that the general public "can't handle the truth" and then, based on this
assumption, go for the fluff arguments. Then someone, who can understand a
good argument, comes along and asks "why don't you just develop the spinoffs?"
or "why can't we just get our spinoffs from some other program, like the
military?" There are some good arguments for space development without relying
on its side effects. I'm not ignoring the value of spinoffs. I simply think
that the general public deserves more credit than you give them.
And if you're going to use spinoffs you better make darn sure you are right.
Teflon has been around since before NASA. As I understand it, Velcro was
conceptualized by a french doctor who went walking in the woods and took the
trouble to wonder how burrs stick to your clothes. Certainly velcro was
available on hiking equipment by the early to mid sixties. I would need to
see some good evidence before I believe that either of these would not be here
today without NASA.
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It's pretty complex, and Cd isn't the whole story either. Cd for cars is
usually calculated based on the frontal area of the car. So a large car
with a good Cd could get the same drag force as a smaller car with a
poorer Cd.
To calculate drag use this formula:
D = 1/2 * rho * v^2 * Cd * S
Where D is the drag force (lbs), rho is the local air density (slugs/ft^3),
V is the velocity (ft/s), and S is the frontal area (ft^2). Note that the
pieces called 1/2 * rho * v^2 are sometimes called qbar or dynamic pressure
(a fancy aero term for air pressure or force).
Note that power is:
P = F * v
Where P is power (lbf-ft/s), F is the force, drag in this case (lbf) and v
is velocity (ft/s).
Note that if you put the whole equation into one (by substituting D for
force) you get a velocity _cubed_ term. That's why huge increases in power
result in little increases in speed. Ditto for decreases in Cd.
So if you have a 100 mph car and reduce Cd from .34 to .33, your new top
speed is: (sound of trumpet fanfare)
101 mph
Sorry to dissappoint.
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From the description I've read, it's prob. only going to be
as bright as Jupiter. Anything else is probably hype from the
opponents or wishful thinking from the sponsors.
If we could do something as bright as the full moon that soon,
that cheap, the CIS would have done it already.
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I'd like to thank everyone and anyone who sent me information
to help me with my project.
_______ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
--| |- | | | | / /\ \ | |\ \ | | \ \/ /
| | | -- | / -- \ | | \ \ | | \ /
| | | __ | / ----- \ | | \ \| | / /\ \
|_| |__| |__| /__/ \__\ |_| \____| /__/ \_\
I'll send my report to all who requested a copy!
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Hello netters,
I'm new to this board and I thought this might be the best place
for my post. I have a question regarding satellite technology seen
in the movie Patriot Games. In the movies, the CIA utilizes its
orbitting sats to pinpoint a specific terrorist camp in N Africa.
The photos taken by the sats are stunning! I know that sats are
capable of photographing the license plates of vehicles. My
question is this: The camp in question was taken out by the
British SAS. And while the SAS was in action, the CIA team was
watching in the warroom back in Langley, VA. The action of the SAS
was clear and appeared to be relayed via a sat. The action was at
night and the photography appeared to be an x-ray type. That is,
one could see the action within the tents/structures of the camp.
Does such techology exist and what is it's nature? i.e., UV, IR,
x-ray, etc.
PS Who wrote the book Patriot Games?
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No, no, no! The previous one was called "Smiley". 1992 QB1 = Smiley,
and 1993 FW = Karla.
Note that neither name is official. It seems the discoverers have an
aversion to the designation scheme.
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I used to drive a truck a few years back. I once rode with an old codger
that had been driving for about 30 yrs. The only time he would use the clutch
was to get the truck moving. He could shift that 13 speed lightning quick, up
or down, without the slightest rake of a gear. He was as smooth as silk. It was
the most amazing shifting demonstration I've ever seen! Having said all that I
still don't know why anyone would want to shift a synchronized tranny without a
clutch? Why do it?
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: While I'm sure Sagan considers it sacrilegious, that wouldn't be
: because of his doubtfull credibility as an astronomer. Modern,
: ground-based, visible light astronomy (what these proposed
: orbiting billboards would upset) is already a dying field: The
: opacity and distortions caused by the atmosphere itself have
: driven most of the field to use radio, far infrared or space-based
: telescopes.
Hardly. The Keck telescope in Hawaii has taken its first pictures; they're
nearly as good as Hubble for a tiny fraction of the cost.
: In any case, a bright point of light passing through
: the field doesn't ruin observations. If that were the case, the
: thousands of existing satellites would have already done so (satelliets
: might not seem so bright to the eyes, but as far as astronomy is concerned,
: they are extremely bright.)
I believe that this orbiting space junk will be FAR brighter still;
more like the full moon. The moon upsets deep-sky observation all
over the sky (and not just looking at it) because of scattered light.
This is a known problem, but of course two weeks out of every four are
OK. What happens when this billboard circles every 90 minutes? What
would be a good time then?
: Frank Crary
: CU Boulder
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Could someone explain how to make sense of drag coefficients (i.e Cd) mentioned in magazines. I understand that lower numbers signify better aerodynamics but
what does this mean in the real world. Is there a way to calculate new top speeds(assuming the car is not rev limited at top speed) or mileage benefits if a identical car had the Cd reduced from .34 to .33.
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i think those with 1.6 MR2's would describe the engine as sweet if a
little loud, those with 2.2 MR2's i can't imagine any unbiased person
paying it any compliments. sounded like my ex-dormmate's rusty chevy
chevette. with the 1.6 i would want to redline it just for the music,
with the 2.2 i would short shift so that it would shut up.. the new
camry 2.2 features balance shafts. i guess since the mr2 is getting
the axe, it is too late for them to do anything about this..
it is no mystery that the turbo mr2 is "only" 2 liters.. the engineers
had enough integrity to prevent any further abuses. also, in europe
the MR2 Mk2 non-turbo was also "only" 2 liters.. as usual, the
undiscriminating american market (if it is japanese it *must* be good)
gets the dogs.. to be fair, we also got the turbo, which the europeans
did not.
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Hans> As somebody replied on whether the space shuttle is connected to
Hans> Usenet: "No. Of course the main flow of information would be up,
Hans> unless Henry Spencer would be aboard, in which case the main
Hans> flow of information would be down."
Gene Miya says that Henry will never go aloft in the Shuttle; the
payload bay isn't big enough for his chocolate chip cookies.
When Henry was here at Dryden, he was looking pretty covetously at the
SR-71s and the F-104s, even though they don't have much cookie space.
I guess he figured that he could manage for a short flight....
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Henry, if I read you correctly, you may be asking "If I put a blackbody
in interstellar space ('disregarding the Sun and nearby large warm objects'),
what termperature will it reach in thermal equilibrium with the ambient
radiation field?"
If that's the case, let me point out that interstellar dust and
molecules provide many instances of things that are, well, not-too-far
from being blackbodies. Many different observations, including IRAS
and COBE, have determined that interstellar dust grain temperatures
can range from 40K to 150K. You might look in a conference proceedings
"Interstellar Processes", ed. D. J. Hollenbach and H. A. Thronson, Jr.,
published in 1987. Try the articles by Tielens et al., Seab, and
Black.
Inside the disk of the galaxy, the temperature varies quite a bit
from place to place (how close are you to the nearest OB association,
I would guess). Outside the galaxy, of course, things aren't so
varied.
I hope this is what you were looking for....
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My ex-husband & I used to own Borgwards. Haven't seen any for a long
time. They were really good cars. Does ayone out there know anything
about them now? I heard they were being made in Mexico, but of course
they wouldn't be the original German - if that's even true. When I've
been in Mexico I haven't seen any. We loved ours, even tho' they were
ugly - they had names - one was Humphrey Borgward.
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Bear in mind that a lot of the Vandenberg launch traffic is military and
at least semi-secret. They aren't interested in publicizing it beforehand.
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You mena in the same way french intelliegence agents steal
documents from US corporate executives?
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Just a quick, simple question really...
How many wheels are affected by the emergency brake on an '86 Nissan
Maxima. I've heard that all four are affected, but this would seem unusual
to me. I thought the emergency brake on most cars only affected the rear
wheels. Also, how powerful is the emergency brake usually? Enough to lock
wheels at 30mph? Hmmmm... I just have to wonder about some of the things I
hear...
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But I believe that there is a fundamental difference here. The other x
three instruments are focusing instruments, that, more or less, form
an image, so positional errors are limited by craft attitude and the
resolving power of the optics. BATSE is an altogether different
beast, effectively just 8 coincidence counters, one on each corner of
the craft. Positional information is triangulated from the
differential signal arrival times at each of the detectors.
Positional error would be predominantly determined by timing errors
and errors in craft attitude. Since none of the 8 BASTE detectors have
any independant angular resolution whatsoever, they can not be used to
determine parallax. Indeed, parallax would just add a very small
component to the positional error.
Demonstrating that these puppies are beyond the oort cloud would
require resolution on the order of arcseconds, since the oort
cloud is postulated to extend to about 0.5 parsec (all together
now: "Parallax ARc SECond", a parsec is the distance of an object
that demonstrates one arc second of parallax with a 2 AU base line).
If the 3 degree accuracy reported above is true, we're going to
have to add a BASTE to the pluto fast flyby to get enough baseline.
The beauty of BASTE is that it both gives positional information and
watches the entire sky simultaneously, a realy handy combination
when you have no idea where the next burst is coming from.
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No, the sky does not, at this time, belong to anyone. Ownership is necessary
to the definition because someone has to have the authority to decide if the
action was good or bad. If neither you or I own a brick wall, then I can't
unilaterally declare that spraypainting my name on it is right, and you don't
have the authority to declare that it is wrong. The owner may find it artistic
or she may be call the police.
(this applies to the argument on bright satellites more than street lights)
It's vandalism because many people -- power companies -- do maliciously waste light.
"maliciously" implies evil intent. The lighting companies aren't going out
of their way to spoil the sky. They just don't care.
It is the responsibility of the customer to choose the most efficient hardware.
If that's what your city will buy, that's what the lighting company will sell.
Write a letter to city hall.
Please note that I'm not defending light pollution. The orignial focus of
this thread was space based light sources.
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It seems that there are more and more "bands" available for
police radar each month. I have recently purchased (within
the last 8 months) the BEL 966STW. While it is not a perfect
detector by any means, it does do the job fairly well.
Now, however, I pick up a car magazine at the airport and
read about this Super Ka Wideband which is a superset of
the Ka Wideband that this latest generation of detectors
was touted as covering.
So now BEL has a NEW series of detectors out that cover all
the usual bands (X, K, Ka photo, Ka wideband) as well as the
new Super Ka wideband.
Just as there comes a point of diminishing returns when chasing
increased PC computing power with faster and faster CPUs (for
the average home consumer, at least), it seems that there is
now the same concern with radar detectors. Does it make sense
to upgrade just 8 months after purchasing my "new" detector?
Is Valentine upgrading their equipment? If so, it might be
worth it for me to upgrade to the Valentine. I was in the
market for a Valentine when I purchased the BEL but the
3-4 month waiting time was just too much for me since I had
inadequate protection with my Passport. Life was much simpler
when there was just X and K band and Escort has the best
equipment on the market and there was no need to continuously
shop for a new detector. I hope that the flood of new radar
bands ceases with this new Super Wideband business.
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The whire wheels aren't chromed, they were to be painted silver/grey.
The accelerating from a stop shouldn't be "doggy" because of the light
weight of the car.
Don't pull the topto make it reach the snaps, I pulled a couple out of
the top doing that. Replacing the spanps usually doesn't work. Let it
sit in th e sun, open on the car for a couple hours, the try, GENTLY!!!!
I continually blew up the #4 connecting rod bearing, be sure your not
buring too much oil.
Don't expect too much of a smooth ride. The lever arm shocks hold the
road, and your bladder. The are ultra-expensive. Supposedly the can be
rebuilt. J. C. Whitney sell a shock replacement kit the uses standard
shocks.
I had to rebuid boththe brake and clutch master cylinder, in addition to
the clutch slave. This work made a world of changes.
Be sure the carb is the original type replacement. My 1970 had dual
Stomberg oil dampenned side draft carbs.
Ask if the clutch has ever been replaced. To replace the engine and
tranny have to be pulled as a unit.
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The people involved in it have been building hardware rather than writing
press releases. This is not a high-manpower project; they don't *have*
spare people sitting around.
As I understand it, there has also been some feeling on the part of some
of the project management that publicity was not a good idea. A lot of
people have been working on changing this view, with some success.
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I would appreciate any thoughts on what makes a planet habitable for Humans.
I am making asumptions that life and a similar atmosphere evolve given a range
of physical aspects of the planet. The question is what physical aspects
simply disallow earth like conditions.
eg Temperature range of 280K to 315K (where temp is purely dependant on dist
from the sun and the suns temperature..)
Atmospheric presure ? - I know nothing of human tolerance
Planetary Mass ? - again gravity at surface is important, how much
can human bodies take day after day. Also how does the mass effect
atmosphere. I thinking of planets between .3 and 3 times mass of the
earth. I suppose density should be important as well.
Climate etc does not concern me, nor does axial tilt etc etc. Just the above
three factors and how they relate to one another.
Jonathan
--
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I looked at that Bimmer yesterday. It's an '81, has about 90kmi, according
to owner (odometer stopped working at 68Kmi). Drivess well, sounds good,
body is OK, he wants $3000.
i liked the car, despite it's auto tranny, but my wife will be a primary
driver on this one, and she wants auto.
The radio does not work untill the car warms up and you honk the horn (!)
The A/C seems to have a leak.
The sunroof is sticky, but operational.
Odometer does not work, as mentioned before.
Idle is a bit bouncy, going from 900rpm to 1200rpm.
Wipers are slow.
That's teh gripes. The owner says that he changed radiator, alternator,
rotors and calipers, exhaust.
The biggest problem, is that the owner is a shifty SOB, telling strange
stories. I hate that. I would never buy from a persom like that, except, how
often you see a descent 528i for that amount of money. He also said that,
although I could bring a mechanicin, he wouldn't let me check the car by taking
it to a garage. Suspicious. And who knows what milage is on it.
So, let me know what to check for, given there's practically no rust.
I know there was an article on 528i in R&D a few years back, anybody remembers
what issue?
Mike.S
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[ stuff deleted ]
The French SPOT is an example that comes to mind. Although the
company (name escapes me at the moment) sells images world-wide, you
can bet your last dollar (franc??) that the French gov't gets first
dibs.
I remember a few years ago (about the time SPOT was launched), I
was speaking to my Dad (an USAF officer) about this and that, and I
happend to mention SPOT (I think we were talking about technology
utilization). He just about went ballistic. He wanted to know how I
knew about SPOT and just what I knew. I guess that space surveillance
is such a sensitive topic in the Air Force that he couldn't believe
that I would read about such a system in the popular press (ie. AV week).
mark,
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You should have heard Prof. McNally , from my days as an astronomy
undergraduate, denouncing photon pollution. It was easy to imagine him
taking practical steps to modify the sodium lamps on the street
outside Mill Hill observatory with a 12-gauge shotgun :-)
However, seriously, it is possible to limit the effects of
streetlights, by adding a reflector, so that the light only
illuminates the ground, which is after all where you need it. As a
bonus, the power consumption required for a given illumination level
is reduced. Strangely enough, astronomers often seek to lobby elected
local authorities to use such lighting systems, with considerable
success in the desert areas around the major US observatories. At
least, thats what McNally told us, all those years ago.
( British local authorities couldn`t care less, as far as I can see )
I suppose that the "right" to dark skies is no more than an aspiration,
but it is a worthwhile one. Illuminated orbital billboards seem especially
yukky, and are presumably in the area of international law, if any, although
I do find the idea of a right to bear anti-satellite weapons intriguing.
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I certainly like this "Option C"... It's much more like the original
Phase B studies from the early 1970's. Good stuff!
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Deloreans NEVER had a factory V8. They were considering production
with a turbo (or twin turbo, I forget) version of the standard V6. As
to who produced it, you got me!
Jonathan
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^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^
Me thinks thee dost protest too much.... 1/2 :-)
He made no allegations, and specifically gave the seller the benefit of the
doubt. He simply made the net aware of the fact that many of these seats are
stolen, so watch out and ask questions when buying. That's good advice to
follow when buying _anything_ from a third party, on the net or elsewhere.
Touchy, touchy...
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Tony, I believe, first of all, that Max's car is an Austrailian
built car. I don't think its a chopped up U.S. unit. It may be called a
Kangaroo or Roo or something similar-not sure. But, I do recall reading
that Austrailian cars used Ford V-8 engines. The Ford V-8 Interceptor
is, I think, a 428 c.i. cop car motor. Whatever the case that small car
with a screaming big block Ford 428 would probably smoke the tires for
miles/kilometers. I hope someone out there can elaborate on the subject.
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Are you guys talking about the Soviet "shuttle"? It's not "Soyuz",
it's called "Buran" which means "snow storm."
(At least that's what they call it on Russian TV).
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Only if he doesn't spend more than a billion dollars doing it, since the
prize is not going to be scaled up to match the level of effort. You can
spend a billion pretty quickly buying Titan launches.
What's more, if you buy Titans, the prize money is your entire return on
investment. If you develop a new launch system, it has other uses, and
the prize is just the icing on the cake.
I doubt very much that a billion-dollar prize is going to show enough
return to justify the investment if you are constrained to use current
US launchers. (There would surely be a buy-American clause in the rules
for such a prize, since it would pretty well have to be government-funded.)
You're going to *have* to invest your front money in building a new launch
system rather than pissing it away on existing ones. Being there first is
of no importance if you go bankrupt doing it.
I'm sure Spar would offer to develop such a lunar-tuned system and deliver
a couple of them to you for only a couple of hundred million dollars.
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"The Villager-Quest seem like the best of the Cravan/Voyager
copies to come along since the Mazda MPV."
I'll agree about villager but not MPV -- it's so small that I'd class
it as a SUV with an extra seat shoehorned in. To get any rear cargo
space, you shove the back seat up against the middle seat, eliminating
*all* leg room.
Back to the Villager ...
"Only the price is controversial."
And the use of attack belts instead of 3-point belts. That killed it
for me.
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I didn't exactly follow the "dragless" satellitte thread.
What is the point of it? are they used for laser geodesy missions?
triad seemed to be some sort of navy navigation bird, but why
be "dragless" why not just update orbital parameters?
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Correct, we have no parallax measurements on the bursts.
Therefore, we can't tell whether they're slightly extra solar
or not!
(which means that parallax can't tell us whether or not it's real close.)
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Excerpts from netnews.rec.autos: 24-Apr-93 Honda Mailing list? by James
B. Atkins@prism.ga
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Excerpts from rec.autos: 26-Apr-93 Re: REVIEW: 1989 Ford Tauru.. by Mark
W. Rice@mozart.Colu
david.bonds@cutting.hou.tx.us (Dav
One more way, which works in manual trans cars I've driven, and it is my
personal favorite (the other suggestions above are great, but try this
one, too).
While pushing the shifter *gently* towards reverse, let the clutch out
slowly (right to the friction point) and the shifter will be pulled into
position. If you do it right, the car won't jump backward, nor will the
gears grind.... You will just glide back.
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RADAR (Radio Association Defending Airwave Rights) says that Geico
insurance not only buy's Radar for police but also actively lobbies
states to promote making Radar Detectors illegal. I think the
buying part is a misuse of money but the Radar Detector part shows
how little they know about the issue. No study I am aware of has ever
concluded that detectors have a negative impact on safety or that
users have a higher average speed. Incompetence by Geico? I think
so.
Troy Wecker
troy@sequent.com
Sequent Computer Systems
Beaverton, OR
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Funny, the Manta's over in Europe look surprisingly like the Opel
alluded to by the original poster.
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Sorry to split hairs, but I just read in "The making of the atomic
bomb"(*) that teflon was developed during world war 2. A sealant was
needed for the tubing in which uranium hexafluoride passed as it was
gradually enriched by difussion. UF6 is very corrosive, and some very
inert yet flexible material was needed for the seals.
Alejo Hausner (hausner@qucis.queensu.ca)
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Fine. I'll buy from George. GEORGEEE!!!!
That assumes I can't weasel out a cooperative venture of some sort (cut me a
break on the launcher, I'll cut you in on the proceeds if it works). Only the
government pays higher-than-list price.
Unless you're Martin Marietta, since (as I recall) they bought out the GD line
of aerospace products.
If MM/GD does it as an in-house project, their costs would look much better
than buying at "list price." Does anyone REALLY know the profit margins built
in to the Titan? C'mon. Allen is telling us how cheap we can get improved this
or that...
Oh please. How much of a profit do you want? Pulling $100-150 million after
all is said and done wouldn't be too shabby. Not to mention the other goodies
I'll collect in:
a) Movie & TV rights (say $100-150 million conservatively)
b) Advertising ("Look Mommie, they're drinking Coke!")
c) Intangibles (Name recognization, experience & data
acculumated)
If you want lean, fine. A $500 million prize would be more than adequate for a
prize.
Maybe Wales would be kind enough to define what a company would consider
a decent profit.
If you want R&D done, you'll have to write in R&D clauses. I suppose you could
make it a SBIR set-aside :)
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There are a number of Philosophical questions that I would like to ask:
1) If we encounter a life form during our space exploration, how do we
determine if we should capture it, imprison it, and then discect it?
2) If we encounter a civilization that is suffering economicly, will
we expend resources from earth to help them?
3) With all of the deseases we currently have that are deadly and undetectable,
what will be done to ensure that more new deadly deseases aren't brought
back, or that our deseases don't destroy life elsewhere?
--
Have a day,
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Bob: Excellent! To the point and correct! Spread the word.
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From: bsw@utrc.utc.com (Bruce S. Winters)
Subject: Re: Warped brake discs on '91 Taurus L
>In the past few years I have owned 3 Mustang GTs and now own a 91 T-Bird
>SC. They all have had this problem. There was a recall on the T-bird for
>the brake problem. The Ford dealer replaced the rotors and pads but the
>rotors warp after about 10K miles. Between this problem and the fit and
>finish problems on the T-Bird I'll never buy a Ford again.
I just had my rotors on my '92 Taurus GL changed less than 500 miles
ago and...you guessed it, I'm noticing slight warpage in the left rotor.
:-( I had a mechanic friend of mine look at it and he said that there is a
high spot on the rotor that is causing the problem. This is a brand new
rotor bought from a Ford Dealership. Can't they even produce a brand new
rotor that is not warped? I'm currently negotiating with them to swap it
out for a new rotor.
This is my first American build car and I'm not overly impressed.
Tony
--
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Wouldn't bother me. I'd laugh. It wouldn't work -- the surface of the
Moon is *already* pretty dark, and the contrast would be so poor you
couldn't possibly see it. The only reason the Moon looks bright is that
it's in bright sunlight against an otherwise-dark sky. Evidently Heinlein
didn't know that...
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Sorry, you have a _wish_ for an uncluttered night sky, but it
isn't a right. When you get down to it, you actually have no rights
that the majority haven't agreed to give you (and them in the process).
It's a common misconception that being born somehow endows you with
rights to this that and the other. Sadly this is not true.
Now if you want to talk about the responsibility that _should_ go with
the power to clutter the night sky, then that's a different matter.
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I didn't think the bi-stem design was used so much for the retrieval as
for the ability to launch in a tight (size) STS envelope. This is my own
guess, based on similar designs flown on other large STS-launched s/c
(GRO, UARS). Also, there _might_ be some consideration given to mass
requirements (bi-stems weight less than conventional S/A). Finally,
the HST arrays _do_ have the ability to be detached--remember, they're
going to be replaced with new arrays.
However, as an ACS guy who's seen his branch management pull their
collective hair out over HST, I would voice a hearty 'yea' to using
conventional arrays over bi-stems, whenever possible. No half hertz
flexible modes, no thermal snap, no problem.
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I don't know about where you are, but here in California false
representation
of odometer readings is a criminal felony. If you can substantiate this,
you need to report that dealer to the local authorities. You should consult
with a lawyer to tell you what civil action you can take as well. Keep in
mind that you will have to prove that the dealer was aware of the change in
the dashboard.
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: : I have 19 (2 MB worth!) uuencode'd GIF images contain charts outlining
: : one of the many alternative Space Station designs being considered in
: : Crystal City. [...]
: I just posted the GIF files out for anonymous FTP on server ics.uci.edu.
: You can retrieve them from:
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode01.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode02.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode03.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode04.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode05.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode06.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode07.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode08.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode09.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode10.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode11.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode12.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode13.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode14.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode15.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode16.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode17.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geodeA.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geodeB.gif
: The last two are scanned color photos; the others are scanned briefing
: charts.
: These will be deleted by the ics.uci.edu system manager in a few days,
: so now's the time to grab them if you're interested. Sorry it took
: me so long to get these out, but I was trying for the Ames server,
: but it's out of space.
But now I need to clarify the situation. The "/incoming" directory on
ics.uci.edu does NOT allow you to do an "ls" command. The files are
there (I just checked on 04/28/93 at 9:35 CDT), and you can "get" them
(don't forget the "binary" mode!), but you can't "ls" in the
"/incoming" directory.
A further update: Mark's design made the cover of Space News this week
as one of the design alternatives which was rejected. But he's still
in there plugging. I wish him luck -- using ET's as the basis of a
Space Station has been a good idea for a long time.
May the best design win.
-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov (713) 483-4368
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Are you serious? The auto that had a lot to do with bringing the term
"boxer" to the popular forefront was the Ferrari 512 Berlinetta Boxer
or the 512BB. Had a 5 liter, opposed 12 cylinder engine.
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Why bother with a new newsgroup? If you want to discuss the subject,
*start discussing it*. If there is enough traffic to annoy the rest of
us, we will let you know... and *then* it will be time for a new newsgroup.
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I want to thank all the people that responded to my post
a few weeks ago about buying an '86 Chev Nova with over
100,000 mi.
I decided to buy the car and have had it for about a month.
I replaced the front brake pads and changed the oil. So far
no problems have surfaced.
I received many suggestions and encouragement on this
purchase and figured a late "thank you" was better than none.
Thanks to all!
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The Delorean used the Peugot/Renault/Volvo V6 in a rear engine configuration.
The Bricklin use some 'Merkin iron in a front engine/rear drive configuration.
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Indeed so; it's at the extreme limit of what is humanly possible. It is
possible only because Mount Everest is at a fairly low latitude: there
is a slight equatorial bulge in the atmosphere -- beyond what is induced
by the Earth's rotation -- thanks to the overall circulation pattern of
the atmosphere (air cools at poles and descends, flowing back to equator
where it is warmed and rises), and this helps just enough to make Everest-
without-oxygen feasible. Only just feasible, mind you: the guys who did
it reported hallucinations and other indications of oxygen starvation,
and probably incurred some permanent brain damage.
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Not alone at all. My old 83 Accord (now in the hands of a sibling) has a much
better engagement of the clutch. Even the old 84 Civic we keep as a beater
feels better in this aspect. Note that these are cars with 250,000 kms and
140,000 kms respectively. My 90 Prelude blows both of them away in every
respect except smooth clutch engagement. Of course the Kawasaki is the best
of the bunch but I need more than 2 wheels most of the time.
The Prelude has had a dud clutch from day 1, and after three years and 67,000
kms is no better. Best of luck and feel free to add this to your collection.
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I have often thought about, if its possible to have a powerfull laser
on earth, to light at the Moon, and show lasergraphics at the surface
so clearly that you can see it with your eyes when there is a new
moon.
How about a Coca Cola logo at the moon, easy way to target billions of
people.
Do you know if its possible?
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:
: I am considering buying a 1993 Chevy or GMC 4x4 full-size pickup with
: the extended cab. Any opinions about these vehicles? Have there been
: any significant problems?
:
: --
: Dick Grady Salem, NH, USA grady@world.std.com
: So many newsgroups, so little time!
I bought a brand new 1992 Chevrolet K2500 HD 4x4 extended cab last
May. It has had many, many problems. See my earler post that describes
the situation. I went to BBB arbitration, and they ruled that Chevrolet
must buy it back from me. If you do get one, stay away from the 5 speed
manual with the deep low first gear. They have put three of them in my
truck so far. After about 1,500 miles, overdrive either starts
rattling or hissing loudly. There is no way to fix them. Chevrolet
says that the noise is "a characteristic of the transmission."
Also, if you are planning to use your truck to tow, the
gear ratios in that tranny suck. On a steep hill, you get up to about
55 MPH in second gear at 4,000 RPM (yellow line). If you shift to third,
the RPM drop to only 2,500, and you begin to loose speed. I should
point out that the 350 V8 they put in the HD (8600 GVW) trucks is a
detuned motor compared to the one they put in the light duty ones. They
dropped the compression ratio, supposedly for "engine longevity"
reasons. So the light duty 350 may pull better than my truck does.
Other things that have gone wrong include the ventilation fan (3 times
so far), paint (had specs of rust embedded in the paint from being
shipped by rail with no covering), and suspension parts (link between
stabilizer and control arm fell off).
Any company can make a bad individual car, Chevrolet included. What
really bothered me was the way they reacted. They made no attempt
to deal with me except to tell me to take it back to the dealer for
them to attempt to fix it one more time. So I bought a brand new
Ford F250 HD Super Cab with a 460 and an automatic. I will never
buy another Chevrolet.
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Please explain the why of this. I have over 200k miles usage of clutchless
shift and no problems.
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~~15
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We don't disagree on this. All I said was that a right is whatever
you or somebody acting for you can enforce. The Bill of Rights didn't
come into effect until it was ratified by the states (and indirectly,
the people); from that point it defined legal rights. "Common law"
rights are vague and situational; that's why the people insisted on a
Bill of Rights in the Constitution, spelling out exactly what they
demanded from the government. Legitimate or illegitimate, power is
power. That's why the federal government can force states to grant
their citizens rights they don't wish to: In a slugging match, the feds
win. Period.
And you're right, this doesn't belong in sci.space. I've said my
peace. No more frome me on rights (at least not here).
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This was all badly reported in the news. There is no evidence that
signs of life found in old rock predate putative planet-sterilizing
events. Rather, the argument was that if life arose shortly the last
sterilizing event, then it must be easily formed. The *inference*
was that life originated before and was destroyed, but there was
no evidence of that.
However, even this argument is flawed. It could well be that origin of
life requires specific conditions (say, a certain composition of the
atmosphere) that do not last for long. So, perhaps life formed
early only because it would have had no other chance to do so,
not because it was likely that life would originate under those
conditions.
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(in answer to Amruth Laxman
Apart from the fact that you get G in the pull-out, not the dive, that
figure is about right for sustained G, no protection.
The duration of G, it's rate of onset, body position and support aids are
all critical parts of the equation. I remember one note about instrumented
gridiron players recording peaks about 200G. Stapp, the aviation doctor,
either by accident or design, took a short-period 80G in a rocket-sled
decelleration, eye-balls-out against a standard (1950's) harness. It had
to be short, calculate the stopping time, even from 500 - 600mph at that
G. A bang-seat can get up to about 60 G, and you'd better be sitting
straight. Find the book by Martin-Bakers human guinea pig to hear how bad
it can get if the rate of onset is too high. A reclining position and a
good G-suit can keep a pilot functioning at around 12G.
A flotation tank should be a good bet, since you can treat the body as a
fluid, and high-pressure situations are not new. Anyone have any figures?
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Hi there, maybe you can help me...
I have an '88 Corolla with a 5 speed as the subject line says. The gearbox
seems excessivly clunky. I used to have an '85 Corolla, and it was also
somewhat clunky, but it had 30,000 more miles on it, and it wasn't nearly as
bad as this car! Is there fluid in the 5speed case? If there is, could it
just be low, or in need of a change? As I recall, only the autos have fluid.
Or am I just mistaken? Please no flames for owning an import. I also have
an old Dodge, but it's not in very good shape these days...
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Regarding the feasability of retrieving the HST for repair and
relaunching it:
(Caution: speculation mode engaged)
There is another consideration that hasn't been mentioned yet.
I expect that retrieving HST would involve 'damaging' it considerably in
order to return it to its cradle in the cargo bay. Most of the deployed
items (antennas and, especially, the solar arays) probably are not
retractable into their fully stowed position, even by hand. They would
have to be removed by the astronauts. (The only advantage that this
might yield is that we could put new panels on that don't 'ring' due
to thermal cycle stresses...)
I also expect that, as has been discussed, the landing loads on the
HST optics structure is a big issue (but that the reentry loads are
much less so.) Can the moveable optical components even be re-caged
(I assume that they were caged for launch)?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Michael Corvin zwork@starfighter.den.mmc.com
GN&C R&D Martin Marietta Astronautics
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
=============== My views, not Martin Marietta's ========================
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Yeah, but I hate to follow them with the exhaust at ground level. Not all
diesels are well maintained, either, it seems they run for so long that
people keep them going long after the top end is worn out.
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I think it was the reverse, the V4 being 2/3 of the V6.
It was also the worst engine that Ford (Europe) have ever made - bloody
awful reputation. It's most successful application being the Transit
van.
Saab gave up with this motor and then made the Triumph 1854 (half a Stag V8) under license (I believe), but with 2-litre capacity and perhaps a different
arrangement for the cylinder head studs, before developing their own straight
four from the Triumph.
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("like most good ideas,..." please, people!)
_Five Weeks in a Balloon_. Not a good idea unless you have helium.
Verne's protagonists didn't. They just got increadibly lucky.
And yes, I knew the title of the movie too, just didn't want to start
talking about it. Except to bring up the image of a team of S. African
Bushmen showing up at a launch site with spears and flint knives
to stop the launch (anyone want to bet on their success in doing so?
especially since they could probably stop a shuttle launch by sneezing
too hard within a couple miles of the launch site).
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Using greenhouses to extend the growing season shouldn't be a problem.
I'm supprised they don't do so in Alaska (cheaper to import, perhaps?)
No, the Incas had no problems with this, but the Spanish did.
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I know this is kinda off the subject of sci.space, but not really, I want to
answer this for their, as well as everyone else's information. What these
people are proposing, by and large already exists and can be purchased today.
It is called labview by National Instruments. IT is a wonderful object
oriented graphical programming language. IT has been implemented on
both Mac's PC's and VME unix boxes. IT is fare superior to any programming
approach that I have ever seen and allowed us to decrease the software
development time for our shuttle payloads by 90 percent. This program is
not dependendant on specific hardware and already has exensive analysis
capability.
Why re-invent the wheel on a platform that may not exist? It is a great
idea but look out there at what is available today. The Hydrogen leak on
the Shuttle was found using this software. All SSME control and simulation
studies, along with the real testing at MSFC is handled with LabVIEW. There
are tons of applications, with the ability to create "virtual" instruments
that can accomplish any specific custom task the maker desires. With the
addition of IEEE-488 support, the computer becomes a virtual control station,
allowing the graphic representation of remote instrumentation. With serial
I/O support that instrument can be anywhere. The ground control software
for the main control of SEDSAT 1 will utilize this approach.
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I am in the market to buy a used car. I am particularly
interested in the Pontiac Bonneville. My budget is between 7-
8 thousand. Would I be able to afford an 88 or 89. What
engines were available at this time. I know they didn't
redesign until the 1992 model year. How is the reliability of
past models. I would appreciate any advice or information.
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was
Yuppies
started
Yep, that's when I noticed it too. I stopped replacing the hood badge
after the second or third one (at $12.00 each).
2002 drivers used to flash their headlight at each other in greeting. Try
flashing your headlights at a 318i driver and see what kind of look you
get. They usually check their radar detector...they think you're alerting
them to a cop.
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Because some people like them (and some people actually need them).
Yeah, right. Real muscle cars had a manual transmission, and their
clutches aren't that heavy. Shelby-American used plenty of
high-powered, high-torque engines, and Carroll only put autos in
his cars because people wanted them. (Blasphemers! Heretics!
Burn them, burn them for defiling a Shelby with an auto! ;-)
Real Cobras (and they were the ultimate sports car at the
time) had big-block Fords which turned out prodigious amounts
of power and torque, and _none_ of them had automatics.
Yeah, if you call a gear shift in the middle of a curve "fun." :-)
I personally would _love_ to have a '66 Galaxie 500 7-Liter Coupe,
with a fire-breathing 427 and four-onna-floor (to go along side
my '66 Galaxie 500 pillarless hardtop with a fire-breathing 390
with three-onna-tree; I love the sound of dual exhaust in the
morning! :-). There's no comparison between a REAL American
Muscle Car and a car with a big engine and an automatic, IMHO.
James
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I'd hardly call the current Pluto Fast Flyby proposal "too large" (if the
new technology insertion currently taking place succeeds, the S/C mass will
drop to 110-120 kg) or "too expensive" ($400 million [FY92 $] for two S/C),
especially when compared to other NASA planetary missions.
This proposal would work only if your various targets are relaively nearby and
the require minimal delta-v from the mother ship. A mission to the main belt
might be one possibility for such a mission -- I recall a paper being presented
at an AIAA deisgn conference in Irvine in February where such a proposed
spacecraft was designed by some grad students at UT Austin (I think). Four
mini-spacecraft would detatch from the main S/C, each visiting a seperate
asteroid and then returning to the main S/C. After analysis, the main S/C
would then be targeted for the most "interesting" object for further study.
Now, if I could only *find* that paper... =)
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If re-boosting the HST by carrying it with a shuttle would not damage it,
then why couldn't HST be brought back to earth and the repair job done
here?
Is it because two shuttle flights would be required, adding to the alredy
horrendous expense?
Gruss,
Dr Bruce Scott The deadliest bullshit is
Max-Planck-Institut fuer Plasmaphysik odorless and transparent
bds at spl6n1.aug.ipp-garching.mpg.de -- W Gibson
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No. Do this.
Have the DC-X1, make an unscheduled landing at teh 50 yard
line during the halftime show of This years Superbowl.
ABC will have more reporters there for that, then at
any news event.
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Analog SF magazine did an article on a similar subject quite a few
years ago. The question was, if an alien spacecraft landed in
Washington, D.C., what was the proper organization to deal with it: The
State Department (alien ambassadors), the Defense Department (alien
invaders), the Immigration and Naturalization Service (illegal aliens),
the Department of the Interior (new non-human species), etc. It was
very much a question of our perception of the aliens, not of anything
intrinsic in their nature. The bibliography for the article cited a
philosophical paper (the name and author of which I sadly forget; I
believe the author was Italian) on what constitutes a legal and/or moral
person, i.e., a being entitled to the rights normally accorded to a
person. The paper was quite interesting, as I recall.
I think you'd have to be very careful here if the answer is yes. The
human track record on helping those poor underpriveleged cultures (does
underpriveleged mean not having enough priveleges?) is terrible. The
usual result is the destruction or radical reorganization of the
culture. This may not always be wrong, but that's the way to bet.
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I'll pick up that PM and have a look -- maybe the picture in there is not
the actual car, but a prototype?
I saw the Mach III and was not all that impressed -- it looked WAY too
Japanese for me... the tear drop headlights reminded me of a Nissan NX...
Glad I didn't hold out for the '94 and bought a '93. Maybe they'll work on
the design a little bit, listen to consumers and come out with nice-looking
'95 or '96. It always takes a while to work out the kinks in a new design,
e.g. the F-body Camaro/Firebirds (btw, the new Camaros look like shit too).
--
Keath Milligan, Software Engineer, VideoTelecom Corporation, Austin, Texas
jkm@vtel.com, reaper@wixer.bga.com
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I've been in two _major_ auto accidents, both were multiple car. The worst
was a head-on three car collision (T intersection and one person ran a stop
sign). In both cases I was stopped and had no place to go (and I saw it
coming both times).
If you _really_ want to add safety to _any_ car, simply add a cage to the
car. They are available and cheap (about $500 in the USA). Add to that
four or five or six point belts and you will walk away from collisions that
were otherwise not survivable. but instead of people spending a little
extra money, we get legislation that says the gov't must mandate a minimal
level of protection for everyone.
One other significant factor in improving one's own safety is to get some
training. This will improve your safety more than any other single
investment will. Drive/ride defensively (and that does not mean you have
to be a doddering old stick in the mud). People here tend to enthuse about
autos more than the average (probably in the top 15th percentile in driving
ability), but still we sometimes overlook the obvious. I've been to two
driving schools, and three riding schools for my motorcycle. A very
worthwhile investment (and besides, it was a lot of fun too ;-).
Safety is what you make of it, just because a carmaker doesn't provide you
with an adequate level of protection doesn't mean you have to leave it go at
that.
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I understand the when one is in orbit, the inward force of gravity at
one's center of mass is exactly balanced by the outward centrifugal
force from the orbiting motion, resulting in weightlessness.
I want to know what weightlessness actually FEELS like. For example, is
there a constant sensation of falling? And what is the motion sickness
that some astronauts occasionally experience?
Please reply only if you are either a former or current astronaut, or
someone who has had this discussion first-hand with an astronaut.
Thanks!
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-> The current 4.9l V-8 will soldier on for about two years. A version
-> of the 32 valve modular V-8 in the Mark VIII could be offered then.
How unfortunate for anyone who loves the simplicity with which 302 and
351 Fords and 305 and 350 Chevys can be built up. Still, it will provide
a needed punch for the Ford to stay up with the new Firebird/Camaros. It
wouldn't surprise me if Ford called the engine a 5.0 litre in the
Mustang. (We all know that the current 5.0 is really 4.9 litres anyway)
-> Undisguised, the car looks OK, but not nearly as exciting as the new
-> Camaro/Firebird, IMO.
I must agree. I don't think I've seen anything as impressive looking as
the new Firebird since my friend back home sold his 1970 Formula 400
Firebird (for a paltry $2000, without even telling me. The bastard.)
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well it seemed to work for the Mac II installation I was talking about.
Oh yeah there is something I forgot to mention :
even though you're not suppposed to have water around, there IS
some condenstion d
dripping from the roof of the plane make sure that your hardware is covered.
Make also sure that your keyboards are protected from the two-phase flow
coming out of sick people. It happened to us.....
Good luck.
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In the EC, the Corrado VR6 is rated as 'best handling car this side of a
968'. As it goes, I just read an article in 'Autocar & Motor' comparing the
VR6 to a Ford Probe (later to be launched in the UK).... The VR6 is more powerful (even more so coz its 2.9 instead of 2.8 in the EC) and more fun to drive
etc etc... but the Probe has a slightly smoother engine (thanx Mazda MX6!)...
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[Stuff deleted]
Would Mr. Hart please explain how one could get every nation on
earth and every corporation to agree that astronomers own the
night sky without `coercion'. Remember that not every nation
follows the English common law. In most countries, for most of
history, it was probably true that the rulers `owned' everything
not explicitly owned by individuals. Even in North America,
where by the principle enunciated, the aboriginal inhabitants should
have owned everything, when new arrivals wanted to use land
and resources, they just took it over. In case Mr. Hart hasn't noticed,
there is currently a brutal war going on in Bosnia about who owns what.
Of course, if some friendly super power were to give an international
astronomy organization some anti-satelite missiles and also agree
to defend it if attacked, such a proposal might work, but it
would hardly be non-coercive.
Some of us nutty environmentalists think it might make sense first
to try to mobilize public opinion against advertising in space
and also to use governmental actions (like taxing power, for example)
to discourage them. This of course would be too coercive for
Mr. Hart.
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: But waiiiiiit, isn't Nissan officially registering the car as far as
: government paperwork goes, Nissan Stanza Altima, to avoid costly and
: lengthy paperwork? I read this on the net a while ago, and someone
: actually may have said there's a little Stanza logo on the Altima
: somewhere.
I just bought an Altima (and like it very much) and yes there is a
little Stanza logo ever so discretely placed on the trunk. The Altima is
emblazoned in big silver letters, but the itsy-bitsy Stanza is shunted
to the far left of the trunk lid. You can only see it if you get up
close to the car and know where to look. It is very inconspicuous.
In fact my first clue that this was a Stanza was that the owners manual
called the car a Nissan Stanza Altima.
Anybody know *why* Nissan did it this way?
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Except the drivers.
tom coradeschi <+> tcora@pica.army.mil
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Talk to Philip Greenspun. He took Ford to court recently and, despite much
manouvering and trickery on Ford's part, he won! Well, actually I think
Ford settled out of court on the provision he shut his mouth and stopped
causing them trouble. I love it when the little guy wins. I don't have
Philip's address anymore, but a "Philip, where are you" call may bring him
out of hiding.
Cheers,
Paul.
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let me clarify, i think they both are 2.0 litres.
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I can see it now emblazened across the evening sky --
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1991 Toyota Camry for sale:
Deluxe package
5 speed
grey
power windows
power door locks
AM/FM cassette
power steering
power brakes
70K highway miles
Excellent condition
$9500 Rob Fusi
rwf2@lehigh.edu
(609) 397-2147 after 7pm E-mail me for more info...
(914) 335-6984 day (until 5)
Ask for Bob Fusi
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Didn't Fred Hoyle abandon the steady state theory?
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re: extended Ka bands.
I recently bought a 2 band detector. You guys must all think I'm
nuts, right? Well, I did a little research into Ka usage in this
area and found out that Ka is not currently being used in this state
as well as surrounding states. Here's how I found out:
- A cop friend who did spend time nailing speeders doesn't even know
what Ka is. He's heard of K, which is what they use here and I
explained that Ka is used for photo radar etc.. He then said, yeah,
"Ka stands for K automatic"... duuhh. He then went on to say that
plans were being made for getting laser guns as far as going high
tech were concerned, but he didn't know too much.
- My 8 year old 2 band whistler was consistently going off at speed traps,
even the real sneaky ones.
- When I called the Escort Shop, they confirmed that Ka is not used here
or in surrounding states. They did claim that Laser was being used
a lot here, which I was quite skeptical of.
So in the end, instead of spending a lot of money and/or waiting
months for a state of the art detector, I got a low priced, high
performance 2 band Escort 2200. Incidentally its performance is equal
to their top of the line model in X and K band detection. I know that
Escort has been surpassed by other brands lately, but I've never fully
relied on a detector and I was convinced that the Escorts would be at
least quite good, which was good enough for me and my wallet.
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We`ve had the the Great Western, the [ dunno ] and the Great Northern
postulated as Brunel`s masterpiece. Keep boxing the compass chaps, you`ll
get round to it eventually.
The Great Western was a highly successful transatlantic mail ship,
with hybrid sail and steam propulsion. The Great Eastern, which broke
the 'Little Giant' financially and otherwise, was a revolutionary leap
forward in ship design. A thirty thousand ton all steel vessel, with
primary steam propulsion, it was at the time easily the biggest ocean
going vessel ever built. Brunel took advantage of the fact that cargo
and / or fuel capacity rose with the cube of scale, while drag rose
with the square, so a really big ship could steam thousands of miles
without coaling.
Unfortunately, there was no real market for such a beast at the time,
and it was eventually sold off at scrap values. As another poster
said, it then went on to a successful career as a telegraph cable
laying ship. It was in fact the only ship of its day capable of laying
a transatlantic cable in one go, with the endurance and capacity to
carry the huge reel all the way, and the manoeuverabilty to dredge for
defective sections. See Arthur C Clarke`s book "How the World was One"
[ I think that`s right ]
If that`s how the Shuttle goes down in history, as a technical triumph
and a financial disaster for the builder, it would not be entirely
ignoble, but I doubt if history will be so charitable. Its true the
Shuttle can do things no other launch system can do, but are they
worth doing? With low cost access to space, you could have an
affordable space station for doing shuttle-like extended manned
missions. As it is, the shuttle is not so much a space-truck as a
space-RV, ( only not so cheap to run :-( )
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Hi Javier, (how are things at Corp, my old stomping ground was c-level?)
Vibration when applying the brakes can be caused, on disc brakes at least,
by warped rotors. When the brakes are applied, there results uneven pressure
on the rotor. Turning the rotors by a brake shop will remedy this problem
as long as there is enough rotor width left for turning (i.e. within spec).
There could be some possible front end suspension problem but a brake shop
should be able to confirm warped rotors by a visual inspection which is free.
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must have
must
must
I've seen amps and volts, I would go for the volts
must you ask?
I would like to know how much gas I have. Of course the
gauge I have now dosen't tell me s**t so I could see not
having one in favor of a warning light at say, 50mi
OOOOOOHHHHH! how I would LOOOVE to have a vacuum gauge
on my dash!
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We were at a dealership today looking at buying a car and
the salesman was showing us something he was calling a
"buy back". Is that a car that was fleeted and then
given back for the new model the next year? If that
is so, how many miles is a good number to have on it
and are these types of cars generally a good buy?
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Exactly. You took the words right out of my mouth, Ron :-)
--
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They can be detached in an emergency. But expensive hardware is not thrown
away casually (bearing in mind that nobody knew the design was defective).
If the deployment crew had found some nasty flaw -- the lid failing to open,
for example -- it would have been a bit embarrassing to have to throw the
solar arrays away to get the thing back in the payload bay.
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BIOLOGICAL ALCHEMY
( ANOTHER Form of COLD FUSION )
( ALTERNATIVE Heavy Element Creation in Universe )
A very simple experiment can demonstrate (PROVE) the
FACT of "BIOLOGICAL TRANSMUTATIONS" (reactions like Mg + O
--> Ca, Si + C --> Ca, K + H --> Ca, N2 --> CO, etc.), as
described in the BOOK "Biological Transmutations" by Louis
Kervran, [1972 Edition is BEST.], and in Chapter 17 of the
book "THE SECRET LIFE OF PLANTS" by Peter Tompkins and
Christopher Bird, 1973:
(1) Obtain a good sample of plant seeds, all of the same
kind. [Some kinds might work better that others.]
(2) Divide the sample into two groups of equal weight
and number.
(3) Sprout one group in distilled water on filter paper
for three or four weeks.
(4) Separately incinerate both groups.
(5) Weigh the residue from each group. [The residue of
the sprouted group will usually weigh at least
SEVERAL PERCENT MORE than the other group.]
(6) Analyze quantitatively the residue of each group for
mineral content. [Some of the mineral atoms of the
sprouted group have been TRANSMUTED into heavier
mineral elements by FUSING with atoms of oxygen,
hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, etc..]
BIOLOGICAL TRANSMUTATIONS occur ROUTINELY, even in our
own bodies.
Ingesting a source of organic silicon (silicon with
carbon, such as "horsetail" extract, or radishes) can SPEED
HEALING OF BROKEN BONES via the reaction Si + C --> Ca, (much
faster than by merely ingesting the calcium directly).
Some MINERAL DEPOSITS in the ground are formed by micro-
organisms FUSING together atoms of silicon, carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen, hydrogen, etc..
The two reactions Si + C <--> Ca, by micro-organisms,
cause "STONE SICKNESS" in statues, building bricks, etc..
The reaction N2 --> CO, catalysed by very hot iron,
creates a CARBON-MONOXIDE POISON HAZARD for welder operators
and people near woodstoves (even properly sealed ones).
Some bacteria can even NEUTRALIZE RADIOACTIVITY!
ALL OF THESE THINGS AND MORE HAPPEN, IN SPITE OF the
currently accepted "laws" of physics, (including the law
which says that atomic fusion requires EXTREMELY HIGH
temperatures and pressures.)
"BIOLOGICAL TRANSMUTATIONS, And Their Applications In
CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, MEDICINE,
NUTRITION, AGRIGULTURE, GEOLOGY",
1st Edition,
by C. Louis Kervran, Active Member of New York Academy of
Science,
1972,
163 Pages, Illustrated,
Swan House Publishing Co.,
P.O. Box 638,
Binghamton, NY 13902
"THE SECRET LIFE OF PLANTS",
by Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird,
1973,
402 Pages,
Harper & Row,
New York
[Chapters 19 and 20 are about "RADIONICS". Entire book is
FASCINATING! ]
For more information, answers to your questions, etc.,
please consult my CITED SOURCES (the two books).
UN-altered REPRODUCTION and DISSEMINATION of this
IMPORTANT Information is ENCOURAGED.
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Just to throw it out there: The mass of the telescope is 11,600 kg
(25,500 lb). I do not know what Space lab weighs, but I believe it is
less. Can anyone verify??
Also, remember that weight was not the only concern, as many others have
noted, just one possible concern. I was responding to a statement that
if you can boost it, why can't you land it. Those are too different
problems.
ROB
--
===========================================================================
===========================================================================
Disclaimer-type-thingie>>>>> These opinions are mine! Unless of course
they fall under the standard intellectual property guidelines.
But with my intellect, I doubt it. Besides, if it was useful
intellectual property, do you think I would type it in here?
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This must vary from state to state, because our old company Kemper wanted
to drop me (keeping my wife) or tripple our premium because i had 1 ticket.
Only 2 points for 10 mph over speed limit. Well i called Geico, and they
insured both my wife and i for less then we were previously paying
Kemper.
Generally i hate the whole insurance game. I realize that it is necessary
but the way that a person can get dicked around doesn't make any sense.
One good thing about Geico is that everything can be handled over
the phone.
.
/
Larry __/ _______/_
keys@csmes.ncsl.nist.gov / \
_____ __ _____ \------- ===
----------- / ____/ / / /__ __/ \
/ ___ / / ___ / / / / ____ |
| / \/ /__ / | / /__ __/ /__ / \ /
/___ \_______/ /_____/ /______/ ====OO
\ / \ /
- 1990 2.0 16v -
---------------- FAHRVERGNUGEN FOREVER! --------------------
The fact that I need to explain it to you indicates
that you probably wouldn't understand anyway!
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I haven't seen any mention of this in a while, so here goes...
When the Hubble Telescope was first deployed, one of its high gain antennas
was not able to be moved across its full range of motion. It was suspected
that it had been snagged on a cable or something. Operational procedures
were modified to work around the problem, and later problems have overshadowed
the HGA problem.
Is there any plan to look at the affected HGA during the HST repair mission,
to determine the cause of its limited range of motion? Is the affected HGA
still limited, or is it now capable of full range of motion?
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If available please send to
Glen Moore
Director
Science Centre
Wollongong, Australia
fax: 61 42 213151 email: gkm@cc.uow.edu.au
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1989 Honda CRX DX, White w/Blue int.
Original owner, 59,500 miles, mostly highway.
Recent tune-up, new battery
Oil changed every 3000 miles
Kenwood high power cassette receiver, w/ 4 spkrs
$6800 or best reasonable offer
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Then what is a "Flat-" engine???
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When do the new M.benz "C" class cars come out?
The new nomenclature that MB has adopted will it only apply to the "c"
class cars or will it also apply to the current "s" class cars.
Does any one know what will replace the current 300 class since the "c"
class will be smaller and more in line with the current 190.
Another question, Is BMW realising a new body style on the current 7
series and 5 series. They seem to be a bit dated to me.
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(sci.space readers can skip the first paragraph)
Yesterday, in response to Henry Spencer's question about the
temperature of a blackbody in interstellar space, I said "Dust grains
acts as blackbodies, and they're at 40-150 K." Well, I was dead
wrong. Our local interstellar dust expert, Bruce Draine, has
informed me that dust grains _aren't_ good radiators in the far IR,
which is why they are so warm; actually, the ambient radiation field
from distant stars can bring a true blackbody to only 3 or 4 Kelvin.
Sorry, Henry, and anyone else I misled. Obviously, time for me to
take another ISM class :-(
In other news, Alan Stern of the Southwest Research Institute gave
a talk on the Pluto-Charon binary system yesterday. He gave a brief
overview of the currently-accepted system parameters (volume ratio of
about 8:1, mass ratio about 15:1 or so, plus lots more...) and then
gave his thoughts on the formation of Pluto-Charon. His idea is
that there were lots and lots of small planetesimals in the outer
solar system, with masses distributed as a power law of some kind;
over time, the planetesimals accreted into larger bodies. Most got
scattered out of the solar system by close encounters with Jupiter
and Saturn, but many accreted into the gas giants, especially
Uranus and Neptune. A large planetesimal was captured by Neptune -
we call it Triton [captured how? Perhaps by a collision with a smaller,
already-existing Neptunian moon, perhaps by a very close passage through
Neptune's atmosphere - mondo aerobraking!].
He notes that the two recently discovered "Kuiper Belt" objects,
1992 QB1 and 1993 FW, plus Chiron and Pholus, are all about the same
mass, and he identifies this group as one-accretion-down from the
larger bodies of Triton and Pluto/Charon. Pluto/Charon, he thinks,
formed when an impacting body hit proto-Pluto, knocking some material
into a ring around Pluto which later accreted in Charon; similar to
ideas about the formation of Earth's moon. There is good evidence
from spectra that the surfaces of Pluto and Charon are very different
(Pluto has methane frost, Charon doesn't), which can be used as evidence
for the impact theory.
He believes that there may be around 1000 Pluto-to-Chiron-sized objects
remaining in a relatively stable dynamical zone just outside Neptune's
orbit, beyond 35 AU or so. 1992 QB1 and 1993 FW are the first members
of this population to be found, in his model. Note that such bodies
will be very dark, since if their surfaces are covered with methane
frost, it will have photolyzed into very dark, long-chain hydrocarbons
by now. The reason that Pluto has such a high albedo (around 0.5, I think)
is that its surface warms up JUST enough around perihelion to sublimate,
and when the atmosphere freezes out again, thirty years later, it forms
bright, new frost. So any bodies much farther away than 30 AU are going
to be very hard to see.
I hope I haven't made any errors in the transcription; if you see
a howling mistake, it's undoubtedly mine, not his.
By the way, he's one of the top guns behind the Pluto Fast Flyby
mission (I think), and said that the current plans are to use a
Titan 4 to send the probe on "just about a rectilinear trajectory"
to Pluto (we were speaking loosely at the time...). He'd like
to use a Proton, which gives a slightly smaller velocity but costs
MUCH less. His figures: $500 Million for 2 Titan 4 launches (there
will be two separate probes, launched separately), or $120 Million
for 2 Proton launches. He told a story about how the Soviets originally
offered to sell Proton launches for $30 Million each, but were forced
to increase their prices in the US in order to be allowed in the
marketplace.
I'm just telling you what he said.
Michael
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folks,
i am going to be purchasing a new vehicle in the next few months. i
am trying to hold out until the fall since i have heard that i can
be in a better negotiating position to purchase a '93 right when the
'94s are coming out. i need something that can comfortably carry
2 adults, 2 kids in car seats, and 2 60-pound dogs. i can probably
afford something in the 14k-16k range. i am interested in the SUV's
but am not sure there are any that are decent which i can afford.
i think the ford explorer got good reviews from consumer reports but
is above my $$$ range. the isuzu rodeo is probably in my price range
but i think consumer reports gave it a big thumbs down. can anyone
offer any suggestions? i am hoping for something a little more hip
than the traditional wagon, and the SUVs look like fun (we do a lot of
camping too).
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That's _Five Weeks In A Balloon_. And if anyone can tell me where to
get it, I sure would like a reply! I've been looking for that book for
TEN YEAR+, and never found it. (Note that I am _not_ looking for a $200
collector's item; I'm hoping that *someone* has published it in modern
times, either in paperback or hardcover. I'm willing to spend $50 or
so to get a copy.
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Hello again.
Anyone here done any tinting work. What are the best brands out there?
How about applications...I heard there was a water based brand that s
you can move around, till it's just right, and you then let it dry like that.
Also I would consider having it professionally done, how much around
Wisconsin or Chcago area, that does a decent job, fairly cheap. (college kid)
Thanks for all the info...
Ps. What is the maximum legal tint limit.
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If you had free reign to design your own instrument cluster, which
gauges would you choose to have beyond the basic set?
I consider the basic set to be:
- tach
- coolant temp (or cylinder head temp for air-cooled engines)
- oil pressure
- amps
- speedo
- fuel
others that are nice to have:
- volts (maybe this should be in the basic set)
- vacuum/boost
I can think of a few others, but what are your ideas and why?
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Idea for repair of satellites:
Warning I am getting creative again:
Why not build a inflatable space dock.
Basically deploy one side of the space dock (using a scissor shaped structure,
saw it on beyond 2000), then maneuer the side to next to the satellite and then
move the rest of the dock around the satellite and seal it..
The inflate the dock with a gas (is does not have to be oxygen, just neeeds to
be non-flameble, non-damaging to the satellite and abel to maintain heat),
thenheat the space dock (for the astronaut who will be working onthe satellite
to be able to not have to wear the normal bulky space suit, but a much striped
down own)..
I know this might take a slot of work or not??? Or just to plain wierd, but
ideas need to be thought of, for where is tomorrow, but in the imagination of
the present..
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Here in Australia most cars are manual (privately owned anyway). Why?
Not sure, I think it has something to do with the fact that our car industry
in the past was more closely aligned with Europe than the US in the past.
Now it's aligned with Asia.
Scott.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Scott Fisher [scott@psy.uwa.oz.au] PH: Aus [61] Perth (09) Local (380 3272).
_--_|\ N
Department of Psychology / \ W + E
University of Western Australia. Perth [32S, 116E]--> *_.--._/ S
Nedlands, 6009. PERTH, W.A. v
Joy is a Jaguar XJ6 with a flat battery, a blown oil seal and an unsympathetic
wife, 9km outside of a small remote town, 3:15am on a cold wet winters morning.
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The GS300 and SC300 have an inline 6.
Inline 4 is correct.
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My suggestion look at your current insurance card, there will be a name
accross the top telling you which insurance company you are insured by.
Call information in Houston and get the number of a branch office in the
Houston area, call the insurance company.
Your rates will vary depending on the amount of coverage you want,
do you want to carry comp and collision (probably not on an 82),
what your driving record is. You mentioned none of these things in your
posting so how can anyone give you accurate information.
Like I said, pick up the phone and make a few calls, it won't kill you.
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Dale sez;
I don't buy it. If the things had no value at all, people wouldn't
spend money to make them. So their lack of value is just your
opinion, not an actual fact, which is neither a philisophical or
legal basis for prohibiting them.
On the other hand, I lived in OakBrook IL for a while, where zoning
laws prohibit billboards, as you mention above. I think it was a
fine law, despite it's contradictory basis.
I would guess that the best legal and moral basis for protest would
be violation of private property. "I bought this house, out in
the boondocks, specifically to enjoy my hobby, amateur astronomy. Now
this billboard has made that investment worthless, so I want the
price of the property, in damages." It wouldn't take too many
succesful cases like that to make bill-sats prohibitively expensive.
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \ They communicated with the communists,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \ and pacified the pacifists. -TimBuk3
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_The_ problem with Oort cloud sources is that absolutely
no plausible mechanism has been proposed. It would have
to involve new physics as far as I can tell. Closest to
"conventional" Oort sources is a model of B-field pinching
by comets, it's got too many holes in it to count, but at
least it was a good try...
So you have a plausible model for GRB's at astronomical distances?
I don't have any plausible models for GRBs at any distances ;-)
Recent observations have just about ruled out the merging neutron star
hypothesis, which had a lot of problems, anyhow. We have to look for
implausible models and what is fundamentally allowed independent of
models.
Hmm, the "superbowl" burst has been claimed in press releases
to cast doubt on the merging NS hypothesis, from what I've read
(and I haven't seen the papers, only the press) I'd say it is
consistent with some of the merging NS models
A paper on the possibility of GRB's in the Oort cloud just came
through the astrophysics abstract service. To get a copy of this
Here is the abstract of that paper.
...
indicator to these events all possible sources which are
isotropically distributed should remain under consideration. This is
why the Oort cloud of comets is kept on the list,
although there is no known mechanism for generating \GRBs
from cometary nuclei. Unlikely as it may seem, the possibility that \GRBs
originate in the solar cometary cloud
cannot be excluded until it is disproved.
This does not propose a _mechanism_ for GRBs in the Oort (and, no,
anti-matter annihilation does not fit the spectra at least as far
as I understand annihilation spectra...). Big difference.
That's ignoring the question of how you fit a distribution
to the Oort distribution when the Oort distribution is not well
known - in particular comet aphelia (which are not well known)
are not a good measure of the Oort cloud distribution...
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James Nicholl sez;
Jeff responds;
I wouldn't worry too much about it, Jeff. If you work for JPL, then your
job IS imaging things :-)
(I know, it was a just a typo, but I couldn't resist. At least, I hope it
was a typo, or my stupid joke is stupider than I intended :-)
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \\ As the radius of vision increases,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \\ the circumference of mystery grows.
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I'm not sure if this is a big issue, but it seems to me like it
might be -- up till now, all >1g forces applied to the mirror and
its mounting (and nearly all =1g forces) have been applied along the
telescope's optical axis, and against the mirror's base. Reentry
would apply forces along roughly the same axis, but tending to pull
the mirror away from the mount, and the landing would apply on-edge
forces to both the mirror and mount. It could be that one or both
of these would not survive.
greg
--
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<come along since the Mazda MPV. The NISSAN MAXIMA engine paired with
<the rest of the vehicle seems well engineered. Only the price is
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: I am curious about knowing which commericial cars today
: have v engines.
: V4 - I don't know of any.
: V6 - Legend, MR3? MR6?
: V8 - Don't know of any.
: V12 - Jaguar XJS
: Please add to the list.
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Is it not also an abomination that somebody would spend money on "space
advertising" when those children are starving? Perhaps some redistribution
of wealth would help them ...
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Ha!
Watch me. It flies. It lands. It gets rebuilt.
That's not what they told us back in the '70's.
1. It isn't a logical follow-on. A logical follow-on would have
been either a Russian "snowfox" type thingey (for the lifting bodies)
or something like MMI's Space Van (or Boeing's TSTO, or the airbreathing
TSTO the military is allegedly _using_ now that probably cost less
to develop than the shuttle does to fly for a year).
Keep that attitude, and it'll be a couple centuries before we get real
access to space, unless another country without all that baggage comes
along and kicks our ass in the space race.
Or NASA HQ. That doesn't give the rest of the program plausible deniability
if we deceide that it wasn't worth the money we've spent, which is by now
probably a lot more than Apollo.
Yes, but it gets sold on the basis of the political statements.
You're saying basically that it met the engineering specs (which is
questionable, IMHO) so it's a success, never mind that you couldn't
get the funding the shuttle eats with those engineering specs in
a thousand years.
You can get hypersonic flight data with an X-15 or a follow-on X-15
type vehicle for much less.
And economics and engineering are interchangable; engineering in the
absense of economics is basically just physics, and in terms of physics,
the shuttle looks like a failure next to the X-15.
HS>Sorry, support that I can arrange for launchers all goes to launchers
HS>that I have some hope of riding some day. At the moment, that's
HS>DC-X's hoped-for successors.
The shuttle program has a bad record. I _once_ had hopes for the
shuttle program. By now I know those hopes were false.
All I have for DC-X and similar and dissimilar experimental vehicles
are hopes. But at least I know they aren't false hopes yet.
I did support the shuttle, way back when. It didn't do nearly what
it was supposed to. It's time to move on to something that might do
the job of orbital delivery better. Or at all.
We don't want to learn how to operate on orbit. It launches, it
shoves out the payload, it lands. It doesn't waste payload hauling
up and down EDO pallets and the like.
The only thing to be learned from shuttle is how *not* to build a
launcher.
Finally: that bit about the "proven" shuttle. Are you hoping you can
tell a lie enough times and get someone to believe it?
How much science and technology could have been done is the money spent
on shuttle had been spent differently?
...
Learn about economics and the current budget realities in the United States,
please.
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And most definitely read it in conjunction with Heinlein's _Starship
Trooper_. The two books are radically different viewpoints of the
same basic premises. I've even heard tell of English classes built
around this.
--
"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
in the real world." -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
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Ken:
Your arguments are thoughtful but you are going up against the Big
Boys if you're tackling Henry. Allen Sherzer will doubtless chime in
on the subject of staggering operational costs, too. Good luck, son.
Ahem. The Russians are in the Free World now, or at least it would be
Politically Correct to contend so.
It will be tough to make DC-X succeed, and to turn it into an
operational orbital vehicle. Doubtless it will fail to meet some of
the promised goals. The reason people are so fond of it is that it's
the *only* chance we have now, or will have for a *long* time to come,
to develop a launch vehicle with radically lower costs.
There is no Shuttle successor in funded development, NASP is dwindling
away, and ALS/NLS/Spacelifter sure as hell aren't gonna knock any
zeroes off that $2000-$3000 per pound cost. Part of the blame for
this must be placed on a Shuttle program that consumes many annual
billions of the, er, Free World's available space cash. As you will
no doubt hear from many correspondents in the days to come. (-:
DC-X is an attempt to break out of the vicious cycle by keeping
development costs low and flying incremental "X-plane" hardware.
It's been, to my mind, incredibly successful already-- they've built a
complex prototype in under 600 days for under 60 megabucks. I would
have been extremely skeptical that this could be accomplished in 1990s
America, never mind flying the thing, getting a successor funded, or
building the DC-Y.
I'm sure you know well that launch costs are THE basic problem for any
expansion of astronautics. I don't see a realistic prospect for
beating down those costs, for multi-ton payloads, anywhere else. If
the DC flops, it'll be business as usual in space. The Nineties and
the Double-Oughts will look just like the Seventies and Eighties, a
prospect too depressing to bear.
(Pegasus represents another assault on the problem from a different
direction. It doesn't lower cost-per-pound but it offers an orbital
launch for under ten megabucks. It's creating its own market for
small payloads.)
I read the magazines and I've attended the last two IAFs. There are
plenty of engineers with paper ideas for cheaper launch systems, some
of them as good as or better than SSTO. There is no sign in today's
world that any of these designs will be allowed anywhere near an
assembly line.
[...deleting some things I'm not going to prove tonight...]
Strawman. Is anybody seriously proposing this? References, please.
The DC must be developed in the real-world funding climate, which
includes a NASA ferociously committed to continuing Shuttle
operations, as well as the "bird in the hand" argument your common
sense tells you. If DC-Y flies at all, it flies alongside the
Shuttle, not instead of it.
Also, of course, DC-Y and its operational descendants will be useful
for a wide variety of jobs even if they are *not* man-rated.
If a DC-X successor can fly a 10,000-kg payload for $1M, or even $5M,
rather than the $40M it now costs, more people will be able to afford
more payloads... for the same money, you can fly several satellites
instead of one. Big outfits can fly multi-satellite series. Little
outfits will be able to fly spacecraft of their own, instead of
begging a ride. This is just supply and demand. You should be able
to convince *yourself* that point 4 will be true, assuming DC makes a
big difference in costs. Do you have some reason to think not?
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Ron Miller is a space artist with a long and distinguished career.
I've admired both his paintings (remember the USPS Solar System
Exploration Stamps last year?) and his writings on the history of
spaceflight. For several years he's been working on a *big* project
which is almost ready to hit the streets. A brochure from his
publisher has landed in my mailbox, and I thought it was cool enough
to type in part of it (it's rather long). Especially given the Net's
strong interest in vaporware spacecraft...
==================================
The Dream Machines:
An Illustrated History of the Spaceship in Art, Science, and Literature
By Ron Miller
with Foreword by Arthur C. Clarke
Krieger Publishing Company
Melbourne, Florida, USA
Orig. Ed. 1993
Pre-publication $84.50
ISBN 0-89464-039-9
This text is a history of the spaceship as both a cultural and a
technological phenomenon. The idea of a vehicle for traversing the
space betwen worlds did not spring full-blown into existence in the
tlatter half of theis century. The need preceded the ability ot make
such a device by several hundred years. As soon as it was realized
that there were other worlds than this one, human beings wanted to
reach them.
Tracing the history of the many imaginative, and often prescient,
attempts to solve this problem also reflects the history of
technology, science, astronomy, and engineering. Once space travel
became feasible, there were many more spacecraft concepts developed
than ever got off the drawing board-- or off the ground, for that
matter. These also are described in theis book, for the same reason
as the pre-space-age and pre-flight ideas are: they are all accurate
reflections of their particular era's dreams, abilities, and
knowledge. Virtually every spaceship concept invented since 1500, as
well as selected events important in developing the idea of
extraterrestrial travel, is listed chronologically. The chronological
entries allow comparisons between actual astronautical events and
speculative ventures. They also allow comparisons between
simultaneous events taking place in different countries. They reveal
connections, influences, and evolutions hitherto unsuspected. Every
entry is accompanied by at least one illustration. Nearly every
spacecraft concept is illustrated with a schematic drawing. This
allows accurate comparisons to be made between designss, to visualize
differences, similarities, and influences.
This text will be of interest to students of astronautical history,
and also to model builders who would be interested in the schematic
diagrams. Science fiction fans as well as aviation history buffs and
historians of science will also find this book to be fascinating. The
unique collection of illustrations makes it a visually attractive and
very interesting history of the spaceship.
SPECIAL FEATURES
Includes scale drawings of several hundred spacecraft, both real and
fictional
Contains scores of illustrations: artwork, drawings, and photos
contemporary with the subject. This includes extremely rare
illustrations from scarce books and novels, exclusive photos and
drawings fromSoviet spacecraft; rare stills from both famous and
obscure science fiction films, and unpublished photographs from NASA
archives
An index, bibliography, and appendices are included.
CONTENTS
Part I The Archaeology of the Spaceship (360 B.C. to 1783 A.D.)
Part II The invention of the Spaceship (1784-1899)
Part III The Experimenters (1900-1938)
Part IV The World War (1939-1945)
Part V The Golden Age of the Spaceship (1946-1960)
Part VI The Dawn of the Space Age (1961 to the present)
ABOUT RON MILLER
[The brochure has a page of stuff here; I'll try to hit the high
spots.]
Former art director for Albert Einstein Planetarium at Smithsonian's
National Air and Space Museum
Member of International Association for Astronomical Arts, member of
International Astronautical Association, Fellow of the British
Interplanetary Society, consulting editor for *Air & Space
Smithsonian* magazine
Author, co-author, editor, or sole illustrator on many books since
1979, including *Space Art*, *Cycles of Fire*, *The Grand Tour*, and
many others, as well as many articles and papers
Book jackets and interior art for over a dozen publishers
Contributor to IBM traveling exhibition and book *Blueprint for Space*
Production illustrator for movies *Dune* and *Total Recall*
Designer of ten-stamp set of commemorative space postage stamps for
U.S. Postal Service in 1991 (Solar System Exploration)
ORDERING INFORMATION
Pre-publication price $84.50 before 1 May 1993
Afterwards, price will be $112.50
Krieger Publishing Company
PO Box 9542
Melbourne, FL 32902-9542
USA
Direct order line (407)727-7270
Fax (407)951-3671
Add $5.00 for shipping by UPS within USA for first book, $1.50 for each
additional book.
For foreign orders, add $6.00 for first book, $2.00 for each
additional. Additional charges for airmail shipments.
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..
One thing to recall. Putting a satellite as high as possible is one thing.
Coming back to not only that altitude, but matching the position of it in
its orbit on a subsequent mission is another thing. Any misalignment of the
plane of the orbit during launch or being ahead or behind the target will
require more fuel to adjust. This was considered in the original deployment.
I agree though that the demands on the crew and complexity are stupendous.
One has to admire how much they are trying to do.
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i have no experience with State Farm, but i think it's important to
differentiate your experience from a typical "accident."
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I agree with Jeff's reply. I've never changed the brake fluid except when
having a brake job, which is usually at around 80,000 miles (alot of
freeway driving). However, I will start to do this as preventative
maintenance on my new car. Also, there are brake system flushing agents
that can be used but the problem is that if any of the agent is left in the
system, it can cause problems, so it's been recommended NOT to use them unless
you are 100% certain that you can remove all of the flushing agent. Just for
your info, I was quoted a price of: labor=$29.95 and fluid=$9.95 for
flushing the brake system; this in conjunction with a break job so I don't
know if it was more without the brake job. This is in the S.F Bay Area.
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Well, there are several bursts in species diversity I can think of.
The Cambrian and Ordovician explosions resulted in a vast increase
in animal diversity. Likewise, after the one-two punch of the
Permian and Triassic extinctions, the number of marine animals
rose steadily (**) to an all-time high (*) just prior to the spread
of humans.
(**) biggest exception being the K/T (bye bye dinos) extinction
(*) about 800 families
Also, plants arose from green algae and colonized the land in
succesive sweeps. Mosses colonized very wet environments first,
ferns (who had evolved vascular tissues) took over more territory
when they evolved (1). These were eventually (mostly) replaced by gymnosperms
(pines and the like) (2) and then (mostly) displaced by angiosperms (flowering
plants -- now the dominant plant group on the planet(3). Fungi
also radiated greatly with the invasion of the land.
(1) around the carboniferous (up to about 200 families)
(2) around the triassic (up to maybe 250 families)
(3) starting in the cretaceous (rising to about 600 families currently)
It's unclear (to me at least) what the max equilibrium number
of species the earth can hold (***) and if it has ever hit this
in the past. It could be (warning: speculation alert) that
diversity has never reached a peak because mass extinctions
happen often enough to keep the total number down.
(***) This would depend a great deal on how fragmented
specific ecosystems were.
See Cowen's book "History of Life" for a not-too-technical
run-down on, well, like the title sez, the history of life.
Or see, Wilson's "Diversity of Life" for a view centered more
on current ecology -- this is (IMHO) the best popular biology
book of (what the hell, I'll say it) all time.
Follow-ups to t.o.
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Well, it's not that simple -- you're in Earth's magnetic field, and you
don't generate electricity -- but it can be done.
The way you power things is with electricity, so the answer to the first
question is definitely yes. (If you meant to say "propel" rather than
"power", the answer is "sort of".) Yes, you can use interaction with the
Earth's magnetic field to get electrical power, and there are potential
applications for this.
However, bear in mind that there is no free lunch. The energy isn't
coming from nowhere. What such systems do is convert some of the energy
of your orbital velocity into electrical energy. There are cases where
this is a useful tradeoff. Using power obtained in this way for propulsion
is useful only in special situations, however.
What you *can* do is get your power by some other means, e.g. solar arrays,
and run the interaction with the magnetic field in reverse, pumping energy
*into* the orbit rather than taking energy out of it.
If you want more information, trying looking up "electrodynamic propulsion",
"tether applications", and "magsails".
No. A "dragless" satellite does not magically have no drag; it burns fuel
constantly to fight drag, maintaining the exact orbit it would have *if*
there was no drag. This is why there are quotes around "dragless".
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Hello,
I am moving to Houston to go to Rice University for graduate school.
I will be living on the corner of S. Mian and University Blvd. I was
wondering what kind of liability rates to expect. Here is the relevent
info.
Sex: Male
Age: 23
Status: Single
Commute: None, walking.
Car: 1982 Ford Crown Victoria, 4 door
If anyone can check the above info, or is in a similar situation please
E-MAIL me the rates they find out or pay. Thanks for your help in advance.
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This whole discussion is just a religous war. I'd rather have a '93 RX-7
than the Mustang 5.0L for 3 times the price. That's how you explain
Porsches selling. Some folks would rather have the Stang...
<shrug>
Sean
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just out of curiosity, how is this "dog clutch" any different from a synchro
transmission. What you described SOUNDS the same to me. In fact, what little
i've studied on trannies, the instructor referred to the synchros as "dogs"
and said they were synonymous. The gears are always meshed in a synchronized
gearbox, and you slip the synchro gears back and forth by shifting. Or at least,
that is what i was taught. Explain, por favour?
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Let me get this right - sorry, try again. Let me get this straight -
well maybe that too is a poor choice of words - someone might think
I'm pushing a gay agenda. How about: let me try to understand this
by re-phrasing it as an extreme. I, as a minority of one, have no right
to a beautiful world. You, on the other hand have the right to make an
ugly one because you presume to speak for all the rest. And I cannot
complain. Curious.
..
And do you want everyone to do as you wish (insist on putting something
up that will impact everyone for selfish reasons) _without_ any legislation?
And no one else can even object? Somehow I think this whole shoving
contest has gotten way off the track. I'm ready to let this thread
die a quick and merciful death.
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The other week I saw a TV program about the american space industry and NASA.
It said that in the 60's they developed a rocket that used ions or nuclear
particles for propolsion.
The government however, didn't give them $1billion for the developement
of a full scale rocket.
Did anybody see this program?
If not, has anybody heard of the particle propolsion system?
Thanx. 8-)
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I have manual transmission 5 speed. It difficult to engage gear. Does xmission oil change improve this situation?
What do you think about the most favorable xmission oil change period?
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The variance from perfect sphericity in a model of the earth small enough
to fit into your home would probably be imperceptible.
Any globe you can buy will be close enough.
--
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which flat 4 engines have I4 style cranks?
i am 99.99% sure that subaru (and porsche) use the boxer configuration
and not the inline 4 crank that you analyzed and compared. would you
care to re-evaluate the other case of a flat four? i think that this
configuration is perfectly balanced as far as primary, secondary
forces and couples are concerned. i have an article in front of me
that says so.
the flat four is also shorter than an inline 4, so even if it is mounted
longitudinally it will not take up lots of length.. and a longitudinal
placement is easier for a 4 wheel drive drivetrain.
i think that subaru's ads hold water. in practice, their flat fours
are noticeably smoother than inline 4s and completely buzz free,
though some may not like its peculiar note. but as alfa has shown, a
boxer four can produce a spine tingling scream that only the likes of
recent hondas can approach.
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A young French skeptic, who reads (skeptically) the UFO review OVNI
Presence (O.P.), sent me the following excerpt from an August 92
issue of this review (R.G. = Robert Galley, French minister of
defense in 1974, answering about the Belgian UFO wave):
"O.P. : Can you conceive that the U.S. could allow themselves to send
their most modern crafts over foreign territory, with the Belgian
hierarchy ignoring that ?"
"R.G. : Absolutely ! The best proof which I can give is that, some time
ago, without informing the French authorities, the U.S. based in
Germany sent a plane to make photos of Pierrelatte (*). We followed
this plane, and, after its landing on the Ramstein airport, Colonel X
got back the shots of Pierrelatte. The U.S. had not informed us..."
(*) There is an important military plant of enrichment of uranium at
Pierrelatte (Drome).
What kind of plane could it be ? Surely not an SR-71, which our planes
could not follow (and still can't)...
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Yeah, People act really shocked about violence, as though it were new
to our species...
What about the holocaust? The crusades? The Salem witch trials? The
religious persecutions of the middle-ages?
What about violent acts carried out in the name of religion all over
the world? What about the early Christians put to death by the Romans?
The Jews persecuted by Christians?
There are a lot more humans today than there have ever been. I do not
know the stats, but there are far more people on the planet than there
were 2 or 3 hundred years ago! The per capita acts of violence are
probably not significantly different than they were a hundred or a
thousand years ago!
There is nothing new about violence.
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anyone else experiencing a similar problem?
This concerns the clutch on a 92 Honda Accord 5 speed. When the clutch
is first used in the morning, about the first 4 miles of shifting, there
is a significant amount of clutch chatter until things warm up. Then the
clutch shifts smoothly. This chatter started when I moved to the San
Francisco Bay area from a low-humidity environment. The dealer stated
that this is known to happen since Honda changed from an asbestos to
non-asbestos clutch material. No remedy!! Seems that moisture on clutch
surface causes slipping until the moisture evaporates.
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I am curious about knowing which commericial cars today
have v engines.
V4 - I don't know of any.
V6 - Legend, MR3? MR6?
V8 - Don't know of any.
V12 - Jaguar XJS
Please add to the list.
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gimme a break! you KNOW chevy'd screw that up just like that almost great
truck with the "big phat 454". Have you ever seen the mufflers on that
thing??it's amazing it moves....(which isn't to say it's not a good idea,
but i'm quite sure chevy'd screw it up the same way)
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I came across this interesting information in my local public library while
researching minivans. It is the dealer price and the retail price for a
minivan I am thinking about purchasing. Someone told me that the number for
base price was slightly lower than the current price, but this should still
give you some idea about pricing and how much you can negotiate.
Mercury Villager GS
Dealer Retail
Base Price $14688 16504
Air Conditioning 729 857
Rear Defroster 143 168
Calif. Emissions 87 102
7 Passenger Seating 282 332
AM/FM Radio (no cassette) STD STD
Automatic Transmission STD STD
Anti-lock brakes STD STD
Destination 540 540
The total dealer cost is $16469
The total retail price is $18467
Nissan Quest XE
Dealer Retail
Base Price $15212 17545
Air Conditioning STD STD
Rear Defroster STD STD
Calif. Emissions 59 70
7 Passenger Seating STD STD
AM/FM Cassette STD STD
Automatic Transmission STD STD
Anti-lock brakes 593 700
Destination 540 540
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:>... Also, as implied by other posters, why
:>do you need to boost the orbit on this mission anyway? ...
:You don't *need* to, but it's desirable. HST, like all satellites in
:low Earth orbit, is gradually losing altitude due to air drag. It was
:deployed in the highest orbit the shuttle could reach, for that reason.
:It needs occasional reboosting or it will eventually reenter. (It has
:no propulsion system of its own.)
Has any thought been given as to how they are going to boost the HST yet?
Give it a push? I can see the push start cartoons now :-).
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If you're doing large-scale satellite servicing, being able to do it in
a pressurized hangar makes considerable sense. The question is whether
anyone is going to be doing large-scale satellite servicing in the near
future, to the point of justifying development of such a thing.
You'd almost certainly use air. Given that you have to pressurize with
*something*, safety considerations strongly suggest making it breathable
(even if the servicing crew is using oxygen masks for normal breathing,
to avoid needing a ventilation system, it's nice if the hangar atmosphere
is breathable in a pinch -- it makes mask functioning much less critical).
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This was on "That's Incredible" several years ago. The volume of liquid
the rat had to breath was considerably smaller than what a human would have
to breath, so maybe it is possible for a rat but not a human.
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This definitely had nothing to do with the entry of the government into
the support of science; some of it is relevant in technology. There
was little involvement of federal funds, or except through support of
state universities, of state funds, for scientific research before WWII.
The US research position had been growing steadily, and the funding was
mainly from university and private foundation funds. There were not that
many research universities, but they all provided their researchers with
low teaching loads, laboratories, assistants, and equipment, and funds for
travel to scientific meetings. Not that much, but it was provided, and a
university wishing to get a scholar had to consider research funding as well
as salary.
During WWII, the military and the defense departments found that pure
scientists could do quite well with their problems, even though they
were not exactly in the areas of the scientists' expertise. This is
probably because of the "research mind" approach, which is not to try
to find a solution, but to understand the problem and see if a solution
emerges. This works in stages, and as research scientists were used to
discussion about their problems, the job got done.
The military realized the importance of maintaining scientists for the
future, and started funding pure research after WWII. But Congress was
unwilling to have military funds diverted into this investment into the
future supply of scientists, and set up other organizations, such as
NSF, to do the job. It also set up an elaborate procedure to supposedly
keep politics out. Also, the government did a job on private foundations,
making it more difficult for them to act to support research.
The worst part of the federal involvement is that in those areas in which
the government supports research the university will not provide funding,
and in fact expects its scholars to bring in net government money. Suppose,
as has been the case, I have a project which could use the assistance of
a graduate student for a few months. What do you think happens if I ask
for one? The answer I will get is, "Get the money from NSF." Now the
money at the university level is a few thousand, but at the NSF level it
comes to about 20 thousand, and is likely to keep a faculty member from
getting supported. So the government is, in effect, deciding which projects
get supported, and how much.
Also, the government decided that the "wealth" should be spread. So instead
of having a moderate number of universities which were primarily research
institutions, the idea that more schools should get into the act came into
being. And instead of evaluating scholars, they had to go to evaluating
reseach proposals. As a researcher, I can tell you that any research proposal
has to be mainly wishful thinking, or as now happens, the investigator conceals
already done work to release it as the results of the research. What I am
proposing today I may solve before the funding is granted, I may find
impossible, or I may find that it is too difficult. In addition, tomorrow
I may get unexpected research results. Possibly I may bet a bright idea
which solves yesterday's too difficult problem, or a whole new approach to
something I had not considered can develop. This is the nature of the beast,
and except for really vague statements, if something can be predicted, it
is not major research, but development or routine activity not requiring
more than minimal attention of a good researcher.
I believe that at this time less quality research is being done than would
have happened if the government had never gotten into it, and the government
is trying to divert researchers from thinkers to plodders.
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Would someone please send me a list of the historic space flights? I
am not looking for a list of all flights, just the ones in which something
monumental happened. Or better yet, is there an ftp site with the list of all
shuttle flights?
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#> I heard the diesels are considered cleaner-burning than
#> gas engines because the emit less of: Carbon Monoxide,
#> Hydrocarbons, and Oxides of Nitrogen. (CO, HC, NOX).
#>
#> But they can put out a lot of particulate matter. I heard
#> something about legislation being discussed to "clean up
#> diesel emissions". Is there anything in the works to
#> install "scrubbers" for diesels? How about the feasibility
#> of installing them on trucks and cars? Would it be any
#> different than a catylitic converter? I'd assume easier,
#> since we're removing particulate matter instead of converting
#> gasses. Let's hear people's opinions...
#>
#
#VW and Mercedes have tinkered with particulate traps. Also, VW
#uses a kind of turbocharger on their Jetta ECOdiesel that helps
#reduce particulates as well, although I don't know the
#mechanics of it.
#
#Many diesel cars,busses, and trucks in Europe are now being
#equipped with catalysts and traps in an effort to clean up
#diesel emissions, already well below legal limits anyway.
#
#It's a shame GM had to soil the diesel's reputation in
#passenger cars and prevent further resource devotion to
#research into making this outstandingly efficient engine even
#further ahead of gas engines in emissions.
#
#erik
I sure don't know what and how they measure in regards to diesel
motors in cars, trucks, and busses, but I think they are probably
measuring the wrong pollutants, or at the wrong time, or both.
I certainly find it offensive to drive behind a diesel bus or
diesel truck and some diesel cars. They stink! And it's always
roll-up-the-windows panic time when one comes by or ducks in front
of me when I am driving with my family.
I don't think the combustion mixture is kept under very good
control in diesel engines, and that's why they stink. So the
invisible, unsmellable pollutants are reduced in diesels. Yeah,
well so what!? Someone forgot about the visible, stinky kind, and,
as far as I am concerned, those kind are just as bad.
I am all for de-stinking the diesel vehicles. It'll keep the
traffic signs cleaner, too.
Fred W. Bach , Operations Group | Internet: music@erich.triumf.ca
TRIUMF (TRI-University Meson Facility) | Voice: 604-222-1047 loc 327/278
4004 WESBROOK MALL, UBC CAMPUS | FAX: 604-222-1074
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., CANADA V6T 2A3
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V16 anyone? Anyone heard of a Cizata V16T ??? Its mainly sold in the middle
east where they dont have as strict a legislation as in the USA and EC....
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Yes! Just take money from the profitable commercial enterprises
and give it to the government to "redistribute." Government is so much
more efficient, trustworthy, and noble than self-serving businesses. :)
Let's nip this redistributionist ignorance in the bud. If it were not
for commercial enterprises, the whole world would be starving.
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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[re: voyages of discovery...]
Could you give examples of privately funded ones?
If you believe 1492 (the film), Columbus had substantial private
funds. When Columbus asked the merchant why he put the money in, the
guy said (slightly paraphrased) , "There is Faith, Hope and Charity.
But greater than these is Banking."
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--
Are the any Opel GT's out there? I'm wondering if there are enough to
starting a mail list...
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Matthew R. Singer MIT Lincoln Laboratory
(617) 981-3771 244 Wood Street
singer@ll.mit.edu Lexington, MA 02173
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I've had a Valentine for about 9 months now and I agree that it is the best det
ector available. The point here is trust and reliability. I've been able to "tr
ust" the Valentine more than any other detector I've owend. If the Valentine sa
ys that there is a moderate to strong radar source in front of me, then it's mo
re than likely to be a speed trap. With my other detectors, I've gotten so many
falses that I've begun to ignore someo of the warnings because I didn't want t
o drive like I had one foot on the brake and one on the gas pedal.
That directional indicator really, really helps. Plus, more info is almost alwa
ys better than less info. No matter how smart radar detectors get, the human br
ain is usually smarter. So, if I'm going to make a decisio based on information
at hand, I want all the info I can get. Plus, if you divide the overall streng
th of the radar signal by the number of bogeys reported, you'll find that each
bogey is pretty weak and therefore not a radar threat. With other detectors, yo
u'll just get one strong warning. My logic may be faulty on this, but I think i
t works okay.
Although, I must admit that I haven't really noticed the reflection problem of
one radar souce.
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I assume that can only be guessed at by the assumed energy of the
event and the 1/r^2 law. So, if the 1/r^2 law is incorrect (assume
some unknown material [dark matter??] inhibits Gamma Ray propagation),
could it be possible that we are actually seeing much less energetic
events happening much closer to us? The even distribution could
be caused by the characteristic propagation distance of gamma rays
being shorter then 1/2 the thickness of the disk of the galaxy.
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I have a 90 Eagle Talon and I wanted a pair of GTS
Headlight covers. Actually, they are turning signal
covers since the Talons that year had pop-up lights.
I went to a auto shop and bought the tail-light
blackouts for $45, but they did not have the turning
signal covers in stock. I asked how much it would be
and he told me it would cost me another $40. I thought
this was a bit high for two small pieces of plastic.
Can anyone find me a cheaper pair or even a used one?
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fc> Modern,
fc> ground-based, visible light astronomy (what these proposed
fc> orbiting billboards would upset) is already a dying field: The
fc> opacity and distortions caused by the atmosphere itself have
fc> driven most of the field to use radio, far infrared or space-based
fc> telescopes.
Here's one radio astronomer quite concerned about
radio-frequency interference from portable telephones, etc.
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I hate to belabor the obvious once again, but if there had been an Orbiter
emergency in the early stages of the original HST deployment mission, they
would have HAD to land with HST in the bay.
Indeed they were worried about that. One concern was the possibility that
they would lose a motor or something on the way up, and make orbit but one
that was too low to give HST a useful lifetime against atmospheric drag.
I believe the decision was to deploy HST even if the projected lifetime was
as short as six months. In fact we got an excellent orbit, on the upper
envelope of what the Shuttle can do.
I have never heard of any serious consideration that HST might be brought
down for refurbishment. You would have the horrendous cost of transporting,
cleaning, re-testing, and re-certifying all the hardware on the ground, in
addition to the lost observing time and the cost of a second deployment
mission with the risks that we might not get such a good orbit the second
time. And, you would probably STILL need a (third) servicing mission in a
few years as gyros and other components wear out. Better to have two
servicing missions in space (which could well happen) than to bring HST down
and take it up again.
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This presupposes that no supersonic ramjet aircraft/spacecraft can be reliable
or low-cost. This is unproven.
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It should be noted that the US benefitted not only from German science and
technology after WW2 but also from British science and technology. From the
discovery and manufacture of penicillin to jet engines, swing wing aircraft,
the hovercraft etc etc. all were shipped lock-stick-and-barel across the
Atlantic. We still are suffering from this sort of thing because of some of the
more parochial aspects of US procurement policy. Meiko, a British
parallel computer company, for example, has now moved most of its facilities to
the US since that was the only way it could sell stuff over there.
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And I thought the nutters were the ones throwing the bricks from the
bridge.......
An institution?
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_The_ problem with Oort cloud sources is that absolutely
no plausible mechanism has been proposed. It would have
to involve new physics as far as I can tell. Closest to
"conventional" Oort sources is a model of B-field pinching
by comets, it's got too many holes in it to count, but at
least it was a good try...
So you have a plausible model for GRB's at astronomical distances?
Recent observations have just about ruled out the merging neutron star
hypothesis, which had a lot of problems, anyhow. We have to look for
implausible models and what is fundamentally allowed independent of
models.
A paper on the possibility of GRB's in the Oort cloud just came
through the astrophysics abstract service. To get a copy of this
paper, send a message to astro-ph@babbage.sissa.it with the subject
line
get 9304001
Here is the abstract of that paper.
The currently favored explanation for the origin of \GRBs puts them
at cosmological distances;
but as long as there is no distance
indicator to these events all possible sources which are
isotropically distributed should remain under consideration. This is
why the Oort cloud of comets is kept on the list,
although there is no known mechanism for generating \GRBs
from cometary nuclei. Unlikely as it may seem, the possibility that \GRBs
originate in the solar cometary cloud
cannot be excluded until it is disproved.
We use the available data on the distribution of \GRBs (the BATSE
catalogue up to March, 1992), and
the Catalogue of Cometary Orbits by Marsden and Williams (1992) to
investigate whether there is any observational indication for correlations
between the angular distributions of \GRBs and comets' aphelia,
assuming that the distribution of aphelia direction reflect,
at least to some extent, true variations
in the column density of the Oort cloud. We also apply the $\vov$
test to both distributions.
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Save youself the cash. Take it from a BMW mechanic. Idiot lights are for just that. Buy yourself a ballpoint pen and write it down yourself. Change your oil every 3000 mi. and you will be just fine.
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-> Without the key, though, the steering column 'lock' would have to be
-> sacrificed.
Not necessarily. Maybe some sort of servo lock or something along those
lines could be used to acheive the same effect. Maybe a solenoid type of
thing too.
George Howell
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Often Shuttle lifts satellites with upper stages. Yet we still consider it
payload. Ten Saturn flights over about 4 years delivered to LEO roughly the
same as 50 shuttle flights over 10 years.
They where pretty much the same in terms of cost/pound. A resurected
Saturn would cost only $2,000 per pound (if development costs are ignored)
which is five times cheaper than Shuttle.
Allen
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What??? I heard there was a new engine slated for the mustang...something
like 280hp (ok, it was from one of their other lines...)...
--
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I think the Blue Book is the NADA handbook for used car prices, no?
Is the Blue Book value given the retail or wholesale value??? The
Blue Book value isn't set in stone, though. Low milage, extra addons
and stuff like that there can increase the resale price of the car, you
may want to head on over to the local library or borrow your friends
Blue Book and read up on that sort of stuff. I paid ~$400 under BB
(retail) for my '87 Civic in 1990, and it was in perfect condition and
had only ~14.5K miles on it. The guy was desparate to sell, new kid on
the way, etc., but it was a good price. Remeber, both you and the
buyer, if he has any sort of brains at all, are using the Blue Book, so
you should pick a fair price.
Chintan Amin
llama@uiuc.edu
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Sounds to me like you'd want a star for the ground plane.
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Well, we already suffer from street hoardings. If you don't
watch TV, you are free of commercials there, but if you want
to go from A to B you cannot escape beer ads.
I think the right time to stop this proposal is now.
If this idea goes through, it's the thin end of the wedge. Soon
companies will be doing larger, and more permanant, billboards in the
sky. I wouldn't want a world a few decades from now when the sky
looks like Las Vegas. That would _really_ make me sad.
Coca Cola company will want to paint the moon red and white. (Well,
if not this moon, then a moon of Jupiter). Microscum will want to
name a galaxy `Microscum Galaxy'. Where do we draw the line?
Historically mankind is not very good at drawing fine lines.
I'm normally extremely enthusiastic about all forms of resource
allocation for space research; I think it's the most important
investment possible for mankind in the long run. But this is not
the way to get the money.
-ans.
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"traction control" as far as the optional feature that one buys with
cars is not the same thing at all as a torque sensing differential.
a torque sensing differential is a type of LSD, but not all LSD's
are torque sensing. viscous coupled differentials (as opposed to
viscous couplings) are rotational sensing, not torque sensing.
for that matter, so are "traction control" systems that use ABS
sensors and pulse braking.
then there are the older posi-tracs and whatever which i am not
familiar with the workings.
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I know this is the wrong place to post this, but I couldn't find any
relevant newsgroups in my area.
For those of you who are from PA, where is VASCAR (where the cops
measure your speed from the time it takes you to cross the distance
between two white lines on the road, right?) most commonly used? I'm
especially interested in the Pittsburgh area (specific locations, prior
experiences, if possible). For those PA and non-PA, if they use VASCAR
in your state, is it most common in rural, city, highway areas, etc.
What I'm interested in mainly is where I can speed with the least risk
of being caught. You can always detect radar, but there's no way to
fight VASCAR unless you know where all the white lines are.
Thanks a lot,
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i of course car safety is important.. I for one used to think that these
guys are going way OTT with their airtbags (sorry del button dont work) and
side impact bars and crash zones and (the list goes on) just tpo make the
car heavbier (and all its penalties) ... bur recently I had a little accident (on
my bike) and not as bad as John's ..... but after the accident - it made me
realizer I should have worn a helmet (my mom always insistede I should... I was
more concerned about my hair style).....
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You'll find that in Allen, C.W., "Astrophysical Quantities", Athlone
Press, Dover, NH, 3rd edition, pp. 268-269 (1973). To the accuracy it can
be calculated (see specific references in Allen about how it is
calculated), the temperature is 3 degrees K.
Lots of people have remarked on this temperature. The first may have
been in Eddington's book, "Internal Constitution of Stars", Ch. 13 (1926;
reprinted 1986), where he gives the "temperature of space" as 3 degrees.
The source of this temperature is the radiation of starlight.
To the accuracy of measurement, it's the same temperature. Some of us
think this may not be a coincidence. -|Tom|-
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Well, the Opel deal fell through...
Now i'm looking at a Datsun 240Z for sale in our local buy&sell. Any
previous owners have any experience with these cars? Besides looking
for rust,good compression,low miles, and all the other usual car
things one looks for, is there anything special about these cars that
I should watch out for?
How about things like handling,performance,mileage,etc. These cars
look hot, to my eyes at least, and bear more than a passing
resemblance to the Aston Martin DB4 Zagato(sp?), which has to be one
of the most beatiful cars ever made.
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I is a strong deterent to the teens that are executed. They won't do that
again! This policy cuts way down on repeat offenders.
Please do not flame me - I don't agree with capital punishment for teen's.
They are also unsupervised. With proper supervision, they would not be
throwing rocks. If parents cannot provide the minimal supervision needed
to stop this activity, they should not be allowed to have children :-)
Notice the smiley ;-)
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I'm new to this group and this may have been discussed already, in which case
my apologies, but...
I have a '92 Integra with an auto box. According to the manual the car has
a lock up torque converter, or something similar.
What is it, what does it do and how does it work?
(Excuse my ignorance).
Does anybody know?
--Parms.
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Hey! What's this Hudson crap?
Actually, the only place my car has ever been broken into was in Hudson
at my in-laws (in their driveway). Took my Vuarnets and some change.
Damn kids.
Regards,
Brian
bqueiser@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu
------------------------------------------------------------------------
I am the engineer, I can choose K.
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Astronomy & Space magazine's UK telephone newsline carries the times to
see the Russian Space Station Mir which will be visible every EVENING (some
time between 9 o'clock and midnight) from April 27 to May 7. It's about as
bright as Jupiter at its best. There are two cosmonuats on board.
For the time to watch, tel. 0891-88-19-50 (48p/min peak 36p/min all other
times, but prediction is at start of the weekly message so it only costs a
few pence).
E-mail reports of sightings would be appreciated: give lat/long and UT (a
few seconds accuracy if possible) when it passes ABOVE or BELOW any bright
star (say brighter than mag. 3), planet or Moon.
With Moon in evening sky also, note that from somewhere in U.K. Mir will
pass in front of the Moon each night! Please alert local clubs to the
telephone newsline, and general public as Mir can cause quite a stir!
-Tony Ryan, "Astronomy & Space", new International magazine, available from:
Astronomy Ireland, P.O.Box 2888, Dublin 1, Ireland.
6 issues (one year sub.): UK 10.00 pounds, US$20 surface (add US$8 airmail).
ACCESS/VISA/MASTERCARD accepted (give number, expiration date, name&address).
(WORLD'S LARGEST ASTRO. SOC. per capita - unless you know better? 0.033%)
Tel: 0891-88-1950 (UK/N.Ireland) 1550-111-442 (Eire). Cost up to 48p per min
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That's fine idea, but it only works if the lighting/power company even bothers to supply good light fixtures. For instance, a power company in Virginia
recently asked a state commission for permission to sell more lights of various
type. Yet, all of the different fixture that they sold and wanted to sell
were bad designs - one that wasted the light. Thus, you couldn't even buy
a good light from them. In most places, to get a good light, you have to
either order it special at high cost or call a store in Arizona. At some
point, society starts to make rules. Cars have to pass safety tests.
Companies have to meet pollution standards, etc.. There are two ways to achieve this: educate the public so that they demand good lighting or force code
down the lighting companies backs. History seems to suggest that the latter
is more likely to work.
Agreed, so I won't respond again. It's important for all you spacers out
there to realize that some people will object to various wild ideas that
have been presented. Just like Congress, it would be best to consult
the astronomers/lovers of the night sky before you try some PR stunt
to boost public knowledge about space.
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(Book Review):
"THE UNIVERSE OF MOTION", by Dewey B. Larson, 1984, North
Pacific Publishers, Portland, Oregon, 456 pages, indexed,
hardcover.
"THE UNIVERSE OF MOTION" contains FINAL SOLUTIONS to
most ALL astrophysical mysteries.
This book is Volume III of a revised and enlarged
edition of "THE STRUCTURE OF THE PHYSICAL UNIVERSE", 1959.
Volume I is "NOTHING BUT MOTION" (1979), and Volume II is
"THE BASIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER" (1988).
Most books and journal articles on the subject of
astrophysics are bristling with integrals, partial
differentials, and other FANCY MATHEMATICS. In this book, by
contrast, mathematics is conspicuous by its absence, except
for some relatively simple formulas imbedded in the text.
Larson emphasizes CONCEPTS and declares that mathematical
agreement with a theory does NOT guarantee its conceptual
validity.
Dewey B. Larson was a retired engineer with a Bachelor
of Science Degree in Engineering Science from Oregon State
University. He developed the Theory described in his books
while trying to find a way to MATHEMATICALLY CALCULATE the
properties of chemical compounds based ONLY on the elements
they contain.
"THE UNIVERSE OF MOTION" describes the astrophysical
portions of Larson's CONSISTENT, INTEGRATED, COMPREHENSIVE,
GENERAL UNIFIED Theory of the physical universe, a kind of
"grand unified field theory" that orthodox physicists and
astro-physicists CLAIM to be looking for. It is built on two
postulates about the physical and mathematical nature of
space and time:
(1) The physical universe is composed ENTIRELY of ONE
component, MOTION, existing in THREE dimensions, in DISCRETE
units, and with two RECIPROCAL aspects, SPACE and TIME.
(2) The physical universe conforms to the relations of
ORDINARY COMMUTATIVE mathematics, its primary magnitudes are
ABSOLUTE, and its geometry is EUCLIDEAN.
From these two postulates, Larson was able to build a
COMPLETE theoretical universe, from photons and subatomic
particles to the giant elliptical galaxies, by combining the
concept of INWARD AND OUTWARD SCALAR MOTIONS with
translational, vibrational, rotational, and rotational-
vibrational motions. At each step in the development, he was
able to match parts of his theoretical universe with
corresponding parts in the real physical universe, including
EVEN THINGS NOT YET DISCOVERED. For example, in his 1959
book, he first predicted the existence of EXPLODING GALAXIES,
several years BEFORE astronomers started finding them. They
are a NECESSARY CONSEQUENCE of his comprehensive Theory. And
when quasars were discovered, he had a related explanation
ready for those also.
As a result of his theory, which he called "THE
RECIPROCAL SYSTEM", Larson TOTALLY REJECTED many of the
sacred doctrines of orthodox physicists and astrophysicists,
including black holes, neutron stars, degenerate matter,
quantum wave mechanics (as applied to atomic structure),
"nuclear" physics, general relativity, relativistic mass
increases, relativistic Doppler shifts, nuclear fusion in
stars, and the big bang, all of which he considered to be
nothing more than MATHEMATICAL FANTASIES. He was very
critical of the AD HOC assumptions, uncertainty principles,
solutions in principle, "no other way" declarations, etc.,
used to maintain them.
"THE UNIVERSE OF MOTION" is divided into 31 chapters.
It begins with a description of how galaxies are built from
the gravitational attraction between globular star clusters,
which are formed from intergalactic gas and dust clouds that
accumulate from the decay products of cosmic rays coming in
from the ANTI-MATTER HALF of the physical universe. (Galaxy
formation from the MYTHICAL "big bang" is a big mystery to
orthodox astronomers.) He then goes on to describe life
cycles of stars and how binary and multiple star systems and
solar systems result from Type I supernova explosions of
SINGLE stars.
Several chapters are devoted to quasars which, according
to Larson, are densely-packed clusters of stars that have
been ejected from the central bulges of exploding galaxies
and are actually traveling FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT
(although most of that speed is AWAY FROM US IN TIME).
Astronomers and astrophysicists who run up against
observations that contradict their theories would find
Larson's explanations quite valuable if considered with an
OPEN MIND. For example, they used to believe that GAMMA RAY
BURSTS originated from pulsars, which exist primarily in the
plane or central bulge of our galaxy. But the new gamma ray
telescope in earth orbit observed that the bursts come from
ALL DIRECTIONS UNIFORMLY and do NOT correspond with any
visible objects, (except for a few cases of directional
coincidence). Larson's explanation is that the gamma ray
bursts originate from SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS in the ANTI-MATTER
HALF of the physical universe, which Larson calls the "cosmic
sector". Because the anti-matter universe exists in a
RECIPROCAL RELATION to our material universe, with the speed
of light as the BOUNDARY between them, and has THREE
dimensions of time and ONLY ONE dimension of space, the
bursts can pop into our material universe ANYWHERE seemingly
at random.
Larson heavily quotes or paraphrases statements from
books, journal articles, and leading physicists and
astronomers. In this book, 351 of them are superscripted
with numbers identifying entries in the reference list at the
end of the book. For example, a quote from the book
"Astronomy: The Cosmic Journey", by William K. Hartmann,
says, "Our hopes of understanding all stars would brighten if
we could explain exactly how binary and multiple stars
form.... Unfortunately we cannot." Larson's book contains
LOGICAL CONSISTENT EXPLANATIONS of such mysteries that are
WORTHY OF SERIOUS CONSIDERATION by ALL physicists,
astronomers, and astrophysicists.
For more information, answers to your questions, etc.,
please consult my CITED SOURCES (Larson's BOOKS).
UN-altered REPRODUCTION and DISSEMINATION of this
IMPORTANT Book Review is ENCOURAGED.
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First off, the correct spelling of Nissan's luxury automobile division
is "Infiniti" not "Infinity." I would also like to clear up the question
of what kind of engines power Lexus and Infiniti automobiles, since a
person had remarked in earlier posts that most Lexus and Infiniti models
had V6 engines, while at the same time saying that several of each
manufacturer used V8 engines.
Lexus:
LS400- V8
GS300- V6
ES300- V6
SC400- V8
SC300- V6
Infiniti:
Q45- V8
J30- V6
G20- inline 4 (I must admit that I cannot remeber for sure here)
I hope this helps.
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Which Western states have laws that charge sales tax on the difference between
a new car's price and the trade-in's value? I know California charges you on
the full value of the new vehicle regardless of trade-in.
If you are a California resident, is it legal to buy a car in a state other than
California without also paying California sales tax? How does California
enforce any law that requires you to also pay California sales tax (on top of
the out-of-state tax)?
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Back in January and February there were several articles (Wash Post, Time...)
saying that NASA was "considering" the option just as it is now "considering"
a followup mission 6-12 months after the servicing mission. However, the
down time was estimated to be a year+ (servicing, checkout, sceheduling
and training another shuttle, orbit verification...) and to be quite
expensive. I think it may have been more a mental exercise than a
real plan. Don't know.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Robert Dempsey (410) 338-1334
STScI/PODPS
"He which hath no stomach for this fight, Let him depart; his passport
shall be made, and crowns for convoy put into his purse: We would not die
in this man's company that fears his fellowship to die with us." -Shakespeare
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I'd guess this was a garbled report of the NERVA effort to develop a
solid-core fission rocket (the most mundane type of nuclear rocket).
That was the only advanced-propulsion project that was done on a large
enough scale to be likely to attract news attention. It *could* be any
number of things -- the description given is awfully vague -- but I'd
put a small bet on NERVA.
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Hi:
I am looking for tires. I would like to hear your experience on the
BF Goodrich Radial T/A tires and/or the Touring T/A especially for
size P185/70R13.
For Radial T/A: How do they do in SNOW, and WET weather? Are they quiet tires?
For Touring T/A: How many miles can they last? I believe they are in
every way equal/better than Radial T/A. Am I right?
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I too am a Jules Verne collector, and can tell you that though tough
to find, it *is* out there. I keep my eyes open all the time for his
books at various Bay Area used book stores, and every once in a while
get *very* lucky. You just need diligence. I don't know if the book
store situation near JSC is as good as the Bay Area, but good luck.
I have also had excellent luck at the Antiquarian Book Fair which comes
to SF every other year, though the prices are more in the $100-$200 range
than the $50 you want to spend. My guess is that *if* you find it,
you won't need to spend even that much, since most people don't care
about it. I think I paid about $15 for my dust-jacket-less but otherwise
good condition copy, which I found one day at a small bookshop that happened
to have just bought a lot of random books at an estate sale.
Of course, if you re willing to buy blind, you can put a $2 advertisement
in the Antiquarian Bookseller's newsletter (the exact title of which escapes
me at the moment.) _Five Weeks in a Balloon_ is not the rarest of Jules
Verne books. Someone has it for sale somewhere, and the AB is the way to
find it. In fact, I would be surprised if you didn't get multiple offers
of sale. Of course, that takes the fun out of hunting for it yourself...
Good luck.
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BMWs boxer twin! (no two wheelers here?) Been around since 1923. I think the
other examples are Johnny come latelies... I may be wrong so no flames please..
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Better still, years ago they demonstrated a cold air system which only used
"air". It was called a Rovax. The unit worked very well, the short coming
was the seal technology. Where is it today?
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[deleted]
Not to flame (REALLY), but thats an abominable viewpoint (while were
on the subject of abominations). If we followed the "redistiribution
of wealth" (and by the way, ist that what Clinto and the Democrats are
trying to do...), EVERYONE would starve in short order. Not only is
it impossoble to organize a fair distribution that depends on every
(wo)man's altruism (can you say black market under communisim
anyone?), but the current methods of resource production are entirely
energy dependant. There are not enough sources of cheap capital
(aside from human capital) to allow us to stop looking at space a an
excellent source of materials and realestate. More directly, perhaps
you mioght consider the fact that BILLIONS are spent by TV companies,
and their sponsors, (ABC, NBC, CBS...) on the SUPERBOWL, the OLYMPICS,
and even on monday night baseball games. Perhaps we should boycott
those games? If DC-X and company get finished, and there is a market
for it, those "abominable" space will probably be much more cost
effective for the companies, and those starving children. More people
buy products, the company hires more workers, end result fewer
children die of starvation.
--
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Shaz,
Hmm.. but the service indicators that I have works this way:
There are 5 green,1 yellow, 1 red indicators.
initially all green indicators will be on for few minutes when you start
your car. The computer will actually "sense" how you drive your car and
as time goes by the green indicators will start to go off one by one and
then the yellow indicator will turn on and then the red indicator will go
on. And you should get service when by the time green indicators are off.
After service the mechanic(or you) will reset the service indicators and the
computer starts counting again.
So I expect to have a tool(or a procedure) to reset it so the green lights will
come on and the yellow and red lights will go off.
I wonder how people can do oil change themself without knowing how to reset the
indicator.
It's the first european car I have and changing oil at 15,000 miles is a
surprise to me. and it's a big plus :-). But I wonder how that could happen
since the oil lose its lubrication ability over time, I thought it's the oil and
not the vehicle that determines how often we should change oil.
Any BMW owner on the net? Response welcomed.
PS. my initial question is "how do you seset the service indicator of a BMW"
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-| In article <1993Apr28.200843.83413@embl-heidelberg.de>, tuparev@EMBL-Heidelberg.DE (Georg Tuparev) writes...
-| >
-| >
-| >ANNOUNCEMENT: The "HyperKnowledge" PROJECT for NeXTSTEP
-|
-| I know this is kinda off the subject of sci.space, but not really, I want to
-| answer this for their, as well as everyone else's information. What these
-| people are proposing, by and large already exists and can be purchased today.
-|
-| It is called labview by National Instruments. IT is a wonderful object
-| IT is a wonderful object oriented graphical programming language.
-| [some lines deleted]
I am afraid you are mis-directed. NeXTSTEP is an operating system as opposed to
a package. I have read a little about it but since Steve Jobs does not seem to
have the marketing capabilities of Bill Gates my info. is limited. Probably why
the far inferior Windows NT is going to be more widely distributed (but that
is another flame-ridden story). Some of the innovative features of NeXTSTEP are
binary compatibility across platforms (eg you can just copy your program from
a Sparc to a PC and it would run, as opposed to buying the version of the package
ported to a PC), graphical object-oriented design (its all WSIWIG postscript),
supports parallel hetrogeneous processing, and best of all it is based around
the Mach micro-kernel so you can make it look like Unix with X, or DOS, or NT or
even VMS if you feel the need. No package out there comes even close. I hope
people will subscribe to the HyperKnowledge project and NeXTSTEP finally
takes off in my lifetime :-)
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I have this same alarm installed in my Syclone. It works great. The shock
sensor is very sensitive, but much more practical than the motion sensor I have
on my other car. It doesn't trigger if the car is rocked gently by the wind,
but any kind of shock sets it off. Even kicking the tire sets it off. It
works great.
The shock sensor is adjustable and there are two cycles on it. You can adjust
it to be sensitive enough that there is no way you could open the hood without
setting off the alarm. Although, I know that you cannot pop the hood on the
Syclone without setting off my alarm now, and yet I have had zero (none!) false
alarms with this system. The alarm tells you when you disarm it whether it has
been activated in your absence. I have been able to trace every alarm to it's
cause and it was not a false alarm.
I guess it would be possible depending on the vehicle. My Syclone is so tight
in the engine compartment that it would be tough to do this. There are
supplemental power supplies you can put on with this Viper alarm, but I don't
have one. I really think that if someone wants my car that bad, the alarm
won't keep them from it, even with a supplemental power supply.
This is primarily for convertibles. I have a convertible and have looked at
this feature in detail. Alpine actually makes a better radar unit if you want
to get one of these. It has zones in it that can be shut down independently so
that if one side of your car has pedestrian traffic or something else that
would trigger an alarm, it shuts down the zone, or rather, pulls it in tighter.
I don't see the real benefit to these unless you have a convertible that you
leave the top down on.
Avoid the voice alarm that can be added to the radar package. It talks to
people as they walk by. I saw one installed on a Lotus Esprit. The kids would
taunt it seeing how close they could get before it 'warned' them to get back.
The owner finally disabled it, which defeats the purpose in my mind.
I am real happy with my Viper. One other feature I really like is you can tune
it to your preferences. You can have it arm passively or not. You can disable
the chirp for arming/disarming. You can have it lock/unlock the doors when the
alarm is armed/disarmed.
I like these features. I hate the chirp when the alarm arms/disarms, so mine
flashes the lights only. I like the door lock feature, although I have to be
careful to take my keys with me because it doesn't know if you have left your
keys in the car when it passively arms and locks the doors. But, if you are
meticulous about taking your keys with you, it takes care of the rest.
I looked seriously at the Alpine system too. It is a real nice system, but
more money and it has a motion sensor standard instead of the shock sensor.
The shock sensor is better....and the Viper shock sensor is better (2 cycle)
than the optional Alpine one, IMHO. I think the Viper gives you a lot of good
value for the money. But it isn't absolutely tamperproof. No system is.
Except maybe the one that James Bond had on his Lotus in For Your Eyes Only.
Anyone know where we can get one of those installed? Maybe that was what they
had in the van in the World Trade Center, huh?>
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and didn't you also say that it was easier to add masses than to
add balance shafts? the sad truth is that some makers don't
bother to put balance shafts on their big shaky 4's..
how about:
1 3
__ __
| | | |
__| | | | __
| | | |
|__| |__|
2 4
if this is ridiculous, kindly explain why.. it's been more than 10 years
since i studied this stuff. :-)
the point that they are trying to make is that while everybody settles
for the orthodox inline 4, they are using a horizontally opposed 4,
which is unique in that market segment. and porsche also uses a flat
six in their 911, so what's the problem? i don't see any claim that
their engine is as good as a porsche's.. they are simply pointing out
that they use the same configuration as a porsche.. if you want to
nitpick ad campaigns, i think there are far more blatant excesses than
this.
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I don't have any written data but I know what I have experienced. I use
S-50 in everything including my lawnmowers. In my car it smoothed the idle
and reduced the operating temp by 5 degrees. I havent used it long enough
to test for wear, but some people I know have.
A farmer that lives near by used to have to overhaul his big deisel tractors
at least every other year if not every year. Since he has been using S-50
he has went 5 years without an overhaul.
Also a friend at a machine shop has in the past rebuilt engines with 200K
miles on them because the coustomer thought it was time. These coustomers
had ran S-50 since almost new. It was found when measuring the internals
of the engine that they showed only about the amount of wear that would be
expected of 30K miles not 200K.
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Here is a potentially dumb question: What prevents the martian landers
themselves from "polluting" the martian environment with earth based
critters? Is the long trip in cold radiation bathed space enough to
completely sterilize the landers?
I could imagine that a few teeny microbes could manage to get all the
way there unharmed, and then possibly thrive given the right
circumstances.
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I once had a sparking problem with my '65 Mustang, and simply changing
the spark plug wires fixed it.
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Hello again, another question. :)
I just got my hands on 2 quarts of ReadLine Gear Oil (at $7 a quart)
now I need to know how to throw it into my car.
I own an 89 NIssan Maxima Se, any Ideas?
Can I mix the Oil in there with this stuff, or should I drain first, then
only use this stuff.
If you know where (if there is one) the drain plug on the manual transmission
on the Maxima is, I would really appreciate any comments.
Also have any of you Maxima owners, thied this stuff in your cars?
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Dave,
What i recall from air craft maintence. Torqque and safety
wires or cotters were more important, then if some bolt
face were nicked up. If it was in bad shape you replaced it
with another $30, aircraft grade bolt. I can see adjustable spanners
eating up profit, but lives?
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So you think a 93 Mustang Cobra can match the performance of a new Z28??
Interesting belief!
Craig
(who neither owns, nor wants to own any GM or Ford product)
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Yeah... and BMW 525e has 2.7 litres
535 3.4
BTW - can someone out there please tell me how to put someone else's file
on and then reply to that so the other person's file and my own 'reply' go
to the newgroups together? (ps: just mail me personally)
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The DeLorean had the yucky PRV V6 engine. A joint-venture between Peugout (note
spelling), Renault and Volvo. PRV. This engine is a *MIGHTY BORING* piece of
junk with approx 140hp. Doesn't like revs at all.
If you look at the DeLorean in the movie Back To the Future you will note
that they changed the engine sound to a big V8. A real DeLorean doesn't sounds
half as good. You will also note that every time they have to spin the tires
in the movie the ground is all wet. This is because a DeLorean can't make
a burnout on a dry road! The weak engine thats mounted over the rear axle
makes it almost impossible.
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Does anyone know what kind of car Mad Max used in "Road Warrior"?
They called it "the last of the V-8 Interceptors..."
I couldnt tell what it was, it was so chopped up.
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Since we're on the subject of brakes.... does anyone know why a 4WD Vauxhall/
Opel disengages drive to the rear wheels when the brakes are applied? Vauxhall
boast about how the car is more stable in fwd mode during braking than in 4wd
mode.... how is this so?
...Shaz...
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Is there a Honda mailing list, and if so how do I subscribe to it?
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I would also be interested in finding out about the '94 Talon,
and I suspect that many other people would be interested too,
so let's get some responses on the net.
The question again:
Does anyone have any info on the 1994 Eagle Talon / Mitsubishi
Eclipse / Plymouth Laser?
I know that the old Talon was based on the Mitsubishi Galant,
and that in Japan, a 240 hp twin-turbo V6 1994 Galant has been
released.
So anyway, any info on the '94 Talon would be appreciated.
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Hello out there,
If your familiar with the COMET program then this concerns you.
COMET is scheduled to be launched from Wallops Island sometime in June.
Does anyone know if an official launch date has been set?
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Can taking the car to a car wash hurt the car's finish?
And if so, is it better to hand wash it about once a month, or just take it
to the car wash anyway?
Are detailing places worth the money? if i do a good, careful job on washing
and waxing, is a detail place going to be worth it?
reply to my email address: pfk1@crux1.cit.cornell.edu
pk4
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I would guess the high price of gas in Europe (compared to the US) has
always favoured 4-cylinder manuals.
small engines with autos are a real bore...
But why not turn the question around, why are automatics so common in
the US?
My guess is that when they tried to couple manuals to the torque-rich
V8's in the sixties the clutches turned out as real killers you had to
use both feet to depress, and that this has just lived on.
And also, an automatic with a V8 engine can be real fun to drive.
Markus
__________________________________________________________________________
_ _ _ ____ _________
/ | / | / | / / / / / / /
/ | / | /__| /___/ /--| / / /___ '75 Chevy Camaro 350/TH350
/ |/ | / | / | / | /___/ ____/ '87 Peugout 205 1.4/4-speed
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[Useless road design, speed rate discussion deleted.]
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Derek....
There is a tool available to reset the service indicator on BMWs but the lights
will come back on after 2-3 weeks. The tool is in fact illegal (in Europe
atleast). It is often the case that the unsuspecting punter trots off to buy a
used BMW and a few weeks later, all the lights come on! Other than that, I know
of no other tool.... anyone else?
About changing oil every 15,000 miles.... thats ok.... on newer Audis, they
only require it after every 12,000 miles (I am talking about an oil change)
Just a query: do you drive your car VERY VERY carefully? Like no sudden
acceleration etc? If yeah, then the 15,000 M oil change seems quite reasonable.
But if you drive kinda fast... I'd get a bit up tight abot that 15,000 thingy
(a point to note: just because the first light came on at 3k, doesn't mean
all the others will come on every 3k too)
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Dear gentlemen!
The firm called "INTERBUSINESS,LTD" offers quite inexpensive
method to determine ore & oil locations all over the world.
In this method used data got from space satellites. Being
in your office and using theese data you can get a good statis-
tical prognosis of locations mentioned above.
This prognosis could be done for any part of the world!
If you're interested in details please send E-mail:
svn@aoibs.msk.su
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Okay, okay, I know the Ford Probe is made in the US, in fact it's
made in Michigan, at a Mazda plant. My question: are most of the parts
from American or Japanese sources? I have been told that most of the US
assembly plants for Japanese automakers import almost all of the parts used in
the vehicles.
Any information anyone has on this will be appreciated!
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It is interesting to note in the past few days' correspondance that some
believe that poor old New Mexico is not capable of hosting a commercial
space launch business. For many reasons, it can, and we here on the front
lines see no reason why it should not. The 'spaceport political publicity'
referred to the other day had its intended effect - the state of New Mexico
did establish the start of the necessary government infrastructure to back a
commercial space port. The commanding general at WSMR is in full support of
dual-use for the facilities. The WSMR location also has some strategic
advantages in the form of necessary infrastructure and controlled air space
to support the project. Just because the folks involved have not done the
traditional aerospace-equivalent of vapor-ware by inviting folks out to kick
non-existent tires but have been merely doing their job to prepare for
launch, don't think that nothing has happened. From my interactions with
the MACDAC folks, I get the impression that they want to set a firm,
believable launch date based on vehicle readiness and not just some fiction
to plug a space on a calendar. I believe that all will happen this summer
and don't worry, the locals here are planning to let everyone know when it
does occur.
Stephen Horan
shoran@nmsu.edu
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If this man Clark is a NASA administrator then god save NASA. Of course
the Shuttles record is unrivaled ! There is only one Shuttle. Furthermore,
there is only likely to be one Shuttle now that Hermes and Boron are
effectively cancelled.
These officials should spend more of their time explaining to their
European and Asian partners how we are expected to believe in them
when their paymasters change their minds on major international
projects everytime a new US administration takes office (considering
the major impacts this has on the European and Asian (Japanese)
industry). It is also appreciated how this affects American
industry. I am of course talking about Space Stattion Freedom.
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Is this still in print or available (other than on loan)? I remember
reading this many years ago and it's still the best thing I remember
in this vein.
--
"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
in the real world." -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
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I don't think touting contributions is a good idea. World War II produced
many many beneficial spinoffs. Eg. Radar, jet aeroplanes, rocket technology.
I don't think anyone would argue that World War II was, in and of itself,
a good thing.
If you want people to back the space program it must be a good thing in
and of itself.
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That may change next month; at least I hope it will. A couple of hundred
journalists have requested press passes for the test flights. Sustaining
that publicity however, will be a problem.
Allen
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Well, no, during the original deployment mission the HST aperture door was
not opened until after the Shuttle had landed.
I presume that during a re-boost mission HST would be berthed in the orbiter
with the orbiter bay doors shut; but still there would be lots of contamination
worries. I understand that the EVA suits are one of the hardest things to
keep clean.
But I still don't know where the idea is coming from that HST _NEEDS_ a
re-boost. We have many problems but our orbit is the least of them. There
is certainly no plan to change the orbit in the first servicing mission in
December.
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> > What evidence indicates that Gamma Ray bursters are very far away?
> >Given the enormous power, i was just wondering, what if they are
> >quantum black holes or something like that fairly close by?
> >Why would they have to be at galactic ranges?
. . . David gives good explaination of the deductions from the isotropic,
'edged' distribution, to whit, they are either part of the Universe or
part of the Oort cloud.
Why couldn't they be Earth centred, with the edge occuring at the edge
of the gravisphere? I know there isn't any mechanism for them, but there
isn't a mechanism for the others either.
What on Earth is the "gravisphere"?
Anyway, before it's decay the Pioneer Venus Orbiter
had a gamma ray detector, as does Ulysses, they
detect the brightest bursts that the Earth orbit detectors
do, so the bursts are at least at Oort cloud distances.
In principle four detectors spaced out by a few AU would
see parallax if the bursts are of solar system origin.
_The_ problem with Oort cloud sources is that absolutely
no plausible mechanism has been proposed. It would have
to involve new physics as far as I can tell. Closest to
"conventional" Oort sources is a model of B-field pinching
by comets, it's got too many holes in it to count, but at
least it was a good try...
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Before the S4 became the S4 it was called the 200 turbo quattro 20v.
This model did come in a wagon, a very quick wagon. Very rare also.
Mike Sylvester Umass
Being a satisfied Audi owner (-90 100 turbo quattro. my 4:th Audi) I
get the free VAG magazine. The latest issue presented a new S4 Avant
(wagon) with a 4.2 litre V8. I'd like one of these ;-)
Btw, this is my second quattro and my third turbo and I must say that
even in the summer, with dry roads, the quattros give so much extra in
road holding and balance that I hope I can afford them always.
Thomas
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That's pretty good.
A friend had an Audi that he named Murphy.
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Well, you better not get the shuttle as your launch vehicle.
and most ELV's have too far of a backlog for political messages.
If during the campaign season, the candidates for president had
launched one, right around now we'd be getting a launch
for PEROT 92.
and if they had used the shuttle, we'd be seeing launches
for NIXON now more then ever.
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What is NASA's annual budget?
This year will do, a few years back wpuld be nice too
but I need this item fast so emails off the top of your head very
much appreciated (FAQs vanish here!).
-Tony Ryan, "Astronomy & Space", new International magazine, available from:
Astronomy Ireland, P.O.Box 2888, Dublin 1, Ireland.
6 issues (one year sub.): UK 10.00 pounds, US$20 surface (add US$8 airmail).
ACCESS/VISA/MASTERCARD accepted (give number, expiration date, name&address).
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According to my *Glossary of Astronomy and Astrophysics*:
"parsec (abbreviation for parallax second) The distance at which
one astronomical unit subtends an angle of 1 second of arc. 1 pc =
206,265 AU = 3.086 X 10^13 km = 3.26 lt-yr."
George
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..
These seem hardly like the groups to discuss this in, but HUH???
All legitimate power to enforce these rights derives from the consent
of the governed, not from no steenkin' piece of paper. Civilized gov'mnt
is not an autonomous computer program, it's interactive. The Constitution
was made by the people and can be trashed by us - it ain't no sacred
scripture from which rights flow. Our 'rights' come from our souls.
And I sure didn't see any request to vote on trashing the sky.
Again - my opinion only - we keep our rights by using them, not going to
some court.
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It would be nice if someone here from the HST program was talking instead
of all the speculation that is going on here. From what I understand from
Dr. Frank Six of the Marshall Space Flight Center there is no insrmountable
problem in bringing HST back. IT was designed that way to begin with.
Also it is my understanding that the solar arrays WILL be one of the items
replaced on this mission. The originals were built by Brit Aerospace and
I think the new ones are too. I am currently working with the guys at MSFC
that are in charge is the HST power system, although I have not spoken with
them in a long time about HST.
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gee.... is it 1999 already?
Yes, it will still be on the fox program chasis, anything that will be different
on the new car as far as mechanical's is unknown. The suspension will most
likely be changed, as well as the drive drain. From what has been printed on
it, there is no clear idea of what will be done, as some say it will have
the modular V8 and others the current small block... just have to wait and see
Also is far as styling goes from what I seen is good, a return to tradition.
C scoop on the sides and roof line much like a '65 or '66 fastback.
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One of the main reasons nations like the US and RUSSIA observe satellite
that have been launched is FORBs system whick loft nuclear bombs into
orbit which are planned to be detonated in LEO causing EMP pulses
interfering with the target command and control system.
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I commend everybody to look at the FTP site 'ftp.cicb.fr'
-> Ethernet address 129.20.128.2 <-
in the directory /pub/Images/ASTRO:
there are lots of images (all of kinds in astronomy subject)
especially in GIF format and a NEW ! directory of some JPL animations
For your comfort, README files in all subdirectories give size and
description of each image, and a 7 days' newer images' list is in READMENEW
Note: you can connect it as 'anonymous' or 'ftp' user, then the quota
for each is 8 users connected in the same time.
So, if the server responds you "connection refused", be patient !
2nd note: this site is reachable by Gopher at 'roland.cicb.fr'
-> Ethernet address 129.20.128.27 <-
in 'Divers serveurs Ftp/Le serveur ftp du CRI-CICB/Images/ASTRO'
If you have any comments, suggestions, problems,
then you can contact me at E-mail 'rousself@univ-rennes1.fr'
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exit
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...
I believe that my former employer Hughes Aircraft Company has a working Ion
Propulsion system for satellites.
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I am the original owner of the seats and the original poster.
I take VERY serious offence in your statement.
I see a lot of computers advertized on the net, and my friend just had been
releived of his machine = all the net-computer ads are for stolen computers?
Where did you learn logic?
As for the seats, they were replaced by a much harder (literally) Celica GTS
seats due to my back problem. That is why I had to reuse the MR2 brackets
and that's why the MR2 seats I sell are attached to Celica brackets.
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I feel compelled to complain: the statement that recent observations
rule out merging neutron stars as sources of gamma-ray bursts is
utterly false, even though it is popular enough to make it to
BATSE press releases.
The idea behind the statement is as follows:
"if you smack two neutron
stars together, or have a neutron star be gobbled up by a black hole,
a lot of energy is released, enough for a gamma-ray burst at a
cosmological distance. But, so the reasoning continues, this energy
is released below a lot of matter, so the radiation becomes
thermalized and you expect to see roughly a blackbody spectrum.
The observed spectra are strongly non-thermal, so this model must
be wrong."
As so often, the fault lies with the imagination of the person who
was trying to prove the model wrong rather than with the model. It
may be that the initial energy release is not seen as a gamma-ray
burst, but the 'fireball' of energy and matter that is created
may spew out a relativistic flow. When this slams into the surrounding
medium, a strong flux of non-thermal gamma rays results, which may
carry off a substantial fraction of the initial total energy. All
this is not my idea: it is in a series of papers by Martin Rees,
Peter Meszaros (sorry for the missing accents:-) and co-workers.
It is certainly not a complete model, but it may well be the best one
around (summing over all proposed distance scales). An alternative
proposal for what creates the initial fireball, by the way, is the
so-called 'failed supernovae' scenario by Stan Woosley, in which
a very massive star at the end of its life collapses to a black
hole. If the stellar core was rotating, part of the infalling matter
will be temporarily halted because it is supported by centrifugal
force, and form a very dense neutron torus that accretes onto the
black hole. This beast may spew out a jet along the rotation axis,
which again constitutes relativistic flow. The rate of such
events may be much higher than that of neutron star mergers,
but the flux may be more strongly beamed, so that the net rate
of bursts observed on Earth stays the same between the two
scenarios, but the energy released per event can be a lot less
in the failed supernova scenario.
On another note: I do believe that the distance scale must
ultimately be resolved via some classical astronomical method
such as finding counterparts to the bursts at other wavelengths,
or finding a definitive signature of some known class of
objects in the distribution of positions and fluxes. Theorists
have historically not been too successfull in finding the
distance of any object by proving that there is only one
possible way in which the object can work, and therefore
it *must* be so-and-so.
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A mileage chart should be available in the book. It usually goes by
the class of car you own and year. Usually you will end up adding a few
hundred dollars to the retail price or subtracting it... Consumer
Reports also has a number you can call and get a quote for your area.
A friend of mine used it, and was quite happy with the service. I
believe it cost about $10.00.
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My information shows that the last San Marco launch was 1988. There seem to
have been a total of seven before that. I seem to recall that someone, either
ASI or the University of Rome (?) includes money in their annual budget for
maintainance of the platforms (there are actually two).
The Italians have been spending money to develop an advanced Scout. However,
recent events in the Italian space program, and the Italian government overall
make me skeptical that this will get off the ground in the near future.
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I'm looking to buy a '92 Toyota Previa All-Trac with low miles.
If you are selling one, or want someone to buy out an existing lease,
please contact me by mail.
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Did youy guys know that it is LEGAL to own a radar detector but is ILLEGAL
to use it! Isn't that a bit like owning a gun but not being allowed to use it?
My mate just switches his off whenever the cops are around.
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To avoid paperwork associated with re-certification as a brand new car,
etc. So for ad purposes it's a brand new nameplate, for paperwork it's
still a Stanza.
Spiros
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Hello,
I am new to this news group, but I need some info. I am
currently doing a project for a class on the Internet. I am
looking for good sources of information on space and astronomy,
more notably, our own solar system. If anyone knows any good
sites where I can get information about this kinda stuff, please
e-mail me at STK1663@VAX003.STOCKTON.EDU. Thanx.
----Steve
(my newsreader doesn't have a .sig yet, sorry.)
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Heck, some of his ships were loaners. One was owned by a Basque...
(you know, one of those groups that probably crossed the Atlantic
_before_ Columbus came along).
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A harmonic of the Earth's gravitational field? What IS a harmonic of the
Earth's gravitational field?
14:1 resonance with WHAT? It's not like there's any wavelength or frequency
to the Earth's gravitational field. Now, there' might be some interesting
interactions with the Moon's tidal effect--is that what you're talking about?
What are the physics of the situation? The only way I can see gravitational
effects being useful in adding energy to an object orbiting Earth is some
sort of interaction with the moon.
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I'm afraid I was not able to find the GIFs... is the list
updated weekly, perhaps, or am I just missing something?
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Regarding drag free satellites, Joe Cain gives a good description of the concept. It is however more than a concept. The Navy's Triad satellite succesfully used drag free control. Drag free control is an integral part of the Stanford Gravity Probe-B spacecraft, due to fly in 1999. It is also part of the European STEP satellite.
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nz New Zealand
au Australia
jp Japan
kr Korea
--
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What we currently know as the 240sx, is known elsewhere as a 200sx.
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Tell that to the people who run the 10-meter Keck telescope, or the
astronomers and engineers working on the Gemini twin 8-meter telescope
project. It took 7 years to build Keck I and now they are building
Keck II. According to the December 1992 Sky & Telescope, "This
second 10-meter eye will convert the facility into a binocular telescope
with double the light-gathering power and the ability to resolve
the headlights of a car some 25,000 kilometers away." Japan's 8.3-meter
Subaru telescope will soon join Keck on Mauna Kea. All these telescopes
will work in the infrared, yes, but they are _visible light_ telescopes!
And haven't you heard anything about adaptive optics? A lot of research
was done with "Star Wars" funding, and some is now being shared with
astronomers. This shows great promise. Soon, probably within a few
years, even the largest telescopes will be able to resolve to their
theoretical limit _despite_ the distortions of the atmosphere.
To say that "visible light astronomy is already a dying field" is
pure hokum. To use the "logic" that things are already bad, so it doesn't
matter if it gets worse is absurd. Maybe common sense and logic
are the dying fields.
George Krumins
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You guys are correct. The Bricklin was produced in Canada.
The National Museum of Science and Technology here in Ottawa
has one, and sometimes they put it on display. Most of the time,
it stays in storage because the museum doesn't have much room.
It's a big deal for a car to be Canadian and that's why they
have it. If anybody's a fan, they also have a nice green '73
Riviera that looks like it just came out of the showroom.
--
MIKE HARKER
OTTAWA, ONTARIO, CANADA
VOICE: 613-823-6757
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[deleted]
[deleted]
Ok, so those scientists can get around the atmosphere with fancy
computer algorythims, but have you looked ad the Hubble results, the
defects of the mirror are partially correctable with software (see
those jupiter pictures for results), but is the effects are completely
reversable, why is there going to be a shuttle mission to fix it?
The way I see it (and please, astromomers give me a swift net-kick in
the butt if i'm out of the ball park), the astromers are making the
best of limited possiblities, there's only one hubble, and the shuttle
makes another in the near future a non-thought. Perhaps those self
same billboards could have small optical receptors of a limited kind
mounted on the reverse sides of the mirror's (if that is what is used)
and then the whole thing becomes a giant array telescope...
--
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This really bugs me. The emissions of diesels are the cleanest of any vechicle,
but they are considered so polluting that they are banned in passenger cars
in California. What a bunch of crap. Diesel is the fuel of choice for
enviromental benefit in Europe while here it's illegal for the same reason.
The particulates are nothing but carbon. They are just an annoyance at worst.
Nothing beats the diesel cycle for efficiency and emissions, torque or engine
durability. It's also cheaper.
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Why don't you activist guys cut misc.invest out of this thread?
They didn't offer any shares for sale yet...
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For the information of those not "lucky" enough to live in the city of
Austin, TX, if an auto a/c system is checked and found to have leaks,
it must be repaired at that time, or evacuated. This is an ordinance
unique (I think) to the city of Austin.
Freon is subject to increasing taxes, but $12 is about 2X cost here.
Recovered freon is not required to be "purchased" from the car it is
withdrawn from. As a matter of practice, some shops here are charging
a recycling fee that is less than the cost of the freon removed if it
is reintroduced to the system.
Just another quality service from an _Enviornmentally Conscious_ city.
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Original to: wats@scicom.AlphaCDC.COM
G'day wats@scicom.AlphaCDC.COM
20 Apr 93 18:17, wats@scicom.AlphaCDC.COM wrote to All:
wAC> wats@scicom.AlphaCDC.COM (Bruce Watson), via Kralizec 3:713/602
wAC> The Apollo program cost something like $25 billion at a time when
wAC> the value of a dollar was worth more than it is now. No one would
wAC> take the offer.
If we assume 6% inflation since 1969, that $25B would be worth about $100B
GD reckon a moon mission today could cost only $10B. Thats a factor of ten
reduction in cost. It might be possible to reduce that number futher by
using a few shortcuts ( Russian rockets?). Asuming it gets built, I think
the Delta Clipper could very well achive the goal.
ta
Ralph
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Review of 1989 Ford Taurus SHO -- By Gene Kim
=============================================
Background:
Last week, I bought a 1989 Ford Taurus SHO, moving up from driving
a 1987 Toyota Celica ST and a 1975 Oldsmobile Cutlass. I have been
interested in buying a SHO for about five months and have been combing
the classifieds in Denver and Chicago every week. I bought a
remarkably clean maroon/red SHO with 92K miles on it for $6800.
As far as I can tell, this is about $2000 under Blue Book and I still
have another 8000 miles before the Extended Service Plan runs out.
As one should with any pre-1991 SHOs, I made sure that the car was
already refit with the upgraded clutch and pressure plate, as well as
having been recalled for upgraded rotors and seatbelt attachments.
However, my SHO does not have the newer rod shifter -- I understand I
can get this for $230 from any Ford service center. In addition, the
car received the full tune-up at 60K miles, receiving new platinum
plugs and valve adjustment.
For a car with 92K miles on it, the car was virtually immaculate.
The clearcoat paint job was devoid of any large chips or dents,
although the front air-dam/molding was covered with lots of small
scratches -- not surprising since most of the miles were spent on the
highway.
Having driven a smaller two-door coupe for so long, I was a bit
concerned about whether I could get used to driving a larger car. To
my surprise, the size of the car doesn't bother me at all -- it seems
just as nimble as my Celica! (No comparisons with my Oldsmobile. :-)
Visibility from the driver's seat is excellent, helped mostly by of
the small the quarter-windows, aft of the back-seat door windows and
in front of the C-pillar and rear window. Parallel parking is a bit
more difficult, but other than that, I love the size.
In fact, I'm starting to appreciate the large trunk as I pack up
for a 14-hour drive to Washington, DC for the summer. More on the
ride later in this review.
Engine:
As with anyone even slightly interested in SHOs, I was very
interested in the 24-valve 3.0L Yamaha "Shogun" engine. I was not
disappointed. Base performance of the engine under 4000 rpms is
good. You can even do reasonable launches from second gear, although
I don't make a practice of this. The engine revs smoothly and eagerly
-- tooling around town does not require many shifts. This is good
since the shifter is definitely one of the weakest points of the car.
(More on this later.)
While the performance of the engine under 4000 rpms may be
unremarkable, it undergoes a Jekyll/Hyde transformation once you hit
higher revs. At 4500 rpms, a butterfly valve opens and you can
literally hear and feel the geometry of the engine changing as twelve
more valves open up. The engine soars to its 7000 rpm redline, and
you are treated to, in my opinion, the sweetest sounding V6 around.
The engine inexplicably sounds OVERJOYED to be at 6500 rpm!
I've noticed that when I drive around town, I constantly watch the
tach to see how far below 4000 rpm I am. To go from 2000 rpm to 4000,
you may have to punch the accelerator -- while torque is more than
adequate, it doesn't come fully online until those other 12 valves
are used.
Transmission:
When _Car and Driver_ first reviewed the car in 1988, they
marvelled at how Ford had put such a wimpy clutch and balky shifter
into the car. I remember driving a friend's parent's SHO in 1990, and
remember thinking about whether I had the leg strength to drive the
car in traffic -- the clutch was that stiff. That was back then.
The entire clutch assembly on my SHO has been replaced under a
Ford recall in 1991. The clutch on the SHO feels no stiffer than the
one on my Toyota Celica. In fact, the friction point seems a bit
larger and more forgiving.
When playing with the shifter with the car parked, the shifter
felt very reasonable. The 1-2 and 3-4 gates were where you'd expect
it to be, and the shifting action was smooth. On the road, it's
much the same -- but you have to shift SLOWLY! Make no mistake, it's
a clumsy shifter.
When hurrying shifts, like when I was initially trying to impress
friends, I consistently miss the 1-2 shift, often grope clumsily for
the 2-3 shift, and sometimes even muff the 3-4 shift. I find this
pretty amazing in a car like this.
It also took me several days to realize that you get the smoothest
shifts when you take your time. Seems obvious, but compared to my
Toyota and my friend's Honda, this seems atrocious and clumsy.
Someone on rec.autos noted that CRXs should blow SHOs off-the-line
because of the incredibly clumsy shifter.
I now shift much more sedately, and the shifter seems more
reasonable. When you play within these bounds, the shifter works
smoothly with no surprises. I don't know whether the rod shifter
upgrade would help at all.
Along these same lines, I initially had trouble shifting gears
smoothly. Again, slowing down the shifts and taking more care to
match revs when letting out the clutch helped immensely. This took
several days for me to get the hang of. (I think some of my problems
were because I've never had a car with enough power to balk at bad
shifts in higher gears.)
Occasionally, I have trouble shifting into reverse. The shifter
refuses to enter the gate, and I often grind the synchros trying to
get it into gear. I'll be watching this carefully in the next couple
of months.
A quirk: When I upshift and the engine drops back to 1000-2500
rpm, I hear a whirring and then a grinding noise coming from the the
engine compartment. Not terribly loud, but the passenger can
definitely hear it. I asked about it when I was looking at the car,
as do all my passengers. Apparently, this is a definitely a "SHO
sound" and is the gearbox -- apparently called "gear rollover".
Replies to my queries on rec.autos are at the end of this review.
Exterior:
As I mentioned before, I am astounded by how well the body of this
SHO has stood up. Paint chipping on the front bumper and grille are
virtually non-existent. Looking at how older Tauri sometimes
don't age so gracefully, I wonder what the guys at Ford did
differently to the SHO bodies.
The body, in my opinion, is extremely attractive with matching
color body moldings than the stock Tauri. For some odd reason, the
SHO seems different enough from vanilla Tauri to get stares at
stoplights -- of course, this could be my overactive imagination.
:-) SHOs get fog lights, a more open grille, a completely
monochromatic exterior, and a deeper ground skirt in the back with
"SHO" stenciled in relief. I've seen a couple SHOs whose owners have
colored these in with florescent colors or in black. Yuck.
I don't think the car is flashy. I like it that way. I feel
almost anonymous with all those Tauri out there, but different and
distinctive enough to those of us who care. :-)
Interior:
The interior is what really makes me feel like I don't deserve the
car. The seats are grey leather, the steering wheel and shifter are
covered with black leather, and the entire instrument panel is done in
a black/grey/metallic scheme.
The instrumentation is stock Taurus, except for the 140 mph speedo
and 8000 rpm tach. You get a center console with two cupholders, a
large compartment under the radio (great for a CD player), an armrest
that contains yet another compartment, three appropriately sized coin
holders for tollways (I think), and a compartment for holding
cassette tapes. There's map-holders in the doors, and an oddly small
glove compartment.
I spilled a whole can of Coke in the cupholder and was delighted
to find that the entire rubber holder can be removed and washed in a
sink. Hey, I'm really impressed with the ergonomics and
thoughtfulness that went into its design. And it's a 1989, before the
interior was upgraded!
The backseat is bigger than any car I've had. Why do they need so
much space? :-) (No smart-ass comments, please. :-)
The driver and passenger seat have lumbar and side bolsters. From
what I hear, it's not uncommon for the side bolsters to show wear.
Mine is no exception. The left side bolster on the driver's has
cracked and I'm not convinced the right bolster is inflating all the
way.
A big surprise for me: I forgot that SHOs don't have a normal
hand parking brake. Instead, they have the regular parking brake that
you press with your left foot. Too bad. Again, I'm getting used to
it, but it seems a bit anachronistic to me.
Ride:
The suspension is nice and stiff. Too stiff? It's stiffer than
any car I've had. A friend's new 1993 Toyota Celica ST seems tauter
and is still able to soak up bumps better. The SHO seems stiffer with
less ability to soak up bumps. Driving over railroad tracks is a
noisy and jarring affair. On the other hand, taking turns feels
wonderful because the body is so rigid and doesn't flex at all -- I
listened for that before I bought the car.
On the highway, the ride is great. When I drove the car from
Chicago back to Purdue, I had trouble keeping under 85 mph, let alone
from trying to see what 100 mph really feels like. It's a relatively
quiet ride, but the sunroof rattles. I've tried to find out what
exactly makes all the noise up there, but it seems to be the window
that rests on the rails. No easy way to get rid of it, I think.
Over the past three days, I've oscillated between thinking the
suspension is wonderful and perfect and thinking that the ride is way
too rough. (Not for me, mind you. But I wonder whether I would
advise my dad to buy one for himself.) But, I've discovered, as with
the shifter, if you take your time with shifts, you'll have no reason
to complain. Let me explain...
The ride is worst when turning and applying lots of power to the
wheels. I feel the wheels scrabbling for traction and torque steer
making the car skitter left and right. After I understood this, I
avoid the limits of traction -- and I'm a happy camper again.
It's not body rigidity, but the composure of the car.
As if matching the suspension, the steering feel is quite heavy.
My first impression of driving my SHO was how hard you had to turn the
wheel at highway speeds. It tracks straight as an arrow, but when
driving around a parking lot, the high-effort steering didn't seem so
useful. However, it's reasonable, but it doesn't communicate the road
to the driver as well as a 1993 Ford Probe GT. IMHO, it's much better
than the steering on my Celica ST.
I wonder how bad this car is during winter?
Miscellaneous notes:
GRIPES:
The rattles from the sunroof is intermittent -- some days it rattles
loudly, other days I look up wondering where all the noise went.
Activating the sunroof is sometimes very noisy -- loud squealing as
it retracts on its rails. I wonder if there is a quick fix for this.
Again, other days it completely disappears. (Function of humidity?)
Once I made the connection between the sometimes awful feeling suspension
and torque steer, I've never complained about ride.
I wish the seats had more support under the thighs. Also, I wish the
side bolsters would close more tightly.
I hear that tires for this car can get really expensive. I
currently have Goodyear GT+4s that cost the previous owner $500
for four.
I used to hate the Ford stereo systems -- whose idea was it
to use a volume *paddle*? Now, to my amazement, I don't
really mind... and sometimes think it's an okay idea!!!
Pretty ridiculous, though.
Getting up to 4000 rpm sometimes seems to be a chore. But,
this is no big deal. There is more than enough torque
down low.
I often goof up the shifting when driving with friends. It
took me a couple of days before I could really shift
smoothly from 2nd to 3rd gear. (Hard to believe, isn't it?)
My car has almost 93,000 miles on it. My parents noted that
it is almost impossible to find a low-mileage SHO.
Astute observation, IMHO. I wonder how long I can make
my SHO last -- I just bought a book titled "Drive It Forever"
for tips in this department. :-)
The goofy parking brake pedal still throws me for a loop. I once
parked the car in gear, and then accidentally let out the clutch
after I started it. The car jolted forward, and bounced off
the car in front of me -- no paint damage at all, but starting the car
is a whole new ritual for me with that fangled pedal! Also, I began
to wonder how strong that brake really is. (Today, I backed out of
parking spot today and started to drive away before I noticed
the glowing brake light. Oops.)
The driver's power window creaks when closed all the way. The same
thing happens in my parents 1989 Mercury Sable. Oddly, all the
other windows work smoothly.
LIKES:
I'm liking the interior amenities more and more each day. The
cupholders are great.
I didn't expect to use the keyless entry buttons so much, but
it really is handy. You can lock all the doors by
pressing the 7/8 and 9/10 buttons together! Neat! And
you can never lock yourself out of the car.
I really feel like I don't deserve this car. I really can't
believe that I could afford it. I got this car ten years
ahead of schedule. :-)
I love this car so much that I've been telling my parents to
look into buying one. I love this car so much that I
wrote this 13K file -- I meant to write a couple of lines
and ended up with this.
If there were a J.D. Powers Survey for used car owners, I would have
an opportunity to express my incredible satisfaction of owning this
car. I don't like thinking about getting another car, but at this
point in time, I'm sure I'd buy another SHO. For under $7000, you
can't beat it. (Next time with an airbag and ABS, though.)
Insurance-wise, this car is also a big win. I pay the same premiums
as on my 1987 Toyota Celica -- despite that it has nearly twice
the horsepower.
Other Odds and Ends:
Much to my amazement, there is no SHO mailing list anywhere.
Maybe because the _SHO Registry_ publication has filled this void. I
haven't joined yet, but I've noticed that queries about SHOs still
appear on rec.autos about once a month. Owners of SHOs are always
quick to respond, and are very vocal fans of the cars. (Maybe some
of the most vocal on rec.autos. :-)
I've put together the responses to my questions about the cars, as
well as other posts with useful information on these cars. I'll be
posting this in the form of a FAQ soon.
If anyone is interested in starting a mailing list, please speak up!
I don't know if I have the resources here at Purdue to start one, but
maybe someone out there does.
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Next GPS launch is scheduled for June 24th.
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Hahahahahaha. *gasp* *pant* Hm, I'm not sure whether the above
was just a silly remark or a serious remark. But in case there are
some misconceptions, I think Henry Robertson hasn't updated his data
file on Korea since...mid 1970s. Owning a car in Korea is no longer
a luxury. Most middle class people in Korea can afford a car and do
have at least one car. The problem in Korea, especially in Seoul, is
that there are just so many privately-owned cars, as well as taxis and
buses, the rush-hour has become a 24 hour phenomenon and that there is
no place to park. Last time I heard, back in January, the Kim Administration
wanted to legislate a law requireing a potential car owner to provide
his or her own parking area, just like they do in Japan.
Also, Henry would be glad to know that Hyundai isn't the only
car manufacturer in Korea. Daewoo has always manufactured cars and
I believe Kia is back in business as well. Imported cars, such as
Mercury Sable are becoming quite popular as well, though they are still
quite expensive.
Finally, please ignore Henry's posting about Korean politics
and bureaucracy. He's quite uninformed.
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I doubt his trans uses standard syncros. There are several mechanisms for
coupling a gear with the transmission output shaft, some of which are fine
for racing and unsuitable for street use.
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Right? What right? And don't you mean something more like: It so
typical that the wants of the minority can obstruct the wants of the
majority, no matter how ridiculous those minority wants might be or
what benefits those majority wants might have?
[My sole connection with the project is that I spent a lot of time in
classes at the University of Colorado.]
--
"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
in the real world." -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
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According to this reasoning there are no rights, at least none that I can think
of....
Let's see. Do I have a right to unpolluted air? No, because the majority
drive cars and use goods that create air pollution in the manufacturing process.
Do I have the right to clean water? I guess not, by the same reasoning.
I could go on with these examples for a long time....
Look at Nazi Germany. Because of the majority, Jews, homosexuals, blacks,
and others that were different had no rights. In fact they were terrorized,
imprisoned, and slaughtered. In this country did blacks have the right to be
free from slavery? I guess not, because the majority said that slavery was
good for them.
I think that a right has a moral imperative. If a law, imposed by the majority,
is immoral, one should not follow it. In fact, one should do everything in
his/her power to stop it. Of course, that doesn't mean that I would lose all
common sense to break the law, just because I thought it was immoral. I pay
my Federal Income Tax even though I am morally opposed to the U.S. Government
taking my money and spending it on weapons of mass destruction and terrorism.
This is precisely the point I am trying to make. We should _persude_ people
by logic, pointing out that it is in their self-interest to let all have
equal rights in all aspects of life, including adequate housing, food, and
medical care. I just happen to think that for a full life the aesthetic of
beauty and joy is also necessary. That is why I consider an uncluttered
night sky a right.
Have you ever been out in the desert, away from local lights, and most people?
The sky is dark and transparent. The Milky Way is ablaze with more detail
than you thought possible. The beauty and wonder takes your breath away.
Now imagine you live in the worst ghetto, say in L.A. Due to light pollution
you have never seen a dark sky. You might in fact never, not in your whole
life, ever see the majesty of the night sky. Every where around you, you see
squalor, and through your life runs a thread of dispair. What is there to live
for?
I admit these two scenarios are extreme examples, but I have seen both.
I, for one, need dreams and hopes, and yes, beauty, as a reason for living.
That is why I consider an uncluttered night sky a right.
George
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#@$#%$!! I *have* a copy of Allen, and it never occurred to me to look
in there... I must be getting old... I'll look it up when I get home.
Thanks.
I'd remembered a rather higher number, but that may have been for the
lunar nearside, where the Earth is a significant heat source.
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Damn straight! As far as I've heard, unless the owner is _very_
hard up, the GT-40s are not for sale at any price that mere
mortals could afford.
I think the GT-40 actually _is_ street legal, although that particular
question is moot (see the price figures below).
I wish I could find my Shelby-American guide; it included the GT-40
registry (as of '88 or so). There were precious few of them made
(fifty is the number that springs to mind; they made just enough
to qualify for the Manufacturer's Cup, or whichever series it
was that Shelby broke Ferarri's 13-year winning streak in in '65),
and they are all accounted for. The last price I saw estimated on a
GT-40 was a little bit over $1,000,000 (yes, that's right, ONE MILLION
US DOLLARS; it was second only to some worthless piece of Ferrari
that it would blow the doors off of ;-).
I don't recall off-hand what the drive configuration was, although
I'm certain some must have been LHD, as they had to be sold to qualify
for racing. The drivertrain was the Ford 427 (hi-riser, I think,
and/or side-oiler) coupled to various 4-speed transmissions. They
also used 3-speed manuals; they had lots of problems with the
original trannys breaking under the load of the 427. Layout was
rear-engine, rear-drive, with the "bundle of snakes" exhaust
headers...I can remeber other bits and pieces of info, but I
can't remember whether they applied to the GT-40 or the Shelby
Cobra Daytona Coupe...I'll try and find that reference.
James
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Maryland and other states.
To the original poster:
Read the last 3-4 issues of Car And Driver about this. It's
interesting and should be illegal...
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If a manual transmission is a "must have", then the M-B 300TE is not in
the running. You cannot get a manual transmission in that car in North
America. It seems that buyers here (or, maybe more accurately, the
distributors) are not interested in manual trannies.
The '93 300 line comes with a 217 hp engine. All earlier years are 177 hp.
I have an '87 300E, with a "mere" 177 hp and auto tranny, and I find that
it has sufficient power for any normal driving situation. More is always
nice, but I can't complain.
I test drove a Saab 900 CSE last fall. Here are my impressions:
1) Awesome power, especially over 3500rpm, when the turbo really comes on.
2) If you get on the power really hard in a tight corner, the front-wheel
drive causes it to understeer heavily, and then viciously "hook" into
the corner. Not a desirable handling trait, but common in powerful
front drive cars. (The CSE is 200hp. Mercedes is rear-drive, so it
does not have this problem.)
3) Huge interior and cargo space.
4) The most "rubbery" shifter I have ever encountered. I drove a 5spd. It
was absolutely numb. You might be able to get used to it - I don't know.
I also didn't like its location, which was too far down, and too far right.
From the shifter's position, I got the impression that Saab really designed
the car for an automatic.
5) It was rather noisy: Engine buzz, rattles, and creaks. (Mercedes does
not exhibit these characteristics.)
You should also check out the new BMW 525 "touring". This is a wagon version
of the 525i. It fits into the class with the 300TE and Saabs.
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Forwarded from the Mars Observer Project
MARS OBSERVER STATUS REPORT
April 30, 1993
11:30 AM PDT
DSS-65 (Madrid 34 meter antenna) did not acquire the expected Mars Observer
Spacecraft signal at the scheduled beginning of track yesterday morning (4/29)
at approximately 6:00 AM. Indications were that the spacecraft had entered a
Fault Protection mode sometime between that time and receipt of normal
telemetry at the end of the previous station pass (DSS-15 - Goldstone 34
meter antenna) at approximately 8:00 PM the evening before. Entry into
Contingency Mode was verified when signal was reacquired and telemetry
indicated that the spacecraft was sun coning. After subsystem engineers
reported all systems performing nominally, fault protection telemetry modes
were reconfigured and memory readouts of command system Audit Queue and
AACS (Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem) Starex performed. These
readouts verified that Contingency Mode entry occurred shortly after 1:30 AM
yesterday, 4/29/93. Preliminary indications are that a Sun Ephemeris Check
failure triggered fault protection. However, the Flight Team will be
determining the precise cause over the next few days.
As of last evening, the spacecraft had been commanded back to Inertial
Reference and was stable in that mode. The Flight Team is planning to
command the spacecraft back to Array Normal Spin state today.
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All consipiracy theories aside, (they are watching though :-)), will NASA
try to image the Cydonia region of Mars where the "Face
" is? If they can image it with the High resolution camera, it would
settle the FACE question once and for all. I mean, with a camera that
will have a pixel resolution of about 6 feet, we'd know whether all this
stuff is real or imagination.
Come on JPL and NASA folks, try to image it and settle this thing.
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From article <1993May14.023220.1@vax1.tcd.ie>, by apryan@vax1.tcd.ie:
Hmmm... Atlantis left Eureca in a 28 degree orbit. Retrieving it is
going to be *REALLY* fun if they fly to 57 degrees. Torque that
Canadarm! :-)
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What fraction of the NASA workforce is civil servant
as opposed to contractor and what are the rules on
reduction in work force for civil servants?
eg, if say the shuttle program is terminated, how
much is payroll reduced and how?
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Dandridge Cole and Isaac Asimov collaborated on a book titled,
"Habitable Planets for Man" (I think) in 1964. It should be available
in most good libraries, or through inter-library loan.
It answered the questions you ask (speculatively, of course), along
with many more that need to be considered in habitability studies:
length of day (for day/night temperature variation, and agricultural
concerns), partial pressures of certain unexpected gasses (ever hear of
xenon narcosis? neither did I), density of particulates in the atm, and
their composition (ever hear of silicosis? not much fun), etc.
Climate isn't a global phenomenon and probably needn't concern you,
but axial tilt ought to. It plays a large part in determining the
severity of seasonal differences, and a lesser but still significant
part in determining the speed of prevailing winds.
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Ahh Broncos. Well personally, I have a '78. The blue book is just
a hair over 3 grand. I bought it for 2500 and then bought new tires 650
front end rebuild 350, carb rebuild 130. Then i did the unthinkable
and blew the engine (not bronco specific, unmaintained engine with 168,000)
2400 more bucks there, now it is in nice condition, well after new seats out
of a t-bird, radio, 2 amps, speakers, alarm, well the radio and amps were
free and i bought the speakers used for 40 bucks, and the other speakers
i took out of my old jeep (Sell a Jeep for a bronco you might ask,
but it was a Wagoneer). Its a lovely specimen, solid front and rear
axels, ford 9" and a dana 44 up front. Watch the rear axel wrap, i
busted off my u-bolts ONCE, i added traction shocks after that and
haven't had a problem since. Also the bottom of the doors tend to
rot, bottom of the tailgates likes to rust right up to the new ones
that might be in your budget. The post 80 broncos have that sickly
TTB front end and little stamped and folded steel radius arms were
as the 78-79 have nice big cast iron longer radius arms(ie more prspective
wheel travel). The only rust i have is on my doors and a few
dings in the sheet metal. I don't know when the removeable tops were
discontinued but they are fun. I just ordered a full convertable top
for 400$ for mine(credit card). Don't ever break the window if you
have the double laminated bronzed privacy glass in your cap it is over
400 bucks to replace. My bronco also does pretty good offroad,
i haven't bottomed out my suspension, YET, and have crossed over
3 foot deep of water with no problems, handles rocks like a charm too.
One problem is it is WIDE and you sometimes can't follow a CJ or a
Toyota, between two rocks or trees, and your grandmother will have
a hard time getting up into it.
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The most current orbital elements from the NORAD two-line element sets are
carried on the Celestial BBS, (513) 427-0674, and are updated daily (when
possible). Documentation and tracking software are also available on this
system. As a service to the satellite user community, the most current
elements for the current shuttle mission are provided below. The Celestial
BBS may be accessed 24 hours/day at 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, or 9600 bps using
8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity.
Element sets (also updated daily), shuttle elements, and some documentation
and software are also available via anonymous ftp from archive.afit.af.mil
(129.92.1.66) in the directory pub/space.
STS 55
1 22640U 93 27 A 93120.24999999 .00044939 00000-0 12819-3 0 129
2 22640 28.4643 241.8868 0011265 284.7181 109.3644 15.91616537 580
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Hey all,
I'm looking at buying a new car, but I'm confused about the insurance
coverage. This also applies to my existing car insurance policy. Does
anyone understand what the "Limited Tort Option" means. Will it lower
my rates if I opt to have it, or will it be more expensive if I opt
to have it? What does it do for me (in layman's terms please)? Is
it a good deal or should I ignore it? I'm not the type to sue anyone
at a drop of the hat nor am I the type to report every little ding to
the insurance company as a vandalism claim. Please help.
Thanks in advance.
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Habital planets are also dependent on what kind of plant life can be grown..
and such.. Length of growing season (that is if you want something more than
VAT food, argh, Id ratehr eat an MRE for along period of time).
I know in Fairbanks (Furbanks to some) the winter can get to -60 or so F, but
in the summer can get to +90 and such.. I know of worse places..
Incans and Sherpa and other low pressure atmosphere and such are a limit in
human adaptability(someone mentioend that Incan woman must come to lower
elevations to have babies brought to term? true?) I remember a book by
Pourrnelle I think that delt with a planet was lower density air..
I wonder what the limit on the other end of atmospheres?
I am limiting to human needs and stresses and not alien possibilties..
Thou aliens might be more adapted to a totally alien to human environment, such
as the upper atmosphere of Jupiter or??
Almost makes bio-engineered life easy...
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Same engine, different state of tune (less hp and maybe more torque). My
friend at work regularly takes 6 people in his and it seems to haul around
just fine.
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Well ...
Have a look at a new journal: Journal of Experimental Mathematics
It has several Fields medallists on its editorial board.
You want to knwo more?
Try Klaus Peters in Boston or David Epstein at Warwick .
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Thanks for all the recommendations. I have decide to ignore the service
indicators and do oil change myself every 3000 miles.
Thanks again for all the responses.
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I have tested both vehicles (identically
equipped), both for week-long periods.
Curiously (and consider these are test
vehicles), I found the Mercury higher
in build quality than the Nissan.
Either choice is good, but beware that
I did not experience reasonable mileage
with the V6. Average city driving was
<15mpg, with about 21 avg. on the highway.
Both were optioned to the hilt (the Nissan
had leather!). The Villager was in the
$24K range and the Nissan was over $26K.
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An aquaintence has a 87 Accord. The driver's side headrest was
accidentally put in backwards and has jammed. According to the
dealer, the only way to get it out is to spend several hours
disassembling the seat. This is the second time I have heard of this
happening, and I wonder whether there's an easier way to get the
headrest back out. Has anyone else ever dealt with this problem?
Your advice would be appreciated!
Please email, and I will summarize if there is interest.
--
_ dan@dyndata.com
/ \_ Dan Everhart uunet!{camco,fluke}!dyndata!dan
\_/ \____________________________ 206-743-6982, 742-8604 (fax)
/ \_/ 7107 179th St SW
\_/ Dynamic Data & Electronics Edmonds, WA 98026, USA
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As I recall from reading posts here a while back, Rovax (Rovacs?) died
because it was larger and noisier than the competing cheap R12 systems
of it day. Probably a case of bad timing. I think the system would
have a better chance today now that R12 systems are on death row, but
investors may be hard to come by a second time.
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The Viper isn't an Inline 10 or Flat 10, is it? I'm pretty sure its
a V-10. Also, the Cizeta??? is a V-16, but it may not yet be more than a
dream...
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The Civic does still come in a 4 door model. My wife and I looked
quite seriously at the 626, Prizm (Corolla), and Civic, as well as
some other cars. Our impressions: all three seemed well built and had
the features we wanted - these are similar to the features you want
except for cruise control, and we want a manual transmission and are
considering anti-lock brakes. I also hate automatic seatbelts and we
both think having an airbag is a plus. In general, comfort and
performance were both significant.
Some specific +'s and -'s are listed below.
Mazda 626
+ very comfortable and roomy
+ can theoretically get ABS on DX model, though in practice this is
hard to find
+ base price for base model includes numerous little things like:
tach, variable speed wipers, rear defroster, 60/40 split folding rear seat
- more expensive than many other cars listed below
Honda Civic
+ DX gets significantly better mileage than other cars listed here
+ comfortable front seat
+ adjustable seat belt mounting
- no ABS without EX model (includes $1000's of other things like a sunroof)
Geo Prizm/Toyota Corolla
- seats not very comfortable to us (your mileage may vary)
+ adjustable seat belt mounting
+ can get ABS without lots of other extras
Saturn
+ SL2 was quite comfortable, though SL1 less so
- motorized attack belts
Dodge Spirit
no real outstanding +'s, but seemed generally ok
- rear seat does not fold down
Chevy Corsica
+ comes with ABS standard
- lower "would you buy that car again" and safety ratings in
Consumer Reports (than first 3 cars above)
- suspension didn't feel as stiff as the others (this would be a +
for some)
The Honda Accord and Toyota Camry were both more expensive than the
626, and in our minds, not significantly better.
We probably gave disproportionately low consideration to the "big 3",
due (a) to my wife's family's general dislike of Chrysler products,
(b) some unimpressive GM products owned by my parents and a housemate
of mine (c) the Taurus comes with automatic transmission, I find the
seat of the Tempo very uncomfortable, and the escort has attack belts
and no air bag.
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Reboost may not be a problem, if they have enough fuel. If they don't do a
reboost this time, they will definitely have to do one on the next servicing
mission. But try to land a shuttle with that big huge telescope in the
back and you could have problems. The shuttle just isn't designed to land
with that much weight in the payload.
of course that is a concern too, and the loss of science during the time
that it is on the ground. plus a fear that if it comes down, some
big-wig might not allow it to go back up. but the main concern, I
believe is the danger of the landing. Just to add another bad vibe,
they also increase the risk of damaging an instrument. Finally,
this is a chance for NASA astronanuts to prove they could build and
service a space station. Hubble was designed for in flight servicing.
bringing the telescope down, to my understanding, was considered
even very recently, but all these factors contribute to the
decision to do it the way it was planned in the beginning.
ROB
--
===========================================================================
===========================================================================
Disclaimer-type-thingie>>>>> These opinions are mine! Unless of course
they fall under the standard intellectual property guidelines.
But with my intellect, I doubt it. Besides, if it was useful
intellectual property, do you think I would type it in here?
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I don't know what you mean by 'edged', but surely there are two other
possibilities for an isotropic distribution: near interstellar (up to
~100 pc, i.e. within the disc), or the Galaxy's corona?
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Nowadays, usually with a computer. No theory predicted the numeric
discoveries listed above. No one can yet write an algorithm that will
predict the precise behavior of any of these at any precise level of
their evolution. So it remains for experimenters to gather data on their
behavior.
Gary
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Does anybody have any information on the second generation Broncos? (I'm
not talking about Bronco II's, I'm referring to the Broncos that began
production in 1978 based on the F-150 chassis I believe)
I need to know what to look for, can the tops be removed from all
models, how easily can that be done. Also, what kind of price range
should I be looking at? (i.e. what is blue book) I'm in college right
now, and would like a Jeep. Unfortunately, I've got a bit of a ride to
school, and I need to carry a lot of junk to and from the dormitory in
the spring/fall. I think that the Bronco (with the removable fiberglass)
would be a better (read "bigger") choice than a CJ-5 or CJ-7.
Even better: anybody in the Maryland/Virginia area interested in selling
one?
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Oh, that's not so bad. Every time I try to change the oil, I forget to
shut off the engine first. The hot oil comes out and scalds me, blinds
me, then the engine starts to overheat, and while I'm screaming in agony
and trying to crawl out from under the car, I grab the red hot exhaust
pipe and get third degree burns on my hands. My screams intensify as I
finally emerge from under the car, and I struggle to my feet in front of
the car, whereupon the radiator hose ruptures and sprays me with super
heated coolant. Then the engine seizes, but not before the cylinder head
explodes, piercing my flesh with fragments of red hot iron.
This happens every time. I'm starting to think I should pay the mechanic
$25 instead paying the hospital $250,000 and the dealer $25,000 for a new
car. This gets costly when you change the oil every 3000 miles.
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I have a few questions about the TAX on a used car purchase.
I live in New York State, and I am going to buy a used car.
I know that I will have to pay tax when I go to register the car.
But I would like to know of tax is payed on the book value of the car, or
on the purchase price. Also, what tax rate is used ? The owner lives in
Albany (8% tax), and I will be living in Saratoga with 7% tax.
Do I pay Albany tax or Saratoga tax ? (the difference is a whole $50)
One more thing, how much does it cost for the usual 2 year registration ?
Did I leave anything out ? What else might I have to know to purchase and
register a used car ? (I've never done this before.)
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Also,if they did come from the Oort cloud we would expect to
see the same from other stars Oort Clouds.
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A bright light phenomenon was observed in the Eastern Finland
on April 21. At 00.25 UT two people saw a bright, luminous
pillar-shaped phenomenon in the low eastern horizont near
Mikkeli. The head of the pillar was circular. The lower part
was a little winding. It was like a monster they told. They
were little frightened. Soon the yellowish pillar became
enlarged. A bright spot like the Sun was appeared in the middle
of the phenomenon. At last the light landed behind the nearby
forest. Now there was only luminous trails in the sky which were
visible till morning sunrise.
The same phenomenon was observed also by Jaakko Kokkonen in
Lappeenranta. At 00.26 UT he saw a luminous yellowish trail in
the low northeastern horizont. The altitude of the trail was
only about 3-4 degrees. Soon the trail began to grow taller.
A loop was appeared in the head of the trail. It was like a
spoon. This lasted only 10 seconds. Now the altitude was about
five degress above horizont. He noted a bright spot at the
upper stage of loop. The spot was at magnitude -2. The loop
became enlarged and the spot was now visible in the middle of
the loop. A cartwheel-shaped trail was appeared round the bright
spot. After a minute the spot disappeared and only fuzzy trails
were only visible in the low horizont. Luminous trails were still
visible at 01.45 UT in the morning sky.
The phenomenon was caused by a Russian rocket. I don't know if
there were satellite launches in Plesetsk Cosmodrome near
Arkhangelsk, but this may be a rocket experiment too. Since 1969
we have observed over 80 rocket phenomena in Finland. Most of
these are rocket experiments (military missile tests?), barium
experiments and other chemical releases. During these years we
have observed 17 satellite launches.
Leo Wikholm
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Well, almost. It turns out that clever orbital mechanics can
engineer things so that resonant interactions with the higher order
harmonics of the Earth's gravitational field can pump energy into a
satellite, and keep it from experiencing drag effects for periods of
months to years.
My favorite example of this is the Soviet/Russian heavy ELINT
satellites of the Cosmos 1603 class, which are in 14:1 resonance. In
particular, C1833 has undergone two periods of prolonged *gain* in
altitude, the current one having started in June 1991; the mean altitude
of the satellite is now as high as it has ever been since launch on 18
March 1987. (Looking at the elements for C1833 also shows the
limitations of NORAD's software -- but that's another story.)
This probably has little relevance to space stations, since the 71
degree orbits of the C1603 satellites are at 850 km, which is
unacceptably far into the inner van Allen belt for manned platforms. But
it's kind of interesting from the point of view of the physics of the
situation.
(Orbital elements for these satellites are available on request.)
Allen Thomson SAIC McLean, VA
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Okay, the earth has a magnetic field (unless someone missed something?)
Okay if you put a object in the earth magnetic field, it produces electricty..
Now the question. Can you use electricity to power a space/low earth orbit
vehicle? and i fyou can, can you use the magnetic field of the earth to power
it??
Can the idea of a "dragless" satellite be used in part to create the electrical
field?
After all the dragless satellite is (I might be wrong), a suspended between to
pilons, the the pilons compensate for drag.. I think I know what I want to say,
just not sure how to say it..
A dragless satellite sounds interestingly enough liek a generator.
==
Michael Adams, nsmca@acad3.alaska.edu -- I'm not high, just jacked
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I believe the interstates were origionally funded as part of a national
defense plan etc. The requirements were to move heavy army trucks at
70mph.
Still its amazing in Germany you can have cars traveling 155 mph and 65 mph
on the same 3 to 4 lane road. Around Washington DC they can't keep traffic
flowing at 55.
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Hmm... there must be two towns with the same name. Kaliningrad,
located just North of Moscow is correct. It is the home of several
Russian space enterprises, including NPO Energia, Krunichev, Fakel,
and Tsniimach. The main Russian manned spacecraft control facility
is also located here.
Kaliningrad is easily reachable by auto from Moscow, and tours
can be arranged. Call ahead though, there are still armed military
guards at many of these facilities -- who don't speak English,
aren't well paid, and are rather bored.
It's a very popular destination with Western space industry
types at the moment.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Wales Larrison Space Technology Investor
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[i agree wholeheartedly!!]
not sure about there in CA, but here in US, the manuals are quite often the
standard equipment. Of course, FINDING a car with one might be hard, but
if you read the sticker on the window, there is usally an additional 2k or
so tacked on for that lousy tranny. So you actually ARE paying more, just
that it's sometimes hard to find one that is equipped "standard". (this
applies to MOST cars, but not to the luxoyachts..eg caddilac, licolns, etc..)
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Or perhaps even weird?
Hmmm, you might want to read this group more carefully; there's been a good
amount of discussion of the proposed Pluto Fast Flyby (PFF) mission that is
specifically designed to be small and cheap.
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Believe Bugatti's coming(has) out one. Something like 4 turbos
and mucho macho HP. One cool price too, as i heard. At any rate,
the point is, i'm pretty sure there is, indeed, one in production...
tho rather limited..
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Yeah, diesels are cleaner than petrol powered cars. They even have catalysts
fitted to disels now! Oh and Citroen have even launched the 'First sports
diesel car in the world'. Which is probably true if you assume if its for
production purposes (Merc-Benz had a prototype which runs on diesel back in
around 1968..... it did - and read this! - 200 MPH!!!)
....Shaz....
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This is one of those "yes, but" things. It's true that a hydraulically
pressurized tube can be somewhat more rigid than an unpressurized tube,
but even at 2000 PSI levels a hydraulic hose will bend rather easily,
though it's straight-on compressive strength is high, and it's torsional
resistance increase is practically nil. On the other grasping member,
there's no doubt that hydraulic "leverage" exists in nature. Tree roots
are an example. Given time they can shatter concrete as osmotic pressure
increases.
Kangaroos 3-limbed? I don't think so. If you take the view that the
tail is a limb, then monkeys and kangaroos are 5-limbed. I think the
tail is a different kind of structure, grossly enlarged in the case
of the kangaroo, but primarily still an instrument of balance rather
than locomotion. I don't know much about panda "thumbs", so I'll ask
is it opposable?
Well I won't say flat out that they can't be intelligent, but I'll
bring a couple of lines of argument to bear to try to show why I
don't think it's likely. First let me say that when I say "intelligent"
I mean complex behaviors in response to novel situations on a level
with, or greater than, human tool use and tool building. IE assuming
suitable manipulators are present on the creature to allow it to alter
it's enviroment in a planned way, it will do so. That's certainly not
a universal or complete definition of intelligence, but it will suffice
for a putative technological alien.
Now no one knows exactly what makes a brain capable of thought, but
it's generally accepted that one of the criteria is a certain level
of complexity. This is generally determined by the number of neuron
cells, and their interconnections. So a creature the size of a lemur
wouldn't have enough neurons to support complex thought. This argument
is considerably less clear in the case of the dinosaur. There's room
for a large brain, though no indication that one ever developed. One
reason this may be true is neuronic speed. The electrochemical messages
that trigger neurons require time to propagate. This makes it difficult
for a highly complex central brain to coordinate the movements of very
large creatures. So there's little selection pressure for such brains.
Instead, a simpler distributed network evolves. This doesn't rule out
intelligent dinosaurs, but it points in that direction.
Then there are the thermodynamic arguments. A tiny creature like the
lemur needs to eat frequently because it's internal heat is rapidly
lost due to it's high surface to volume ratio. I contend that a creature
that must spend most of it's time and energy feeding won't have the time
to develop and exercise intelligence. That argument may be somewhat weak.
The dinosaur's problem is the reverse, it must moderate it's heat production
because it's high volume to surface ratio makes it tend to retain waste heat.
I'm assuming that a certain temperature range is optimal for chemical
reactivity reasons for productive neuron function. So creatures would
tend to need to maintain a regulated temperature in a range near that
of humans if they are carbon based. That tends to rule out cold blooded
creatures as potential homes of intelligence. Some people contend that
some of the dinosaurs may have been warm blooded. But for a creature
the size of a brontosaur, it's activity levels would have to be restrained
or it would be prone to generate an internal steam explosion from the
waste heat. Whales are similar size, but they can reject heat to the
ocean, a much more efficient sink than air. I suspect that for intelligence
to manifest itself, a certain degree of activity in interacting with the
environment is necessary. IE monkey curiousity. I doubt a large dinosaur
would be capable of that much activity.
Gary
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In a word, yes.
1989 Bonnevilles prices (avg. retail):
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Any one with experience in having a centreforce clutch (or any other)
on his/her car?
I'm considering to replace my old stock clutch on my 90 CRX Si.
What is a fair price?
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Oh, really. When?
The '93 Mustang Cobra can. Check it out.
Ehhhh, maybe. The '93 Mustang Cobra does a good job for a lower price,
and it's just a taste of what's ahead in the 30th Anniversary of
the original Pony Car.
Just think! Corvettes are almost up to the performance levels
of a '65 Cobra! Wow! In a few years, they might be up to the
performance levels of a '66 Ford GT-40. Wow, man, just think
about it... ;-)
James
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1954 MG-TF with frame-up restoration in early '70's - a local show winner!
Driven very little and stored inside since then - mostly collected dirt &
dust. Needs attention to brake cylinders (like all MG-T's) but otherwise
ready to run. Chrome & paint not fancy but it is mechanically excellent.
The engine, a 1250cc, was completely overhauled by a machine shop. It is
priced at $12,000.
1953 MG-TD Good shape but hasn't been run since '70's. Needs engine work,
but no rust and everything is with it including a top, side curtains and
carpet that were new and haven't seen the outdoors since the '70's. $9,500.
1952 MG-TD Basket Case. I'd call it a parts car, but it's too good
for that. Everything seems to be there except the tach. Would make
a good project car or parts car if you insist. No apparent rust but the
upholstery is a disaster. Stored inside since the '70's. The top was
new but now soso. This one has wire wheels! Looking for $4,500.
All three cars will be sold "as they stand" with no hassles or haggles.
Time has passed by and it is time to part company. Prices are negotiable.
Reply via matthews@Oswego.oswego.edu or U.S. mail to: P. O. Box 1015
315-341-3501 Oswego, NY 13126
--
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Climbers regard 8000 metres and up as "The Death Zone". Even on 100% Oxygen,
you are slowly dying. At 8848m (Everest), most climbers spend only a short
period of time before descending. I've been above 8000 once. Descending as
little as 300m feels like walking into a jungle, the air is so thick. Everest
in winter without oxygen, no support party (Alpine style). That is the
"ultimate challenge" (or is it solo?)
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Funny, I thought the numbering scheme for both Lexus and Infiniti was
related to sticker price more than anything else, i.e. Infiniti G20 (around
20K), Q45 (around 45K), Lexus ES250 (RIP) (around 25K), Lexus ES300 (around
30K), etc.
Is there a conspiracy theory there?
Spiros
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Seems to me that I heard that some early Saabs were 2 cycle V4's.
Then again, who could possibly care ?>
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I can vouch for this method in my 1990 SHO. This is the only sure way of
putting in the reverse without any problem _every_ time.
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I've heard *unconfirmed* rumours that there is a new Integra being released
for '94.
Does anybody have any info on this?
The local sales people know as much as I can throw them.
--Parms.
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Well, an LT1 Blazer wouldn't come close to a GMC Typhoon in speed, I think its
too heavy. As it is right now, the normal 210HP 5.7 engine has plenty of
power for a full size Blazer. Of course, I'm not saying GM shouldn't put the
LT1 in it :). It seems like they have a real winner with that engine. Why
spend so much more money into getting a 32 valve DOHC V8 when you can take
an LT1? It even seems to get pretty good gas MPG (for a 5.7, that is.)
[talking about Impala SS]
Yeah, it's a flat black, lowered 4 door Caprice riding on 17" aluminum rims and
Eagle GS-C tires. The rest of the car is basically a Caprice LTZ (read:
plush police package) with 300 horsepower.
I heard that Chevy is resurrecting the Monte Carlo but that's going to get
their 3.4 DOHC V6 and not the LT1.
--
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Andrew Krenz -- uznerk@mcl.ucsb.edu | krenz@engrhub.ucsb.edu
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[Description of Boeing study of two-staged spaceplane using
supersonic ramjets deleted.]
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Sorry that's an aesthetics argument. maybe this string shoudl mofe to
sci.space.aesthetics.
Planes ruin the night sky. Blimps ruin the night sky. Radio towers
ruin the night sky.
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Hello, All!
I apologize, I haven't published my astro FTP list since March.
Now I haven't tested all the sites included into the list. I
would notified all the people, you have stored some older issues
of my, there are now lots of changes. Many sites have gone away:
They either do not exist any more or all the astro stuff have
removed.
The job keep this list is very hard, so all the notes and informat-
ion of changes, new sites, new contents etc. is welcome.
I would thank all the net people who give me information for the
newest version.
regards,
Veikko Makela
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Turbo boost is necessary if a turboed car.
Fuel reserve warning.
Coolant level warning.
It would also be nice to have a gauge that would cycle across the different
sensors in the FI system such as O2 sensor, altitude, Air Flow...
I'd love to get Tranny and diff.
Brake temp would be great...
And a BIG ASS tach. :)
Sean
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Especially the '68 Shelby-American GT-500KR (King of the Road, so named
to steal GM's planned Camaro King of the Road's thunder :-)
Some GT-40s are street legal, some aren't.
I found my Shelby-American guide. There were a grand total 126 GT-40s
built:
GT-40 Coupes 55
GT-40 Road Cars 31
GT-40 Mk II 13
GT-40 Mk IIIs 7
GT-40 Roadsters 5
Mirages 3
GT-40 Mk IVs 12
TOTAL: 126
Additional uncompleted Mk IIIs 6-12
Twelve of these cars were prototypes; 48 racing coupes; 31 road coupes;
eight Mk II coupes; 4 LHD Mk IIIs; and 3 RHD Mk IIIs. The other
breakdowns follow the above list (eg, 12 were Mk IVs). The LHD/RHD
breakdown is only given on the Mk IIIs.
The prices (for those which can be bought) are around the $1 Million
mark, last I heard, with a projection of some $3.5 Million (or
thereabouts) in 2000. It was second only to some penny-ante Ferarri ;-).
Shelby won the FIA World Manufacturer's Cup with his Cobras in '65; that
was also the year that he retired them from the Shelby-American racing
team (in favor of the Ford GT program the next year). That victory
broke a 13(?) year Ferarri winning streak.
Well, there's lotsa info I could spout, but I'll refrain. Much of
this information comes from "Hot Rod" magazine's "Shelby American
Cobra/Mustang Guide," which has more info on the Shelby-American
Fords than you could _ever_ want to know.
James
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Even if they did, a globe at a scale that you could fit into your average room
or even average "hall" the deviations you mention would not be visually
evident. In other words a micrometer would be required to test the fact that
the Globe was infact pear-shaped.
Regards Scott.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Scott Fisher [scott@psy.uwa.oz.au] PH: Aus [61] Perth (09) Local (380 3272).
_--_|\ N
Department of Psychology / \ W + E
University of Western Australia. Perth [32S, 116E]--> *_.--._/ S
Nedlands, 6009. PERTH, W.A. v
*** ERROR 144 - REBOOT? is a registered trademark of ENSONIQ Corp ***
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This question comes up frequently enough that there should be a faq
about it...
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A dealer will make money off you in three ways, if you let him:
1) New car markup over his cost (remember his hold-back),
2) Arranging financing through the dealership, and
3) Screwing you on the trade.
Keep the deal with the dealer simple by eliminating 2 & 3. Buying a car at
"dealer's cost" is meaningless if he makes $1000 on the trade and/or gets a
kickback from the bank.
Blue book (you need to know if you're talking average wholesale or average
retail) is a good guide to value for a car. If you are selling it yourself,
try to get average retail, and chances are you'll have done ok.
Be careful selling to acquaintances if you ever want them to become friends.
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Is HST really _that_ much heavier than a Spacelab ???
bd
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TRry the SKywatch project in Arizona.
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I am planning on buying a repair manual for my ford taurus. (92).
Is the $53 Ford shop manual comprehensive enough , covering repairs
in all aspects of the car ?
how about the haynes manual for tarus ?
please email replies if possible.
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I tried the AutoFom stuff on my 1991 Saturn SC, and was so disappointed with it
that I returned it for a refund. I polished the car for 2 hours and couldn't
remove the swirl marks/thin film that was all over the finish. It also
attracted more dirt than without the stuff.
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Well, I'll avoid your question for now (got some learnin' to do) with a
promise to come back with more info when I can find it. I _do_ know that
BATSE is the primary instrument in the development of the all-sky map of
long-term sources. Given that fact, and the spacecraft attitude knowledge
of approx. 2 arcmin, we might be able to figure out how well BATSE can
determine the location (rotational) of a Gamma Ray burster from knowledge
of the all-sky map's accuracy. PR material for the other three instruments
give accuracies on the order of "fractions of a degree", if that's
any help.
Speaking of GRO, the net-world probably was happy to see that the preps
for orbit adjust appear to be going well. Our branch guy who's helping
out says that things have gone smoothly with the iso-valve preps and the
burns will take place in mid-June.
Anyway, I'm off to find out more. 'Be back when I get some info.
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--
The GT was based on the Kadette chassis. It was built model years 1969-1973.
The Manta came out in the 1974 model year and was a 4 seat coupe.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Matthew R. Singer MIT Lincoln Laboratory
(617) 981-3771 244 Wood Street
singer@ll.mit.edu Lexington, MA 02173
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What's the best lease quote that anyone has seen on a Toyota Previa DX or DX
All-trac for a two-year lease? If you know where I can get a better
rate than $330/month, please contact me with the name and phone of
the dealership.
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Having recently purchased a 93 Probe with clear-coat paint, I
would like to give it a good wax job. What is the Best type of
wax to use for this type of finish? Is paste or liquid better?
I would be waxing it by hand, and buffing it by hand, I guess
using cheesecloth to buff it (anything better you would suggest?).
I've heard comments here before about things like Turtle Wax
and Raindance not being very good, so I'm wondering what is
recommended for a quality finish.
Thanks in advance.
Bill
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I'm not sure if this made it out so i'll try again.
I have an Ecklar's (sp?) Corvette car cover for sale. The cover is canvas
on the outside and felt on the inside. It is weather proof and in great
condition. I'm asking $95.00 and I'll pay shipping. (originally $175.00
in October of 1992).
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Why not design the solar arrays to be detachable. if the shuttle is going
to retunr the HST, what bother are some arrays. just fit them with a quick release.
one space walk, or use the second canadarm to remove the arrays.
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Ron> Viper also sells some fancy field disturbance sensor that
Ron> supposedly detects people approcahing the car....
Ron
If your Viper system were tuned like a neighbor's is you wouldn't get
any sleep because of the damn thing waking every one in the neighborhood
up.
We all used to try to ignore the alarm, but have now made a pact to
bombard the house with night-time visits and phone calls when ever we
are awakened because some thunder storm passed over the next county
or a stray dog looked at the car.
Car alarms are a serious pain-in-the-ass!
-ks
p.s. Real men don't have car radios since the exhaust is too loud to
hear it anyway <GRIN>!
--
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Wouldn't you rather have some type of standard "electrical" plug instead of
that "fire hazard waiting to happen" adaptor? I know I would, and I would
also prefer to have sensibly placed cup holders instead of an ashtray. (my
car came with coin holders already built in)
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I need to get some info. on cellular antennas.. who
are the biggest companies in this market now? how much
do their antenna cost? what are the specs on the antennas
(gain, directivity)...? who is the contact person?
thank-you
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Germans are just more organised; you can't blitz all of Europe in a
matter of , what, 9 months, unless you're pretty organised. If we tried
that, there'd just be a whole bunch of tanks backed up at the border,
waiting for some jerk in the right lane trying to get over to make a
left turn.
"This, of course, caused Germany to invade Belgium. One of the important
lessons of history is that anything, including late afternoon
thundershowers, will cause Germany to invade Belgium."
--Dave Barry
Happy Motoring!
JMR
'93 SL2, blue-green
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hahahahahahahahahahaha - thanks for that, I haven't laughed so much in
ages!
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Has someone actually verified that mass is the predominant constraint on this
mission? You seem to be assuming it without giving supporting evidence.
Pat, this would be slower, more expensive and worse.
Slower: The shuttle mission is scheduled to go up in December. That's less
than eight months away. There is no way you could build new hardware, retrain
and reschedule the EVA's in that time.
More Expensive: Your proposal still requires the shuttle to do everything it
was going to do execpt fire the OMS. In addition, you've added significant
extra cost for a new piece of complex hardware.
According to a GAO report on the OMV I have before me, there are
only two currently planned missions that could use such a vehicle -- HST and
AXAF. Since AXAF has since been scaled back and HST can rely on the shuttle,
there doesn't seem to be any need for your vehicle.
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I had a '82 Saab 900 Turbo, and now have a '87 BMW 325is
There is no comparison for handling, reliability, or overall quality of
engineering. The BMW wins hands down. After 5 years I was sick and tired
of the all the little problems and entropic decay of the SAAB. The 6-year
old BMW is still as sweet as it was new.
But I see you are posting from western MA. BMW's **SUCK** in the snow.
I have aggressive snows, plus a hundred pounds of sand in the back, and I
still try to avoid driving in the snow. I happily took the SAAB through
blizzard conditions without a worry. I would say this is the single design
flaw in the BMW.
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We want to give lawyers something to do in the 21st cen., don't we?
Oh I bet you do. They are probably just better at it than our crooks. :-)
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From article <1993Apr21.190251.14371@sequent.com>, by troy@sequent.com (Troy Wecker):
.
.
.
.
.
.
It sounds like your analysis is based on hypothesis and not
actually using the Valentine-1. I'd like to give some feedback based on
real life experince. I keep the Valentine-1 in advanced logic mode
and it rarely lights up as a Christmas tree. The only time it does
is when I am in the middle of a major shopping area and then it makes
sense that is does since there are >= 8 sources coming from many different
directions. I have found the Valentine-1 to be consistent in its
reporting of bogeys regardless of any moving cars in the area.
I have found the directional indication to be very useful. In one case
there was two radar traps set up within one mile of each other. As I
passed the first radar trap, the direction indication changed. Then
the detector was set off again pointing in the forward direction. With
other radar detectors I would have assumed that this was due to a reflection.
But with the Valentine-1 I knew there was a high probability that there
was another trap. And there was!
On other occasions, the directional helped discern a false alarm from
a true alarm. For example, as I pass a source, the direction indicator
changes. The directional also allows me to focus my attention as to where
the signal might be coming from instead of having to look all over the
place. When a car is approaching me from the rear with a detector
that leaks, I can tell that the signal is coming from the rear and as the
car passes me I can verify the source. With other detectors, I would
have been unable to do this and would have had to assume that there was a radar
trap when there was none.
I've had the Valentine-1 for several months now and find its added features
to be useful and not gimmicks.
-Barry
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Cool off! These people have as much right to be here as you do.
(BTW, is this the kind of friendly, helpful service we should
expect from Cray?)
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Don't worry about this -- they'll drop you like a hot potato after you do
make a claim. They'll just make filing the claim a pain, but it will end
when they leave you in the lurch.
More than that. GEICO funded the company that developed LIDAR. When locals
showed a reluctance to BUY the units, GEICO started giving them away. I
know they've given units to the Florida Highway Patrol, County Sheriff's a
and some local governments.
The real question is why? This is the hook. GEICO, and other Ins. Co.s can
tell which drivers represent risk. This is a determination they can make
AFTER YOU receive a speeding ticket from one of GEICO's LIDAR units. Most
drivers do not represent increased risk even after a ticket or two, but
this gives them the opportunity to RAISE RATES FOR EQUAL RISK. It's called
extra profits. They also know how silly the NSL is, and how it is almost
universally ignored. Driving in excess of the NSL gets you a ticket, an
increase in your rates, points on your license --- but it doesn't make you
a riskier driver to insure.
Like the sound of this? Like the people who thought up the scheme? Go GEICO!
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This is, shall we say, an overly-broad statement. In particular, are you
referring to the native American culture that existed in 1400, or the one
that existed in 1800? (Simplify things by assuming we're talking about
the eastern US rather than the whole continent.) Given that those were
*radically* different cultures, which one are you referring to?
Note that the pre-Columbian native Americans, east of the Mississippi,
did all of these things. (Well, maybe not "on Sunday", but they did
have organized religions, not to mention cities and governments.) If
you are judging the native Americans by the tribal culture that existed
in 1800, you might want to read an account of the De Soto expedition
to find out what pre-Columbian native American culture, at least in the
more civilized parts of the continent, was like.
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I hadn't heard of the Valentine-1 before. Car&Driver and other auto
magazines
recommend BEL detectors. I was considering their latest - the 966STi -
which picks up Super Wideband Ka and Laser as well. It also avoids
radar detector detectors (although I really don't care about this since I
doubt I'll be driving in Virginia anytime soon - or have any other states
also made detectors iilegal?)
How does the Valentine-1 compare with the BEL products?
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Much of Cook's later exploration was privately funded, by Joseph Banks
among others (eg in Resolution & the earlier Endeavour). Colnett's voyage
to the Galapagos was substantially privately funded by the owners of
British whaling vessels. Chancellor and Willoughby were privately funded
by London merchant companies in their voyages to Muscovy. The list is
almost endless. Those doing the funding were about eighty percent
motivated by potential profit, ten percent by potential glory and ten
percent by the desire to advance the sum of human knowledge.
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I can't speak to sheer mass, but part of the problem is that HST
wasn't built to ever be brought back down. It's not built for those
kinds of 'jolt' forces and there is no support cradle for it (which is
additional weight that would be required.
--
"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
in the real world." -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
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For sale, 1988 Toyota Corolla FX, AM/FM radio, nothing else.
Low mileage - 28,000. (I ride my bike to work.)
Dark Blue. Good condition. ONLY $3800.
I am leaving the country for a year and must sell this
great city car.
CALL RENEE FECTEAU - (408) 924-5171 leave message.
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This is kind of interesting. I always assumed that the 240SX was named
because of the 2.4 liter engine which it uses. Likewise for the 200SX
which uses a 2.0 liter engine. Isn't this true?
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I was at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum the other day and one of
their VERY early winners was 4 valves per cylinder (and either front
wheel drive or all wheel drive, I think front wheel drive) and that
was in 1914!
Spiros
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Lexus es300, gs300, sc300, Infiniti J30, Dozens of others, including
common cars like the Toyota Camry (as an option).
Lexus ls400, sc400, Acura Legend, Infiniti Q45, Lincoln Mark VIII, some
cadillacs and other luxury autos.
V10 - Dodge viper (?)
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foot in mouth again, drew. the first generation mr 2's were 1.6's which
were very smooth. i'd be real surprised if the original poster was talking
about a 1st generation car. the second generation cars were 2.2 for the
non turbo and 2.0 for the turbo. i drove the non turbo 2.2 and calling it
unpleasant is to be kind to it..
wrong and wrong. mitsubishi owns the patent, which has since expired
which is why everybody with a shred of integrity is putting balance
shafts into their big 4's.. the notable exception is nissan.. and only
for the us market suckers. i guess we need to write to C&D and start
telling them to publish graphs for engine vibration over rpm. then
you'll see usenet discussions of the form: engine A has peak
vibrations 3 dB less than engine B, therefore engine A is better than
engine B.
1/2 :-)
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I just entered the market for a Radar Detector and am looking for
any & all advice/recommendations/warnings/etc from anyone in
this group.
Email is preferred.
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Given that what i described for the HST seemed to be the SMT, and given
the mass amrgins on the discovery mission is tight enough that spacewalking
has to be carefully constrained..... No EDO pallets, no spare Suits,
no extra MMU's.
WHy not do this?
Quick Test Goldins philosophjy of faster cheaper, better.
Build a real fast Space TUg, to handle the re-boost of the HST using
clean Cryo fuels, and get it ready before the HST mission.
If NASA could build Mercury in 13 months, they should be able to make
an SMT in 9.
How much would it need?
Guidance package. Use a Voyager spare.
Thruster gear, Use H2O2, or LOX/LH.
Bus Use a Commsat.
Grapple fixture. Use a stripped down Canadarm.
Comms package. SPare X-band omni gear.
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Geico supports (reads gives to police) Laser Radars. They have been known
to be very picky. No sports cars. No radar detectors (although Maryland
insurance board over rules this consistantly). No turbos.
Basically it seems if you need to use your insurance ever they don't want
you. They once told me they wouldn't insure me (perfect record) because of
my corvette even though it would be insured by another specialty insurance.
"We must insure all the cars". I think this rep didn't know what she was
talking about.
Geico is cheap. But if you ever file a claim be prepared to be dropped. I
think in most areas two tickets will do it.
Geico will never see a dime from me If I can help it.
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Low oil pressure, usually. Could be your oil pump, or...
checked your oil lately???
MC
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We can only say that they are beyond about 25 AU, due to the low
accuracy of position determination by single detectors.
It may be a NEW Physics problem (i.e. a problem involving new
physics). However, the data is not good enough to rule out the >100
models which use old physics. New physics is a big step, and is only
tolerated when there is no alternative. For example , the Dark Matter
Problem (there's more to the universe than meets the eye) is a question
of comparable mystery to GRBs, but we have much better data regarding
it. Theoreticians postulate new particles all the time to explain it,
but no one will actually believe that these particles are real until an
experimentalist (or several) detects them in the lab.
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hausner@qucis.queensu.ca (Alejo Hausner) Pontificated:
To split a split hair, I believe that teflon (-CF4- monomer) was
"discovered" by accident when someone I don't remember
found what he thought was a liquid (or gas?) had turned to a
solid...
It just happend to fit the bill for the above use...
I'm crossposting to sci.materials so perhaps someone in the know
might elaborate...
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Japan is _much_ more open than Korea.
Yes. A Pontiac Grand Am suffers a factor of _2_ increase in price
when it is exported to Japan.
However, a Dodge vehicle (the one that Congressman Gephardt mentioned)
suffers a factor of _4_ increase in price when it is exported to Korea.
A Ford Taurus suffers the same problem. A Honda Accord costs--I am
not making this up--$48,000 in Korea.
Just how many people would want to buy a Honda Accord for $48,000?
Solution: All ships carrying Korean-made vehicles should be returned
to Seoul. Pronto. Until as such time as Korea decides
that it wants to abide by the rules of free and fair trade
with the USA and Japan.
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Ford aimed for 75% US content when they designed the new Probe. In actual
practice it came out to 77% US content. If my '89 is any example the 23%
that is imported may be the engine and brakes, at least the '89 had
Missybitchy brakes.
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Agreed! I own a Mercury Villager and I'm very impressed with the V6 and
the AT. In the past, I've been biased towards manual/standard transmissions(I owned
an Aerostar with a 5-speed, it was awesome!), but settled with the AT in the
Villager and have been pleasantly surprised with it's performance.
BTW, Consumers Report in their report on the Villager, alluded to some
funny noises from the AT, I've been listening for them but haven't noticed anything
unusual.
-Chris
Christopher J. Born
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Batse alone isn't always used to determine position. WHen a
particularly bright burst occurs, There are a couple of other detectors that
catch it going off. Pioneer 10 or 11 is the one I'm getting at here. This
puppy is far enough away, that if a bright burst happens nearby, the huge
annulus created by it will hopefully intersect the line or general circle given
by BATSE, and we can get a moderately accurate position. Say oh, 2 or 3
degrees. That is the closest anyone has ever gotten with it.
Actually, my advisor, another classmate of mine, and me were talking
the other day about putting just one detector on one of the Pluto satellites.
THen we realized that the satellite alone is only carrying something like 200
pounds of eq. Well, a BATSE detector needs lead shielding to protect it, and 1
alone weighs about 200 pounds itself.
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Geico has purchased radar guns in several states, I know they have done
it here in CT.
I have also heard horror stories about people that have been insured by Geico
for years and then had 1 accident and were immediately dropped. And once
you've been dropped by any insruance company you become labled a high
risk, and end up forking out 3 or 4 times what you should be for insurance.
My suggestion, stay where you are, or shop around but STAY AWAY from Geico!
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This is very curious being that they are both built by Mercury in the
very same factory.
Steve
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: >Why not build a inflatable space dock.
: If you're doing large-scale satellite servicing, being able to do it in
: a pressurized hangar makes considerable sense. The question is whether
: anyone is going to be doing large-scale satellite servicing in the near
: future, to the point of justifying development of such a thing.
That's a mighty fine idea. But since you asked "Why not," I'll
respond.
Putting aside the application of such a space dock, there are other
factors to consider than just pressurized volume. Temperature control
is difficult in space, and your inflatable hangar will have to
incorporate thermal insulation (maybe a double-walled inflatable).
Micrometeoroid protection and radiation protection are also required.
Don't think this will be a clear plastic bubble; it's more likely
to look like a big white ball made out of the same kind of multi-layer
fabric that soft-torso space suits are made out of today.
Because almost all manned space vessels (Skylab, Mir, Salyut) used
their pressurization for increased structural rigidity, even though
they had (have) metal skins, they still kind of qualify as inflatable.
The inflation process would have to be carefully controlled. The
space environment reduces ductility in exposed materials (due to
temperature extremes, monotomic Oxygen impingement, and radiation
effects on materials), so your "fabric" may not retain any flexibility
for long. (This may not matter.) Even after inflation, pressure
changes in the hangar may cause flexing in the fabric, which could
lead to holes and tears as ductility decreases.
These are some of the technical difficulties which the LLNL proposal
for an inflatable space station dealt with to varying degrees of
success.
-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov (713) 483-4368
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I have the same problem with my '90 probe. The water is definitely not comming
up from the rubber stoppered hole beneath the spare. I have to remove the
rubber stopper to drain the water. Seems like a common problem with probe.
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Note: BMW doesnt always follow this convention.
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I didn't want to quote all the stuff that's been said recently, I
just wanted to add a point.
The whole question of "a right to a dark sky" revolves around the
definition of a right. Moral rights and natural rights are all well and
good, but as far as I can see, a right is whatever you or someone
representing you can enforce. In most civilizations, the government or
the church (or both) defines what the rights of the citizens are, and
then enforces those rights for them. Here in the U.S., the constitution
provides a "Bill of Rights" from which most if not all legal rights are
considered to derive. I'm sure that most other countries have
comparable documents. If you can persuade a court that you have a right
to a dark sky derived in some manner from the Bill of Rights (in the
U.S.), you can prevent (maybe) these billboards from being launched. To
keep anyone in the world from launching then gets into international law
and the International Court of Justice (correct name?) in the Hague,
something I know little about.
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nope. 4 cylinder.
i wasn't aware that there was another Infiniti with a V-8 besides the Q45.
several. the 740i, 730i, 540i, 530i. (4.0 liter and 3.0 liter V-8)
one or two? there's at least one V-8 for every platform except
the compact (190E). S-class (400SEL, 500SEL), W124 (400E, 500E),
and roadster (500SL).
acura doesn't have any V-8 cars at the moment.
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Actually, that'd be 155 mph and 60 mph (the legal speed limit for trucks)
in *two* lanes, each direction. It's a hell of a rush when those trucks fly
by. (or was that me flying by them? Who cares, the rush is really something
else, and so is the draft)
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Indirect compared to what? Did Voyager 2 traverse a substantially greater
distance than, say, a Hohmann orbit? I've never heard Voyager's path
described as "indirect" before...
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Here is a press release from the U.S. Department of Energy.
Energy Secretary Hails President's Plan For Alternative Fuel
Vehicles
To: National Desk, Environment and Energy Reporters
Contact: Larry Hart of the U.S. Department of Energy, 202-586-5806
WASHINGTON, April 21 -- Secretary of Energy
Hazel R. O'Leary today said President Clinton's Executive Order on
Alternative Fuels will make the federal government a "driving force
behind efforts to increase the availability of both alternative
fuel vehicles and fuel supplies."
President Clinton signed the order today, which calls for
federal purchases of alternative fuel vehicles in numbers over the
next three years at least 50 percent higher than those called for
in the Energy Policy Act of 1992.
President Clinton also announced that Texas Land Commissioner
Gary Mauro will head up the Federal Fleet Conversion Task Force to
advise O'Leary on implementation of the Executive Order.
"I am delighted that I will be working with Gary Mauro to make
this happen," O'Leary said. "As Land Commissioner, Gary Mauro has
helped make Texas a national leader in converting the state fleet
to alternative fuels, and has been a tireless proponent of natural
gas vehicles in speeches across the country."
The task force is to issue a report within 90 days recommending
a plan and schedule of implementation.
"The Department of Energy and all of us in government must lead
by example if the option of alternative fuels is going to become a
practical, affordable choice for fleet owners across the country,"
O'Leary said. "Increased use of domestically-produced alternative
fuels means reducing pollution while creating jobs. We believe
that energy efficiency, protecting the environment, and a healthy
economy are complimentary goals."
O'Leary said that plans call for the Department of Energy to
coordinate the agencies' five-year purchase plans, help with
funding for extra purchase or conversion costs, and work with GSA
to encourage development of the fuel infrastructure needed to make
fleet conversions practical.
Under the order, the Department of Energy will also be working
with states, local governments and industry to coordinate vehicle
purchases and encourage manufacturers and fuel suppliers to make
alternative fuel vehicles and alternative fuels more widely
available.
-30-
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I've found mine ('93 Probe GT) to do quite well.
[window problem deleted, artical has been trimmed]
I've not had any of the air or leakage problems that have been reported but
do get the squeal that Bill describes. I live in Seattle so the wet weather
may be a factor.
If I recall correctly I got two keys.
This is true. I'm wondering if this may be a safety concern. IE, if people
pound on the place where the airbag lives...
No opinion.
The 5 speed is much more fun. We opted for the automatic for a number of
reasons but it's still fun, and in some ways more practical.
Ditto.
I too would suspect that this may be true.
Yes!
Ditto.
Agree. Check it out. I don't mind it but would say that if it was much
stiffer it might be a problem. (How about the '93 R1 RX-7 for suspension?!)
True.
I've had this problem and read about it. (or at least I assume the one
I had was the one I read about :-). In any case what happened was the
weld between the muffler and the pipe feeding it (ok, so I'm not a mechanic)
broke. In my case the dealer welded it, ordered replacement parts and
put them on when they got them. I suspect this is some sort of 1) design
flaw, or 2) production flaw. In any case I have an earlier model and would
expect it to be worked out on newer ones. In any case it is a warrantee
repair. (or they get the keys back!)
I second this. There seems to be some things that slipped through but the
car seems very sound. While not perfection (what is) you get an awful
lot for your money.
BTW, Bill has a Probe mailing list. You might want to subscribe to it if
you are interested in more detail. Try request-ford-probe@world.std.com
(did I get that right? never can remember if the request goes on the
front or the back :-)
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I am taking a course entitled "Exploring Science Using Internet".
For our final project, we are to find a compendium of Internet resources
dealing with a science-related topic. I chose Astronomy. Anyway, I was
wondering if anyone out there knew of any interesting resources on Internet
that provide information on Astronomy, space, NASA, or anything like that.
THANKS!
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Am I correct in assuming that the science instruments buffer their acquired
data in onboard RAM, which is then downloaded upon receipt of the MRO command?
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[Space ad proposed]
This is undoubtedly the sickest thing to come down the marketing pipe
in years, and the best reason for resurrecting the "Star Wars" killer
satellite system.
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Either I've just fallen for this, or you guys
are _really_ paranoid!
You're actually worried about somebody stealing
your oil?
C'mon, you think a vandal'll do that?!
That's absolutely ridiculous!
Besides, how hard is it to get under the car to
change the oil?
I can say from experience on the cars that I've driven and
changed the oil on, my Mazda 323 is pretty much a pain, but
once you've done it once, you don't forget how, and it
gets easier.
I can't imagine any other cars are much worse than mine.
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: To wheelspin in an auto, you keep the gear in N - gas it - then stick the
: gear in D... I've never tried this but am sure it works - but does this screw
: up the autobox? We're having a bit of a debate about it here...
I've known more people to leave their rear ends in pieces doing this,
especially if they have reasonable power to transmit and good traction
on the road surface.
You're better off powerbraking.
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We are interested in constructing a reentry vehicle to be deployed from a
tether attached to an orbiting platform. This will be a follow on to our
succesful deployment of a 20 kilometer tether on the March 29 flight of
SEDS (Small Expendable Deployment System), which released an instrumented
payload that reentered the earth's atmosphere and burned up over the west
coast of Mexico. This time we want to make a payload that can be recovered.
We want to build it from "off the shelf" technology so as to do this as
quickly and inexpensively as possible. We want to be able to track the
payload after it has deployed its parachute. An idea we have is to put the
same kind of radio beacon on it that is used with SARSATs (Search and Rescue
Satellites). It would turn on with the opening of the parachute and aid in
tracking. These beacons are known in the marine industry as EPIRBs
(Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon). They are rugged (they have to
be to survive a ship wreck!) and cheap. We have several questions:
1. What is the world authority regulating the use of SARSAT beacons. Are
there multiple authorites, i.e. military and civilian?
2. What are the regulations regarding the use of SARSAT signals. Can they
be used for one of a kind situations with a long lead time of warning the
relevant authorities, or are they strictly reserved for life threatening
emergencies?
3. What is the coverage of SARSATS? Are they in LEO with only intermittant
coverage of a fixed position on the earth, or are they in geosynchronous
orbit?
4. Is there an industry organization governing the use and manufacture of
these transponders?
Please post replies here or send E-mail to me at:
fennell@well.sf.ca.us
Thanak you very much for any assistance you can provide.
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The forces and accelerations involved in doing a little bit of orbital
maneuvering with HST aboard are much smaller than those involved in
reentry, landing, and re-launch. The OMS engines aren't very powerful;
they don't have to be.
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You don't *need* to, but it's desirable. HST, like all satellites in
low Earth orbit, is gradually losing altitude due to air drag. It was
deployed in the highest orbit the shuttle could reach, for that reason.
It needs occasional reboosting or it will eventually reenter. (It has
no propulsion system of its own.) This is an excellent opportunity,
given that there may not be another visit for several years.
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Why can't an aircraft be designed so that the pilot can always be
maintained in a upright position, perpendicular to the plane of
acceleration? With the visual helmets now being used that display
some of the flight parameters and with a keyboard and manuvering
equipment moving with the pilot, a pilot may be able to function at
accelerations in excess of 12G. Is anyone currently pursuing this
area or is there a reason why this is impossible at the present time?
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The question is not whether your radio will be stolen. The question is
when your radio will be stolen.
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Well pat for once I agree with you and I like your first idea that you had.
IT probably is the gamma ray signature of the warp transitions of interstellar
spacecraft! :)
Well it makes as much sense as some things. I was at the first Gamma Ray
Burst conference here at UAH and had great fun watching the discomfiture
of many of the Gamma Ray scientists. Much scruitiny was given to the
data reductions. I remember one person in particular who passionately declared
that the data was completely wrong as there were no explanation for the
phenomena of the smooth sky distribution. (heck it even shoots down the
warp transition theory :(. The next conference is soon and I will endeavour
to keep in touch with this fun subject.
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
I am sure your numbers are far better then mine. As i said above,
i don't have exact numbers.
How different would the contamination threat of a small manuevering tug
be from that of the Shuttle and it's OMS engines??????
I know that no small manuevering tug exists, but maybe one could
soup up a Bus 1. Does anyone out there have the de-clasified
specs on hte BUS 1? would it be able to provide enough control
force to balance the HST, and still have the rocket thrust
to hurl her into a decent high orbit?
Sorry, that should be intrument pointing.
Plus, if the second box gets fritzy, you could be in shitter ville
real fast.
The problem is no-one seems to have the exact numbers. When the mission
was planned originally at 3 spacewalks, and 3 astronauts, there was
enormous concern over the mass margins for the flight. THey
have now planned for 5 EVA's, an 11 day mission and have 2 reserve
EVA's and an emergency EVA. Obviously that is coming from somewhere.
My guess is the OMS burn fuel, or re-boost margin.
I just figured, if GOldin wants to really, prove out faster, cheaper
better, have some of the whiz kids slap together an expendable
space manuevering tug out of a BUs1, and use that for the re-boost.
it has to be better then using the Discovery as a tow truck.
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--
In 1972, they lowered the engine compression so that it would run on
regular gas (not to mention the addition of emission controls). The '72
also added pop-out rear quarter windows...
Alot of parts are available for the GT from C & R Small Cars in CT and
used from Bill Daley's Opel Parts in MA....
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Matthew R. Singer MIT Lincoln Laboratory
(617) 981-3771 244 Wood Street
singer@ll.mit.edu Lexington, MA 02173
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Correction, and some more info: The Kaliningrad that Mr. Larrison
writes about is indeed near Moscow. I've read that it may also be known by
the name Podlipk, and is a short distance from Zvezdny Gorodok (Star
City) and the Cosmonaut Training Center there. I read that the Tsniimach
(Central Scientific Research Institute of Machine Building, est. 1961)
Enterprise was also responsible for creating the NKIK (Ground Command and
Measurement Complex) including the Kaliningrad Flight Control Center
which has controlled all Soviet/Russian manned spaceflights since its
completion in 1973. However, it appears to have been a part of the
Ministry of General Machine Building which was not part of the military
(Ministry of Defense) but would have been a part of the military-industrial
complex.
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And from whence does this right stem, that it overrides the 'rights'
of the rest of us?
And if you want to view that television station, you have to watch the
commercials. You can't turn them off and still be viewing the
television station. In other words, if you don't like what you see,
don't look. There is no 'right' I can think of that you have to force
other people to conform to your idea of aesthetic behaviour. What's
next, laws regulating how people must dress and look so as to appeal
to your fashion sense, since you have this 'right' of an aesthetic
view?
Which has what to do with the topic of discussion?
Oh, I see. You don't want any legislation that might impinge on you;
you just want everyone else on the planet to do what you want.
--
"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
in the real world." -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
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This is not quite right. The differential arrival time techinique
requires interplanetary baselines to get good positions. The
differential arrival at the eight detectors differ by 10's of nanoseconds.
This is smaller than BATSE's microsecond timing capabilities.
BATSE, Ulysses, and Mars Obsverver are used for this technique.
Each BATSE detector does not have a full sky field of view.
The sensitivity of each detector decreases with increasing
angle of incidence. The burst position on the sky is determined by
comparing the count rates in different detectors.
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who cares about typos of these meaningless, synthetic names? if the
cars were named after a person, e.g. honda, i'd be more respectful.
wrong! the GS300 and SC300 use straight sixes, while the ES300 uses a
V6. only a giant like toyota can afford to have both a V6 and inline
6 in its lineup, but that won't last for long.
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In the past few years I have owned 3 Mustang GTs and now own a 91 T-Bird SC.
They all have had this problem. There was a recall on the T-bird for the brake
problem. The Ford dealer replaced the rotors and pads but the rotors warp
after about 10K miles. Between this problem and the fit and finish problems on
the T-Bird I'll never buy a Ford again.
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Ego Trip...
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Before we get into another discussion on the relative merits of a car alarm,
let's go on the assumption that one is desired. The question then remains,
which one? I've owned a Hornet, and was satisfied, but not enough to get
another for my new car. The Alpine has been highly recommended, but what about
Clifford and VSE's Derringer 2? Any others? I want all of the standard stuff;
door lock interface, starter kill, light flash, LED, valet mode, passive/active,
shock/motion sensor, etc... Thanks for the advice!
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The "artist renderings" that I've seen of the HST reboost still have
the arrays fully extended, with a cradle holding HST at a ~30 degree
angle to the Shuttle. I think the rendering was conceived before the
array replacemnet was approved, so I'm not sure if the current reboost
will occur with the arrays deployed or not. However, it doesn't
appear that an array retraction was necessary for reboost.
Thanks for the input on GRO's S/A design constraints. That would
explain the similar design on UARS.
Heck, the MMS project used to design _missions_ with servicing in mind.
The XTE spacecraft was originally designed as an on-orbit replacement
for the instrument module on EUVE. That way, you get two instruments
for the price of one spacecraft bus (the Explorer Platform). A
second on-orbit replacement was also considered, with the FUSE telescope.
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I'm certainly no engineer and really have no scientific basis
on which to make this argument, but don't you answer your own
question? Is the reflected signal "shifted" at all from the
act of being reflected? If so, wouldn't it then be easy for
the detector to discriminate between reflections and direct
sources?
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"The Forever War", one of my favorite SciFi books, had a passage devoted to
breathing fluids. The idea was to protect people from the high accelerations
required for interstellar travel by emersing the passengers in dry-cleaning
fluid saturated with oxygen. Plenty of very imaginative ideas is this book.
I would certainly recommend it (won the Hugo and the Nebula awards).
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Well, you can just about set your watch by Honda releasing new models every
4 years and an upgrade half way through the cars life. The local acura
dealership tells me that the new Integra will be out very soon, i.e. May/June.
Its hard to find specific details as the Integra has been deleted from
most of the rest of the world - I have seen them in Canada and Australia
as well as the U.S. but it was discontinued after the first generation
in Europe. Normally you can see new Japanese models appear in Europe
or Japan first and extrapolate from there. C+D reported that the engine
would be a carryover I think.
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I'm worried by the concern about it though, for a number of reasons
that have nothing to do with Space Advertising (which for a number of
reasons is probably doomed to fail on financial grounds).
(And I've been reading and (and writing) this thread since way
back when it was only on sci.space).
For starters, I don't think the piece of light-pollution apparatus
would be as bright as the full moon. _That_ seems to me to be a bit
of propaganda on the part of opponents, or wishful thinking on the
part of proponents.
Second, this charge of ruining the night sky permanently has been
levelled against other projects, that either 1) don't increace light
pollution significantly, or 2) increace light pollution only over the
target area.
You may or may not recognize #1 as being Solar Power Sattelites.
I think it was Josh Hopkins who actually did the math, showing that
SPS's weren't that bright after all, ending some two months of frenzied
opposition on the part of dark-sky activists and various other types.
#2 is mainly projects like the orbiting mirror the CIS tested
recently. While slightly more worrisome, I'd like to point out that
any significant scattering of light outside the target area for one of
these mirrors would be wasted as far as the project would be
concerned, and something any project like that would work against
anyway. And given some of the likely targets, I don't think there's
going to be much of an outcry from the inhabitants. There is too much
dark sky in the northern CIS during the winter, and I doubt you'll find
many activists in Murmansk demanding the "natural" sky back. If anything,
he'll probably be inside, stripped buck naked in front of the UV lamp,
making sure he'll get enough vitamin D for the "day."
The mirror experiments aren't something they're doing for crass
advertising. They think that if they can build one, it'll be one of
those things people in the affected areas will think they couldn't
have lived without before. And I doubt anyone's going to really be
able to convince them to stop.
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Having read in the past about the fail-safe mechanisms on spacecraft, I had
assumed that the Command Loss Timer had that sort of function. However I
always find disturbing the oxymoron of a "NO-OP" command that does something.
If the command changes the behavior or status of the spacecraft it is not
a "NO-OP" command.
Of course this terminology comes from a Jet Propulsion Laboratory which has
nothing to do with jet propulsion.
--
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You've got it. What you regard as a right, someone else will regard
as a privilege. Followups to some generic ethics and morality
newsgroup ....
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Check out the shocks where they mount, at both ends. if you have
the type that have a loop?,from lack of a better term, and a bolt like
piece sticking through, there should be a rubber bushing between the loop
and the bolt. Is it there ? is it crushed and allowing metal to metal
contact? I hope you can make some sense of this. Good Luck.>
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That has sort of happened for real. Back in the 1920's travellers
in the Sudan would find strange cigar shaped designs on native huts.
When asked the locals would say it was a picture of the great omen
that appeared in the sky. This was LZ 53 a zepplin flying from Bulgaria
to German East Africa with supplies in 1917 (and back since it was fooled
by the British secret service.)
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The temperature of intergalactic space (or intercluster or
intersupercluster space) would be very, very close to the microwave
background temperature, 2.73 kelvins. I recall that in interstellar
space in our neighborhood of the galaxy it's something like 4 K.
Is that what you were looking for?
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The Space Calendar is updated monthly and the latest copy is available
at ames.arc.nasa.gov in the /pub/SPACE/FAQ. Please send any updates or
corrections to Ron Baalke (baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov). Note that launch
dates are subject to change.
The following person made contributions to this month's calendar:
o Dennis Newkirk - Soyuz TM-18 Launch Date (Dec 1993).
=========================
SPACE CALENDAR
April 27, 1993
=========================
* indicates change from last month's calendar
April 1993
* Apr 29 - Astra 1C Ariane Launch
May 1993
May ?? - Advanced Photovoltaic Electronics Experiment (APEX) Pegasus Launch
May ?? - Radcal Scout Launch
May ?? - GPS/PMQ Delta II Launch
* May ?? - Commercial Experiment Transporter (COMET) Conestoga Launch
* May 01 - Astronomy Day
* May 01-2 - Iapetus/Saturn Eclipse
May 04 - Galileo Enters Asteroid Belt Again
May 04 - Eta Aquarid Meteor Shower (Maximum: 21:00 UT, Solar Lon: 44.5 deg)
* May 13 - Air Force Titan 4 Launch
* May 18 - STS-57, Endeavour, European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA-1R)
* May 20 - 15th Anniversary, Pioneer Venus Orbiter Launch
May 21 - Partial Solar Eclipse, Visible from North America & Northern Europe
May 25 - Magellan, Aerobraking Begins
June 1993
Jun ?? - Temisat Meteor 2 Launch
Jun ?? - UHF-2 Atlas Launch
Jun ?? - NOAA-I Atlas Launch
Jun ?? - First Test Flight of the Delta Clipper (DC-X), Unmanned
Jun ?? - Hispasat 1B & Insat 2B Ariane Launch
Jun 04 - Lunar Eclipse, Visible from North America
Jun 14 - Sakigake, 2nd Earth Flyby (Japan)
Jun 22 - 15th Anniversary of Charon Discovery (Pluto's Moon) by Christy
Jun 30 - STS-51, Discovery, Advanced Communications Technology Satellite
July 1993
Jul ?? - MSTI-II Scout Launch
Jul ?? - Galaxy 4 Ariane Launch
Jul 01 - Soyuz Launch (Soviet)
Jul 08 - Soyuz Launch (Soviet)
Jul 14 - Soyuz TM-16 Landing (Soviet)
* Jul 20-21 - Iapetus/Saturn Eclipse
Jul 21 - Soyuz TM-17 Landing (Soviet)
Jul 28 - S. Delta Aquarid Meteor Shower (Maximum: 19:00 UT,
Solar Longitude 125.8 degrees)
Jul 29 - NASA's 35th Birthday
August 1993
Aug ?? - ETS-VI (Engineering Test Satellite) H2 Launch (Japan)
Aug ?? - GEOS-J Launch
Aug ?? - Landsat 6 Launch
Aug ?? - ORBCOM FDM Pegasus Launch
* Aug 08 - 15th Anniversary, Pioneer Venus 2 Launch (Atmospheric Probes)
Aug 09 - Mars Observer, 4th Trajectory Correction Maneuver (TCM-4)
Aug 12 - N. Delta Aquarids Meteor Shower (Maximum: 07:00 UT,
Solar Longitude 139.7 degrees)
Aug 12 - Perseid Meteor Shower (Maximum: 15:00 UT,
Solar Longitude 140.1 degrees)
Aug 24 - Mars Observer, Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI)
Aug 25 - STS-58, Columbia, Spacelab Life Sciences (SLS-2)
Aug 28 - Galileo, Asteroid Ida Flyby
September 1993
Sep ?? - SPOT-3 Ariane Launch
Sep ?? - Tubsat Launch
Sep ?? - Seastar Pegasus Launch
October 1993
Oct ?? - Intelsat 7 F1 Ariane Launch
Oct ?? - SLV-1 Pegasus Launch
Oct ?? - Telstar 4 Atlas Launch
Oct 01 - SeaWIFS Launch
Oct 22 - Orionid Meteor Shower (Maximum: 00:00 UT, Solar Longitude
208.7 degrees)
November 1993
Nov ?? - Solidaridad/MOP-3 Ariane Launch
Nov 03 - 20th Anniversary, Mariner 10 Launch (Mercury & Venus Flyby Mission)
Nov 03 - S. Taurid Meteor Shower
Nov 04 - Galileo Exits Asteroid Belt
Nov 06 - Mercury Transits Across the Sun, Visible from Asia, Australia, and
the South Pacific
* Nov 08 - Mars Observer, Mapping Orbit Established
Nov 10 - STS-60, Discovery, SPACEHAB-2
Nov 13 - Partial Solar Eclipse, Visible from Southern Hemisphere
Nov 15 - Wilhelm Herschel's 255th Birthday
Nov 17 - Leonids Meteor Shower (Maximum: 13:00 UT, Solar Longitude
235.3 degrees)
* Nov 22 - Mars Observer, Mapping Begins
Nov 28-29 - Total Lunar Eclipse, Visible from North America & South America
December 1993
Dec ?? - GOES-I Atlas Launch
Dec ?? - NATO 4B Delta Launch
Dec ?? - TOMS Pegasus Launch
Dec ?? - DirectTv 1 & Thiacom 1 Ariane Launch
Dec ?? - ISTP Wind Delta-2 Launch
Dec ?? - STEP-2 Pegasus Launch
* Dec ?? - Soyuz TM-18 Launch (Soviet)
Dec 02 - STS-61, Endeavour, Hubble Space Telescope Repair
Dec 04 - SPEKTR-R Launch (Soviet)
* Dec 05 - 20th Anniversary, Pioneer 10 Jupiter Flyby
Dec 08 - Mars Observer, Mars Equinox
Dec 14 - Geminids Meteor Shower (Maximum: 00:00 UT,
Solar Longitude 262.1 degrees)
Dec 20 - Mars Observer, Solar Conjunction Begins
Dec 23 - Ursids Meteor Shower (Maximum: 01:00 UT,
Solar Longitude 271.3 degrees)
January 1994
Jan 03 - Mars Observer, End of Solar Conjunction
Jan 24 - Clementine Titan IIG Launch (Lunar Orbiter, Asteroid Flyby Mission)
February 1994
Feb ?? - SFU Launch
Feb ?? - GMS-5 Launch
Feb 05 - 20th Anniversary, Mariner 10 Venus Flyby
Feb 08 - STS-62, Columbia, U.S. Microgravity Payload (USMP-2)
Feb 15 - Galileo's 430th Birthday
Feb 21 - Clementine, Lunar Orbit Insertion
Feb 25 - 25th Anniversary, Mariner 6 Launch (Mars Flyby Mission)
March 1994
Mar ?? - TC-2C Launch
Mar 05 - 15th Anniversary, Voyager 1 Jupiter flyby
Mar 14 - Albert Einstein's 115th Birthday
Mar 27 - 25th Anniversary, Mariner 7 Launch (Mars Flyby Mission)
Mar 29 - 20th Anniversary, Mariner 10, 1st Mercury Flyby
* Mar 31 - Galaxy 1R Delta 2 Launch
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Even better. Make up pete conrad in a Martian Suit,
and have him get ou;t and throw a football
to the refs.
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Being wierd again, so be warned:
Is there a plan to put a satellite around each planet in the solar system to
keep watch? I help it better to ask questions before I spout an opinion.
How about a mission (unmanned) to Pluto to stay in orbit and record things
around and near and on Pluto.. I know it is a strange idea, but why not??
It could do some scanning of not only Pluto, but also of the solar system,
objects near and aaroundpluto, as well as SETI and looking at the galaxy
without having much of the solar system to worry about..
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Robert MacElwaine sez (again!);
OK, I got it. Actually, these message of MacElwaine's are coded messages.
Read only the caps, and it all comes clear!:
Maybe it's a message telling us what actually happened to the legendary
Larson. Perhaps it's a warning that one should not expend too much
effort trying to counter MacElwaine's postings. Who can be sure? :-)
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \ They communicated with the communists,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \ and pacified the pacifists. -TimBuk3
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I just saw a picture of the '94 Mustang in Popular Mechanics - what
a disappointment after being bombarded with pictures of the Mach III...
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Limited Tort Option will lower your rates. If you choose it, you can't
sue others for pain & suffering, but you still can sue for economic loss.
So you can sue for your wrecked car and for medical bills, but you can't
sue for $1000000 for pain and suffering.
At least, that's how I understand it.
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----------
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The SEI. Software Engineering Institute, a DoD funded part of Carnegie Mellon
University. You can read about part of it in Ed Yourdon's The Decline and
Fall of the American Programmer (Yourdon Press).
Just passing thru.....
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The most current orbital elements from the NORAD two-line element sets are
carried on the Celestial BBS, (513) 427-0674, and are updated daily (when
possible). Documentation and tracking software are also available on this
system. As a service to the satellite user community, the most current
elements for the current shuttle mission are provided below. The Celestial
BBS may be accessed 24 hours/day at 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, or 9600 bps using
8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity.
Element sets (also updated daily), shuttle elements, and some documentation
and software are also available via anonymous ftp from archive.afit.af.mil
(129.92.1.66) in the directory pub/space.
STS 55
1 22640U 93 27 A 93117.91666666 .00044808 00000-0 13489-3 0 63
2 22640 28.4614 259.3429 0005169 259.6342 61.8074 15.90673799 201
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. . . David gives good explaination of the deductions from the isotropic,
'edged' distribution, to whit, they are either part of the Universe or
part of the Oort cloud.
Why couldn't they be Earth centred, with the edge occuring at the edge
of the gravisphere? I know there isn't any mechanism for them, but there
isn't a mechanism for the others either.
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In the New York Times on Sunday May 9th in the week in review
section there was a report of a group called "Space Marketing"
in Atlanta, Georgia who is planning to put up a one mile wide
reflective Earth orbiting satelite which will appear as large
and as bright as the Moon and carry some sort of advertising.
There was an editorial about this in the Times the following
Tuesday.
Are others as upset about this as I am? I feel that a global
boycott of anyone involved with such a project would be a good
idea. Perhaps it could be made illegal in various countries
around the world? Do others agree?
-david
[Relevant messages found on the net:]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: webb@tsavo.hks.com (Peter Webb)
Newsgroups: sci.space
Subject: Stopping the sky-vandals
Date: 13 May 1993 21:17:22 GMT
Organization: HKS, Inc.
Distribution: world
If you don't want to see Space Marketing put up orbiting billboards, write
them, or call them, and tell them so. You might also write your
congresspeople. Space Marketing can be reached at:
Attn: Mike Lawson
Public Relations Dept.
Space Marketing
1495 Atmbree Rd., Suite 600
Rosewell, GA 30076
(404)-442-9682
--
Peter Webb webb@hks.com
Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen, Inc. Voice: 401-727-4200
1080 Main St, Pawtucket RI 02860 FAX: 401-727-4208
[Alternatively, you could try to find out who their clients
will be and tell *them* how you feel.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Newsgroups: sci.astro,sci.space,sci.misc,sci.environment,talk.environment
From: klaes@verga.enet.dec.com (Larry Klaes)
Subject: Light Pollution (Space Ads) Information
Keywords: light pollution, advertisements
Organization: Digital Equipment Corporation
Date: Thu, 13 May 1993 20:45:36 GMT
Dave Crawford (crawford@noao.edu), Executive Director of the
International Dark-Sky Association (IDA), sent me information on where
you can write in regards to the proposed "Billboards in the Sky" and
asked me to post it:
Karen Brown
Center for the Study of Commercialism
1875 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 300
Washington, D.C. 20009-5728
U.S.A.
Telephone: 202-797-7080
Fax: 202-265-4954
Please note that I have no involvement whatsoever with the CSC.
Larry Klaes klaes@verga.enet.dec.com
or - ...!decwrl!verga.enet.dec.com!klaes
or - klaes%verga.dec@decwrl.enet.dec.com
or - klaes%verga.enet.dec.com@uunet.uu.net
"All the Universe, or nothing!" - H. G. Wells
EJASA Editor, Astronomical Society of the Atlantic
------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov
Newsgroups: sci.space
Subject: Re: Vandalizing the Sky
Date: 10 May 93 21:51:11 GMT
Distribution: sci
Organization: NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.1 PL8]
X-Posted-From: algol.jsc.nasa.gov
[...]
: That's roughly akin to saying let's let Anaconda strip-mine
: the Grand Canyon so that strip-mining can boldly go where no
: strip mining technology has gone before .. because after all,
: mining means profits, and profits mean technological advance-
: ment, and technogical advancement means prosperity, and pros-
: perity means happiness, and so to hell with the Grand Canyon ..
Space advertisement in LOW Earth Orbit is very short term -- on the
order of a few years before the orbit decays. (Higher orbits last
longer.) Advertisers will certainly be aware of the environmental
aspects of their advertising. Fred's argument is roughly akin to
saying that it's bad to cut down trees, so we shouldn't advertise in
newspapers. Think that through, Fred.
Picture this: Our space billboard is a LARGE inflatable structure,
filled with "bio-degradable" foam instead of gas. It scoops up space
debris as it orbits, thus CLEANING the space environment and bringing
you The Pause That Refreshes at the same time. Because of the large
drag coefficient, it will de-orbit -- safely burning up -- within a
year.
Embedded in the foam structure is a small re-entry vehicle, which does
not burn up during entry. It contains the electronics and propulsion
system (which may be refurbished and re-used) as well as space science
experiments proposed and built by high school students in
advertiser-sponsored science fairs.
Advertisers buy time on the billboard, whose surface is made up of
tiny mirrors controlled by the avionics package. The avionics can
reconfigure the mirrors to reflect different messages at different
parts of the globe. Clever programming allows different languages
to every country.
During orbital night, the mirrors turn perpendicular to the surface,
and small lights are revealed. The lights spell out messages for all
to see.
-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov (713) 483-4368
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-| I am taking a course entitled "Exploring Science Using Internet".
-| For our final project, we are to find a compendium of Internet resources
-| dealing with a science-related topic. I chose Astronomy. Anyway, I was
-| wondering if anyone out there knew of any interesting resources on Internet
-| that provide information on Astronomy, space, NASA, or anything like that.
-|
-| THANKS!
-|
-| KEITH MALINOWSKI
-| STK1203@VAX003.Stockton.EDU
-| P.O. Box 2472
-| Stockton State College
-| Pomona, New Jersey 08240
Try doing a keyword search under Gopher using Veronica or accessing a
World Wide Web server. Also finger yanoff@csd4.csd.uwm.edu for a list
of Internet resources which includes 2-3 sites with Space-specific
information. I am sure Ron Baalke will have told you about what is
available at JPL etc..
best regards
Ata <(|)>.
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s:
Ahhh yes, Andrew, we meet again...
...no, not 'stealing' the oil, just draining it as to leave me stranded.
Let me guess, you're from Hudson Ohio??
Get out and see the world.
"IF" I were the vandal, and I really hated someone, maybe someone who knew
something about cars, of course I would look for ANY types of valves I could
undo. Especially, special oil drain plugs, and radiator petcocks.
As well as putting bad things in the gas...
While I would never vandalize someone's car, IF I were to, it would probably
be the 'time bomb' approach, and I'm sure I'm not the only one who thinks
that way...
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Or how about:
"End light pollution now!!"
Your banner would have no effect on its subject, but my banner would.
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Thanx Craig.... in addition to Craigs coments - and to clear up any
further confusion.... the 200SX (of USA) was reffered to as a Silvia Turbo
in the UK.... performance figures of UK 200SX are:
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We've been progressing towards that goal for 30 years now. We precede
any orbiting mission with flyby missions. Of course, it gets harder to
do as we work our way farther away from Earth. We're just starting to
work out to the outer planets: Galileo will orbit Jupiter, and Cassini around
Saturn.
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Greetings automobile enthusiasts. Can anyone tell me if there is
a mail order company that sells BMW parts discounted... cheaper than
the dealerships.
Sorry if it's a FAQ. email replies very much appreciated.
Thanks,
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Someone from NASA posted that there were very significant mass margins
on the HST re-boost mission. A while back i had asked why not carry
the EDO pallet up, and the answer was the mass margins were tight enough, they weren't even carrying extra suits.
Where's wingo when you need him:-)
COme on. Knock that S**T off.
YOu forget, that during skylab, they did overnight mission planning
for the repair EVA's. Also during theøÄ
Intelsat Mission, they did overnight WETF simulations.
I somehow think they could train up a new EVA in 8 months.
And as for building hardware, anything can be built if you want it
bad enough.
YOu forget, the BUS 1 is already built. all they'd ahve to do
is soup it up, even test it on a delta mission.
Don't get into this mode of negativism. besides, at the rate
missions slip, the Discovery won't launch on this mission until
March. that's almost a year.
Ah, but how much more expensive is the Second HST servicing mission.
YOu forget, there is a bum FGS, the Solar array electronics, are
getting hinky and there is still 8 months until the servicing mission.
The time for the space walks are growing rapidly. THis was orignally
planned out as 3 spacewalks, now they are at 5 EVA's with 3 reserve
walks.
If the SMT can avoid a second servicing mission that's $500 million
saved. If the Weight savings, means they can sit on orbit for 30 Days.
and handle any contingency problems, that's quite a savings.
Of course, there wasn't any need for the Saturn V after apollo too.
as for the problems with the aperture door, I am sure they can
work out some way to handle that. Maybe a Plug made from
Frozen ice.? it'll keep out any contamination,
yet sublime away after teh boost.
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How hard or easy would it be to have a combo mission such as a solar sail on
the way out to the outer planets, but once in near to orbit to use more normal
means..
Seems that everyone talks about using one system and one system only per
mission, why not have more than one propulsion system? Or did I miss
something.. ?? or did it die in committee?
==
Michael Adams, nsmca@acad3.alaska.edu -- I'm not high, just jacked
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I went to a place called American Car Care Centers to check my car for A/C
leak. After "checking", I was told that there is a leak in the compressor
seal. At the end, in addition to the labor for the check, I was charged 12
dollars for a pound of freon, although they evacuated my A/C afterwards
because of the leak. First, is it fair for him to charge me for a pound of
freon ($12 plus tax) ? Second, what can I do about this if this is unfair ?
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The aperture door will be shut during reboost. Using the shuttle
means that there will be someone nearby to pry the door open again
if it should stick.
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Only if you want to stop. Seriously though, every 2 years you should
have this done. Brake fluid absorbs water over time, the water becomes
steam when the fluid gets hot, and steam compresses. You'll also have
better luck with the longevity of master cylinder, calipers and brake
lines.
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-> 4) Are there any fairly cheap (<$150 or so) ways to increase the
-> performance on this car? Unfortunately, a Taurus is not exactly a
-> muscle car, so I'm looking for ways to increase the performance.
There is a company in Florida that sells computer chips that supposedly
get a few HP and Torque out of the 3.0. Don't have the address, but saw
the ad in Hot Rod and some other car magazines. Also, you could open up
the exhaust (get an exhaust with a larger i.d.)
Hope this helps. If you find anything else, let me know. I've got a 1990
Taurus L.
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=Having read in the past about the fail-safe mechanisms on spacecraft, I had
=assumed that the Command Loss Timer had that sort of function. However I
=always find disturbing the oxymoron of a "NO-OP" command that does something.
=If the command changes the behavior or status of the spacecraft it is not
=a "NO-OP" command.
Using your argument, the NOOP operation in a computer isn't a NOOP, since it
causes the PC to be incremented.
=Of course this terminology comes from a Jet Propulsion Laboratory which has
=nothing to do with jet propulsion.
Of course, the complaint comes from someone who hasn't a clue as to what he's
talking about.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carl J Lydick | INTERnet: CARL@SOL1.GPS.CALTECH.EDU | NSI/HEPnet: SOL1::CARL
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Do you know of the world-wide-web? This is a global hypertext (well,
hypermedia) network running on the internet. One of the nice things
about it is that is understands and incorporates virtually all of the
other systems being used, like WAIS, Gopher, FTP, Archie, etc. It
is usually quite easy to add existing resources to the web.
If you'd like to explore, I'd suggest getting the XMosaic program,
written at the NCSA. It's an X-windows web browser, and is pretty
slick. It can understand and cope with more than text: gif, jpeg, mpeg,
audio, etc. There are other browsers, including a text-mode browser
for people stuck on a text terminal, but I'm most familliar with mosaic.
Under the page "The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Subject Catalogue"
(this is available under the Documents menu in mosaic, or by any
browser via the URL
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html )
there is a subject "Space Science." Currently this points to a
page under construction, with only the NASA JPL FTP archive. I've
volunteered to take over this page, and in fact I have a replacement
with all sorts of information pointers (mostly gleaned from the
sci.space FAQ). As soon as the overworked "Subject Catalogue"
maintainer switches the "Space Science" pointer, it'll be visible.
I'll post a short note when this happens.
--
Frederick G. M. Roeber | CERN -- European Center for Nuclear Research
e-mail: roeber@cern.ch or roeber@caltech.edu | work: +41 22 767 31 80
r-mail: CERN/PPE, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland | home: +33 50 20 82 99
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fc> Exactly what fraction of current research is done on the big,
fc> visable light telescopes? From what I've seen, 10% or less
fc> (down from amlost 100% 25 years ago.) That sounds like "dying"
fc> to me...
That doesn't seem like a fair comparison. Infrared astronomy
didn't really get started until something like 25 yrs. ago; it
didn't explode until IRAS in 1983. Gamma-ray (and I think
X-ray) observations didn't really get started until the '70s.
I believe the same is true of ultraviolet observations in
general, and I know that extreme UV (short of 1000 Angstroms)
observations, until the EUVE (launched last year) had almost
no history except a few observations on Skylab in the '70s.
Twenty-five years ago, the vast majority of astronomers only
had access to optical or radio instruments. Now, with far more
instruments available, growth in some of these new fields has
resulted in optical work representing a smaller fraction of
total astronomical work.
fc> That would be true, if adaptive optics worked well in the visable.
fc> But take a look at the papers on the subject: They refer to anything
fc> up to 100 microns as "visable". I don't know about you, but most
fc> people have trouble seeing beyond 7 microns or so... There are
fc> reasons to think adaptive optics will not work at shorter
fc> wavelengths without truely radical improvements in technology.
Hmm, some of the folks in this department planning on using
adaptive optics at the 5 m at Palomar for near-infrared
observations (1 and 2 microns) might be surprised to hear this.
And isn't the NTT already pushing toward 0.1 arcsecond resolution,
from a ground-based site (remember 0.1 arcseconds was one of the
selling points of HST).
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The main effect of the spherical aberration problems with the
primary mirror was to drive the computer engineers to develop the image
processing software that much faster. When they use the _same_ deconvolution
software on the images from the fixed Hubble, be ready for some
incredible results! There is every reason to believe that the results will
_exceed_ the original specs by a fair margin.
Adaptive optics is a combination of hardware and software. It works
realtime, not after the fact, as is the case with Hubble. You might be
interested to know this technology has made it to the amateur market, in
the form of the AO-2 Adaptive Optics System. Starting on page 52 of the
April, 1993 Sky & Telescope is a three page review of this new product.
It lists for $1,290. The article states: "The AO-2 Adaptive Optics System
comes in a handy soft-plastic case that a three-year-old could carry
around." Even though this device is really only good for the brightest
objects, "it could cope with image movements of up to 0.8 millimeter
in the telescope's focal plane." Now just imagine how well this infant
technology will do in a few years, especially in a dedicated system that
has hundreds of thousands of dollars, and many man-hours invested in its
development.
George Krumins
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Just a quick note on the nwe shape MR2s in the UK....
When they first came out here, there were 3 models. The base model had an
auto box and engine from the CAMRY 2.0 !!! Well I recentyl found out that this
model is no longer profitable for Toyota and have since scraped it. I've also
noticed that auto MR2s have depreciated a lot more than the next model up...
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Jeffrey L. Cook sez;
Lazlo Nibble sez;
Actually, paving ground glass over Lichtenstein wouldn't demonstrate the
strength of Western Capitalism, since it's strength depends on use of
the mind and materials in the fulfillment of needs and desires. Mind you,
I'm not saying *no-one* would benefit from glassed-over land, but I don't
think anyone would actually pay for it, unlike the (potential) billsats.
I don't quite follow you on the part about someone exposing their genitals
at parties, but I got a chuckle from it anyway. And I thought I had some
strange friends :-)
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \ They communicated with the communists,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \ and pacified the pacifists. -TimBuk3
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I don't think a reboost exercise is analogous to a shuttle landing/launch
in terms of stresses/misalignments/etc. I would think of the reboost as
a gentile push, where a landing, then launch as two JOLTS which would
put more mechanical stress on the instruments. Additionally, there might
be a concern about landing loads to the shuttle in the event of a laden
landing. Finally, probably some thought went into possible contamination
problems if the instruments came back to earth.
Of course, the cost of two shuttle launches _is_ a good reason to avoid
something that might be done in one shuttle launch. Here's hoping
Cepi's gang gets the job done right the first time.
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There is an office on the middle left US coast on Middlefield Road in
Menlo Park, CA (415) 329-4390
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My Nissan Quest has been doing 20mpg city, though its first few tanks
were more like 17mpg. The V6 and AT are remarkably smooth.
---
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Johnny P. Stephens | Sig file upgrade on backorder. Will be
Distance Learning Technology | here "any day now."
Arizona State University | Opinions expressed are mine.
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well, IMHO (and i am just a nobody net.user) henry spencer is to
sci.* as kibo is to alt.* and rec.*....
....but i could be wrong...(did anybody mention the illuminati)
kitten
--
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I don't remember the formula's off hand as it has been awhile since
I took aerodynamics and haven't used the stuff since.
The Cd is related to the drag force which is what effects top speed and
fuel consumption. When the drag force on the car or aircraft is greater
than what the vehicle's engine can overcome it has reached its top speed.
(autos of course also have to overcome rolling resistance)
Since drag opposes the vehicle's motion, the engine must make up for that
by burning more fuel. Anyway, since the geometery of an auto is rather
complex, the Drag,pressure coeffiecent,etc is either found experimentaly, or
using a numerical method.
anyway for flow around a cylinder the drag coeff is:
Cd = d/(q*2R)
where d is the drag force, q the flow velocity and R is the radius
of the clyinder.
To get a rough (very rough) estimate, you can set R at 1/2 the car's
width, q at the car's speed and knowing the Cd, find the drag force that
the car would need to overcome.
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It's a moot point: Step out of your door go _anywhere_ (except possibly
your mailbox). You will be "subject to some ad agency's 'poor taste'"
While I'm sure Sagan considers it sacrilegious, that wouldn't be
because of his doubtfull credibility as an astronomer. Modern,
ground-based, visible light astronomy (what these proposed
orbiting billboards would upset) is already a dying field: The
opacity and distortions caused by the atmosphere itself have
driven most of the field to use radio, far infrared or space-based
telescopes. In any case, a bright point of light passing through
the field doesn't ruin observations. If that were the case, the
thousands of existing satellites would have already done so (satelliets
might not seem so bright to the eyes, but as far as astronomy is concerned,
they are extremely bright.)
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*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Is this a joke ?
*>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
--
___________________________________________________________________
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On the subject of the upcoming new Mustang:
The car magazines have printed a lot of information about the new Mustang
and the consensus about what to believe in my "car circle" is that the
suspension pieces and tuning will be almost identical to the current
Cobra, but on a stiffer body structure which will improve its behavior.
After the MN12 (Thunderbird) cost and weight debacle, Ford decided
independent rear suspension with rear wheel drive won't be tried again in
a volume car.
The current 4.9l V-8 will soldier on for about two years. A version of
the 32 valve modular V-8 in the Mark VIII could be offered then. Ford
is spending big money tooling up for 2.5l and 3.5l V-6 engines which will
power most of their cars in the immediate future, and therefore probably
do not consider volume production of 300 hp V-8 engines a priority.
Undisguised, the car looks OK, but not nearly as exciting as the new
Camaro/Firebird, IMO.
I suspect Ford will produce their car with higher quality than GM will
achieve with the Camaro/ Firebird. The way GM loses money, the temptation
to "just get them out the door" for the sake of positive cash flow will be
great once demand really takes off.
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Supernovae put out 10^53 or 10^54 (i forget which, but it's only an
order of magnitude...). Not in gamma rays, though. You'd hafta get
all of that into gammas if they were at 9 Mpc, but if a decent fraction
of the SN output was in gammas it could reasonably be extragalactic
(but closer than 9 Mpc). I dunno SN theory so well, but I can't think
of how to get many gammas out. Maybe I should look it up.
Big radio galaxies can put out 10^46 erg/s *continually*. That's just
in the radio... there are a lot of gammas around them, too, but "bursts"?
Nah.
Neither of these should be taken as explanations... just trying to show
that those energies *are* produced by things we know about.
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[...]
This reminds me... my fuzzy brain recalls that somebody was thinking
of reviving the San Marco launch platform off the coast of Kenya,
where the Copernicus satellite was launched around 1972. Is this
true, or am I imagining it? Possibly it's connected with one of the
Italian programs to revive the Scout in a new version.
That old platform must be getting pretty rusty, and there ain't a lot
of infrastructure to go with it...
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Astronomy & Space magazine's UK telephone newsline carries the times to
see the Russian Space Station Mir which will be visible every EVENING (some
time between 9 o'clock and midnight) from April 27 to May 7. It's about as
bright as Jupiter at its best. There are two cosmonuats on board.
For the time to watch, tel. 0891-88-19-50 (48p/min peak 36p/min all other
times, but prediction is at start of the weekly message so it only costs a
few pence).
E-mail reports of sightings would be appreciated: give lat/long and UT (a
few seconds accuracy if possible) when it passes ABOVE or BELOW any bright
star (say brighter than mag. 3), planet or Moon.
With Moon in evening sky also, note that from somewhere in U.K. Mir will
pass in front of the Moon each night! Please alert local clubs to the
telephone newsline, and general public as Mir can cause quite a stir!
-Tony Ryan, "Astronomy & Space", new International magazine, available from:
Astronomy Ireland, P.O.Box 2888, Dublin 1, Ireland.
6 issues (one year sub.): UK 10.00 pounds, US$20 surface (add US$8 airmail).
ACCESS/VISA/MASTERCARD accepted (give number, expiration date, name&address).
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[well, actually, he didn't, but we'll pretend the real author of this
query has his name tacked in here....:-)]
while it's being mentioned, i personally prefer the moonroof/sunroof/t-top/
targa thing as well. I simply don't like cloth tops, nor the extra insurance,
nor the S**** color matching alot of companies do. If i chose a convertible,
it'd be:
a) Mazda RX7 II. I just like the way they look. It'd have to be in black,
with color matched black top(they look good!)
b) VW cabriolet. They do a suberb job of matching colors too. Also, last year
for them! {***COLLECTOR'S ITEM****}
c) mustang GT droptop...they look ok too.
i know this doesn't help, but i thought i'd do it anyway...:-)
good luck to your wife.(and you :-)
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Of course,
How many government projects after Using PERT, GANT, C.P.M.s
Process flow diagrams, Level 5 software projects.... actually
come in on schedule and under Cost. I know the GAO determined
that 80% of all NASA projects miss their budgets due to failing
to adequately measure engineering developement costs.
Me, I am allin favor of Government R&D. I thought Bell Labs was one of the best
to do research. I don't think the government should pour money
into any one sector, but should engage in projects which naturally
push the state of the art.
THings like High tech construction projects, apollo was worth it for the doing. Running hte national labs. The SSC is grossly overweight, but
is a reasonable project at a lower cost.
Unfortunately support for solo investigators is direly neglected.
Maybe what they should do, is throw out much of the process and just tell
new PH'ds, you get a 1 time grant of $50,000.00 If you produce, you
can qualify for other grants. If you don't you never get in again.
THis way young people get a shot at reserach, and older stale
scientists don't dominate the process.
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Hello everyone,
I have an insurance question.
Allstate insurance
SITUATION: Person wrecks car. Car is drivable to dealer. Person
reports accident (no other cars involved). Driver estimates damage cost
exceedes cost of car. Insurance people claim car is "totalled" because of
exceeding repair costs.
Person says "WWHHHAATTTT!!!! But I drove the car here!" and takes it to
another place. Other place estimates 2,101.00 in damage. 2,000 less than the
dealer.
One more hitch... The car is registered in Florida but the accident occurred
in Pennsyvania.
QUESTION: Should the insurance recognize and pay for the damages of this,
now fixable, car even though they prematurly declared totalled?
Please respond via E-Mail if you think you know anything about this sort of
thing.
chris@camp.wpic.pitt.edu
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Now, now, before we get too carried away here....
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You Ford vs Chevy people must live in the planet of Detroit or Droid.
Like they say in the airforce, with enough horsepower anything will fly.
I can put a 32valve V-8 with twin Garret-4s on Yugo and get 7.7sec QM.
Thats useless ... Its still a Yugo that will loose any race on a track,
or on the street.
Have you Detroit beings compared the ultra-long-throw stick shifts of
the 5.0 with the 93 MR2 turbo or 93 RX7 (I ll buy it in 6 mos) ?
Or the Torsen differential of the RX7 compared to the Differential of
the 5.0 that sounds in every hairpin turn ?
And bythe way 5.0 and Camaro both have drums on the rear breaks ...
Hello , this is the 90 's ?
Vlasis Theodore
Software Engineer
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I know its semantics, but the "no-op" _doesn't_ do anything. The
Command Loss Timer is simply looking for a command, any command. A
"no-op" is simply a spacecraft command that drops bits into the big
bit bucket in the sky. "No-op" also get used as timekeepers to provide
millisecond delays between command sequences (used on the thruster preps
on GRO, er, Compton) and to verify command links at the beginning of
TDRS events. All in all, a rather useful command. And, an intelligent
FDC test on Galileo (the Command Loss Timer).
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Why jettison the SSMEs? Why not hold on to them and have a shuttle
bring them down to use as spares?
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A Yugo that will go 1/4mi in 7.7 seconds will _not_ lose on the
street. That's just too damn quick. It might be wrapped around
a telephone pole at the end of that quarter mile, but it will
be there alone...
Or you could replace the stock shifter with a Hurst short-throw
shifter (available from Ford Motorsport), or any number of other
after-market products to boost the performance of a Mustang or
Camaro. Can you do _that_ with a '93 RX-7, or, verily, with _any_
MR-2? With the Detroit aftermarket, you can build a Mustang or
Camaro which is superior to either car you mention for less than
the sticker price of either.
Well, gee. It works, and it doesn't break. It transmits power to
the drive wheels, and it's essentially zero maintenance--and there's
an aftermarket in parts for Ford and Chevy rear-ends, too.
Well, the '93 Mustang Cobra (which, from all reports, uses the
same running gear as '94 Mustang) has 4-wheel disks. I can't
speak for the new Camaro, but I think it does, too.
Also, stop and think about the markets here. The Mustang is, and
always has been, a mass-market sporty car (that's where the
"pony car" class came from) with a performance model. That's
why it has the econo-box running gear. That was also factored
into the design of the Mustang from the day Lee Iacocca conceived
his baby; it was designed as a wide-market car--sporty, yet
accessible--with room for performance tweaking.
The cars you listed are designed for a specific market niche,
and they both fit those niches very well. The Mustang, at least,
does well in multiple markets; I can't speak for the Camaro.
James
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I'd be willing to bet that a majority of the cost difference could be
accounted for by the AF's requirement for superfluous 2167 documentation, 5
or 6 huge requirements and design reviews, travel expenses flying personnel
around to meetings, and over specifying the hardware. I doubt that the
actual fabrication cost in materials and labor would be very different from
SDIO's costs.
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My last car had T-Tops (BIG T-Tops). My current car is a convertible.
IMHO, if you're after that 'convertible feel', T-Tops, open-top,
sunroofs, moonroofs, whatever, just don't cut it. There's no
substitute for a convertible. If you're not after that sun beating
down on you, the wind in your hair and teeth, the flopsum and
jetsum getting in the car and the noises associated with the
whooshing of the wind, you're not after that 'convertible feel'.
So go with something with at least a hole above the driver but don't call
it a convertible.
And I do wonder how those targa tops would compare against my roll
bar in a rollover situation. Of course, I'd rather not test it
in MY car. I, too, am in my early 40s.
A convertible--accept no substitute.
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released
here we go again...
now these are just rumors.. so dont quote me.
New Integra supposedly wedge shaped again. 175 hp and all-wheel drive
in top models. Then a variant called the zx-r comes later. (roadster?).
i think it gets unveiled at end of summer.
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Hi fellow auto enthusiasts!
Does anyone have any info on the new 4 valve per cylinder diesels Mercedes
is working on? Any specs on outputs, engine size, will they be direct or
indirect injection?, etc. would be welcome. From what I hear these should
be out late this year, next year??
Thank you in advance for your replies!
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No, if you put a conductor in a changing magnetic field, it produces a voltage.
The two ways you can do that with a permanent magnet is to move the magnet or
move the conductor. The slow shifting of the Earth's magnetic field isn't
really significant, especially when you consider how weak the Earth's magnetic
field is to begin with.
Well, it would require generating an incredibly large magnetic field to repel
the Earth's magnetic field (as a magnet can repel another magnet). Of course,
this force only works in one direction, and the magnetic field generated has
to be unimaginably powerful. Magnetic repulsion drops off as 1/r^3, and the
earth's magnetic field on the surface is already very weak. It would require
some sort of unknown superconductor, and special nonmagnetic construction.
And seriously hardenned electronics (optical computers, perhaps). And the
physiological danger would be significant (due to the iron content in our
blood, among other things). In other words, forget it.
I missed out on the "dragless satellite" thread, but it sounds totally bogus,
from this little bit.
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Or the price tag of the RX7 vs. a Mustang? Part of the definition of
a Mustang is that it should be affordable by the masses. Of course
Ford knows youre argument, THEY OWN A BIG PIECE OF MAZDA! Take a good
look at a Mach III, now an RX7, hhhmmmmm...
That is a tragedy, but I don't think new Camaros or the new Mustangs will.
-Steve
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89' Toyota Camry LE 4 dr sedan
AC AT power windows and locks
53k miles, asking $9000.
Pls call 510-526-8248 or send e-mail to this account.
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I like this statement, though for my own reasons. Cost comparisons depend
a lot on whether the two options are similar, and *then* it becomes very
revealing to consider what their differences are. Can Soyuz launch the
Long Exposure Facility? Course not. Will the Shuttle take my television
relay to LEO by year's end? Almost certainly not, but the Russians are
pretty good about making space accessible on a tight schedule.
Comparing S and SS points up that there are TWO active space
launcher-and-work-platform resources, with similarities and differences.
Where they are in direct competition, we may get to see some market
economics come into play.
tombaker
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I just wanted to point out, that Teflon wasn't from the space program.
It was from the WWII nuclear weapons development program. Pipes in the
system for fractioning and enriching uranium had to be lined with it.
Uranium Hexafloride was the chemical they turned the pitchblend into for
enrichment. It is massively corrosive. Even to Stainless steels. Hence
the need for a very inert substaance to line the pipes with. Teflon has
all its molecular sockets bound up already, so it is very unreactive.
My 2 sense worth.
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Ok, so you have proven you saw the right stuff. However, as I said above,
it takes politics and PR to keep the bucks coming.
"No politics, no bucks, no buck rogers."
Yes this may be true in the case of the SCIENCE data coming from the spacecraft
and other stuff about the operations. However, there is still stuff regarding
regular operation that belongs to the company and they have ever legal right
to keeping it theirs. But this does not mean that everything can or
should be swept under the umbrella of company proprietory data.
You can do the same here...you just have to wait a year.
Safeguard internal company data are indeed supported by US law.
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How big of a lightning rod, would you need for protection?
and would you need jupiter as a ground plane.
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Actually the company, and the product was ROVAC - which stood for
ROTary Air Conditioning..it used a rotary compressor with what
was effectively an air/air heat exchanger, and worked pretty well.
The negatives were mostly that it was about 5-10% less efficient than
using freon, and noise problems from the high velocity/pressure air,
all of which were solved by the time the company went bankrupt. It
is still a legal entity in Florida, but I believe completely "dead"..
and there's a heck of an opurtunity to buy up it's patents and restart
the operation...
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The Bricklin was a car manufactured by a company started by Malcolm
Bricklin, who, I believe, was Canadian. He was the first one to import
Subarus, and later was responsible for importing Yugos, I believe.
Anyway, he had this idea that what would really sell would be a sports
car, but one incorporating a bunch of innovative safety features. The
Bricklin was built to be that queerest of beasts, the safety sports car.
If any of you remember the early 70s movement among car makers to
design "experimental" safety cars, you will recognize the general
appearance of the Bricklin - big 'ol bumpers, etc. Anyone recall other
safety features? The engine was an american v-8, Ford I think is right.
Personally, I kinda like the way they look, and if I remember from the
old magazine articles, the performance was only half-bad. The choice of
colors, though, tended towards the 1970s lime green - yech - but highly
visible, I suppose.
The Delorean, on the other hand, was a dog - nice looking (IMO) but no
motor at all.
Dan
dh3q@andrew.cmu.edu
Carnegie Mellon University
Applied History
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I know that alot of how people think and act in a long distance space project
would be much like old tiem explorers, sailors, hunters and such who spent alot
of time alone, isolated, and alone or in minimal surroundings and sopcial
contacts.. Such as the old arctic and antarctic expeditions and such..
I vote for a later on sci.space.medicine or similar newsgroup fro the
discussion of long term missions into space and there affects on humans and
such..
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How about the discussion of the STS Tether experiment. Ran forward,
it would suck energy from the Earth's magnetic field, while trivially
slowing the Shuttle. It could also have run backward -- if they ran
electricity through the tether the other way, it would have trivially
propelled the Shuttle faster.
But an even better example comes to mind. There's this electronics guy,
someone like Craig Anderton or Don Lancaster. Ten years ago he wrote about
an invention of his. He could take a light-detector, run current through
it at about a hundred times its rating, and it would glow. He got legal
rights to this design of a combination "fiber optic emitter/receiver". This
turned out to be the basic unit of ATT's (I think) plan to bring Brazil's
communications system into the 21st century. (The article was mostly about
his legal wranglings with the company that eventually got him well-compensated
for his invention.)
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For sale:
1981 Oldsmobile Omega four door. Gray, power windows, power steering,
power brakes, remote trunk release. Starts reliably and runs well,
but needs some work. $400 obo.
For details, email or (708)864-0526.
--
Michael A. Atkinson | There is no try, there is only Dew.
asbestos@nwu.edu |
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Having had my car die on me(engine fire, insurance agent said
it was probably totaled), I am in the market for a another vehicle.
I saw a Toronado that was within my expected price range and was
wondering if anybody could relate their experiences with me.
Namely: 1. Does it have accceptable power(it has a 305 in it)?
2. Does its being front wheel drive make maintenance difficult?
3. One power window and the power seat do not work, are these
expensive items to replace if I do the work myself?
4. How long do the engines usually last( 90M+ now)?
5. Any other experiences good or bad, and opinions.
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: THe limit on space-walking is a function of suit supplies (MASS)
: and Orbiter Duration.
: In order to perform the re-boost of the HST, the OMS engines
: will be fired for a long period. Now the shuttle is a heavy
: thing. THe HST isn't light either. THe amount of OMS fuel
: needed to fly both up is substantial. a small booster
: carried up and used to boost HST on it's own will weigh significantly
: less then the OMS fuel required to Boost both HST and SHUttle,
: for a given orbital change.
: From what i understand, the mass margins on the HST missions are
: tight enough they can't even carry extra Suits or MMU's.
: pat
I haven't seen any specifics on the HST repair mission, but I can't see why
the mass margins are tight. What are they carrying up? Replacement components
(WFPC II, COSTAR, gyros, solar panels, and probably a few others), all sorts of
tools, EVA equipment, and as much OMS fuel and consumables as they can. This
should be lighter than the original HST deployment mission, which achieved the
highest altitude for a shuttle mission to date. And HST is now in a lower
orbit.
Seems like the limiting factors would be crew fatigue and mission complexity.
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VW and Mercedes have tinkered with particulate traps. Also, VW
uses a kind of turbocharger on their Jetta ECOdiesel that helps
reduce particulates as well, although I don't know the
mechanics of it.
Many diesel cars,busses, and trucks in Europe are now being
equipped with catalysts and traps in an effort to clean up
diesel emissions, already well below legal limits anyway.
It's a shame GM had to soil the diesel's reputation in
passenger cars and prevent further resource devotion to
research into making this outstandingly efficient engine even
further ahead of gas engines in emissions.
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Not to inject a non-automotive note to this thread, but the BMW opposed
twin used in motorcycles for a *long* time is and always has been known as
a "boxer".
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Sorry, I've lost track of who asked the question originally
(our news server at GSFC keeps things around for tremendously
short periods of time), but wanted to be certain before I
replied. Someone asked about displaying the compressed images
from the Voyager imaging CD-ROMs on a Mac. As Peter Ford (MIT)
pointed out, a decompression program is available via FTP.
(Sorry, I don't remember the name of the node offhand,
although it's .mit.edu.) In any case, though, one of the MAC
display programs (CD ROM Browser by Dana Swift) does display
the compressed images directly. The program is shareware and
is distributed by NSSDC for nominal reproduction costs ($9 +
shipping, if memory serves). This does *not* cover the
shareware price which should go to Dana for his diligent work
and upgrades, however.
To request current pricing information, information about
available display software, catalogs, or data from NSSDC,
contact our user support office at:
National Space Science Data Center
Coordinated Request and User Support Office (CRUSO)
Mail Code 633
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771
Phone: (301) 286-6695
Fax: (301) 286-4952
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If everything I've read is correct, Ford is doing nothing but "re-
skinning" the existing Mustang, with MINOR suspension modifications.
And the pictures I've seen indicate they didn't do a very good job
of it.
The "new" mustang, is nothing but a re-cycle of a 20 year old car.
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You can do a whole hell of a lot better than 2 or 3 degrees with
the differential timing measurements from the interplanetary network.
Ignore the directional information from BATSE; just look at the time
of arrival. With three detectors properly arranged, one can often
get positions down to ~arc minutes.
BTW, about Oort cloud sources: shouldn't this be testable in the
fairly near future? Some of the GRBs have very short rise times (< 1
ms). We could detect the curvature of the burst wavefront out to a
distance of on the order of b^2/(t c) where b is the detector spacing
and t the time resolution. For t = 1 ms and b = 2 AU, this is on the
order of 16 light years. I understand statistics will reduce this
number considerably, as would geometry if the burst is coming from the
wrong direction.
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This is a good question. There are major blind spots in our understanding
of what makes the earth habitable. For example, why does the earth's
atmosphere have the concentration of oxygen it does? The naive
answer is "photosynthesis", but this is clearly incomplete. Photosynthesis
by itself can't make the atmosphere oxygenated, as the oxygen produced
is consumed when the plants decay or are eaten. What is needed
is photosynthesis plus some mechanism to sequester some fraction of
the resulting reduced material.
On earth, this mechanism is burial in seafloor sediments of organic
matter, mostly from oceanic sources. However, this burial requires
continental sediments (in the deep ocean, the burial rate is so slow
that most material is consumed before it can be sequestered).
This suggests that a planet without large oceans, or a planet without
continents undergoing weathering, will have a hard time accumulating
an oxygen atmosphere. In particular, an all-ocean planet may have a
hard time supporting an oxygen atmosphere.
There is also the problem of why the oxygen in the earth's atmosphere
has been relatively stable over geological time, for a period at least
2 orders of magnitude longer than the decay time of atmospheric O2 to
weathering in the absence of replenishment. No convincing feedback
mechanism has been identified. Perhaps the reason is the weak
anthropic principle: if during the last 500 MYr or so, the oxygen
level had dropped too low, we wouldn't be here to be wondering about
it.
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Although the $1 billion scheme is a fantasy (it's an old canard in the space
business called "trolling for billionaires"), there is a good chance that a
much smaller program ($65 million) will pass the 103rd Congress. This is the
Back to the Moon bill, put together by the people who passed the Launch
Services Purchase Act. The bill would incent private companies to develop
lunar orbiters, with vendors selected on the basis of competitive bidding.
There is an aggregate cap on the bids of $65 million.
Having a single rich individual paying billions for lunar missions is probably
worse than having the government bankroll a $65 million program, as the Delta
Clipper program has shown (DC-X was funded by SDIO at $59 million). We have a
clear chance of making a lunar mission happen in this decade - as opposed to
simply wishing for our dreams to come true. Please support the Back to the
Moon bill.
For more information, please send E-mail with your U.S. postal service
address.
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Oil Pressure, Oil Temperature
Coolant Temperature
Manifold Vacuum
Ammeter, Voltmeter
Fuel Pressure [maybe] (Problematic, since you either need an electronic
sensor/gauge pair or you have to mount the damn thing outside the car)
In addition, it'd be nice to have a big red idiot light 'Check Guages'
connected to Oil pressure, Oil Temp, Coolant Temp, Ammeter &
Voltmeter. With heaps of guages, it's hard to look at them all all
the time. In the case of oil pressure, for example, you want to know
right away if your oil pump goes bad, unlike coolant temperature, a
minute or two of 0 oil pressure would be A Very Bad Thing(tm).
Adam
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From: "Phil G. Fraering" <pgf@srl03.cacs.usl.edu>
>> Finally: this isn't the Bronze Age, [..]
>> please try to remember that there are more human activities than
>> those practiced by the Warrior Caste, the Farming Caste, and the
>> Priesthood.
F Baube responds;
Right, the Profiting Caste is blessed by God, and may
freely blare its presence in the evening twilight ..
Steinn Sez;
>The Priesthood has never quite forgiven
>the merchants (aka Profiting Caste [sic])
>for their rise to power, has it?
If we are looking for evidence of belessed-by-God-ness, I'd say the ability
to blare lights all over the evening sky is about the best evidence you
could ever hope to get. No wonder the preistly classes are upset :-)
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \\ As the radius of vision increases,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \\ the circumference of mystery grows.
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horizontally opposed 4.
or 'boxer'
great idea, actually..
smooth running; low center of gravity..
also used in some honda gullwings, corvairs, porsches (others?)
...
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Ejon Matejevic who was a full professor at Clarkson University, last
I heard, developed the process for sticking Teflon to metals.
I don't think it was a NASA project, cuz i heard he held the patent
on it, and had made quite a bundle off it.
Anyone from Clarkson know the Exact story. I never wanted to ask
him myself.
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cheek.
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Not only the Sonett (correct spelling), but the 95 wagon and 96 sedan
used a 1500 cc or 1700 cc V-4 from Ford of Germany. This particular
motor had a 60 degree vee angle, a balance shaft and siamesed exhaust
ports. This motor was later stretched into the V-6 commonly seen in the
Capri.
The V-4 could make pretty reasonable power for its size. But in the
Saab, it made too much torque for the transmission, which had been
designed for a 3-cylinder 2-stroke.
-- Chuck Fry, former Sonett III owner
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Does anyone have one of these that would care to share
some information on? I concerned about the turbo.
How reliable is it? How's the gas milage.
Please responde to me, not here.
Thank you.
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Of course, they then turn up the REverb, the Gain, add in the analog
delay line and the Fuzz box. I'd think they wouldn't notice the
distortion. Oh I forgot the phase shifters.
Ah, but how do they compare to Mechanical systems :-)
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There is a known problem with the seals on the taillights of <93 probes.
Complain loudly to your dealer and get them to install new seals. It is
a known problem, present on most (if not all) pre-93 Probes, so you
shouldn't have to pay them to fix it. In my case, they fixed it on
my extended warranty (I just had to pay a $50 deductable) (the
work was valued at something like $185 with labor and parts). Having
removed the tail lamps myself on other occasions, I think their estimate
was fair.
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Eve'.
I am looking to buy 4 new p195-50r15 tires.. (R or HR). I don't
have much to spend, but I would like a tire that will LAST. Does
anyone have any experience with the following brands?
Riken
Falken
BFG
General
There are others, but these I can find here for under $70.. Like
I said, I am mostly interested in threadwear then speed, since I
hardly get to drive them over 80 or 90 mph. Also, is it true that
"noone will give you warranty on such tires", according to
a tire dealer?
Finally, do HR tires last longer than R tires (threadwear again),
or is that strictly a speed factor?
Thanks for any replies..
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The new Cruisers DO NOT have independent suspension in the front. They
still
run a straight axle, but with coils. The 4Runner is the one with
independent
front. The Cruisers have incredible wheel travel with this system.
The 91-up Cruiser does have full time 4WD, but the center diff locks in
low range. My brother has a 91 and is an incredibly sturdy vehicle which
has done all the 4+ trails in Moab without a tow. The 93 and later is even
better with the bigger engine and locking diffs.
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I want one, and I don't want to move to Europe to buy one. Please make
it the next Pontiac F-Car. Of course I'll have to wait 'till 2003 to buy it...
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Hi Folks,
Last year America bought two "Hall Generators" which are
used as thrusters for space vehicles from former USSR,if I could recall
correctly these devices were sent to JPL,Pasadena labs for testing and
evaluation.
I am just curious to know how these devices work and what
what principle is involved .what became of them.There was also some
controversy that the Russian actually cheated,sold inferior devices and
not the one they use in there space vehicles.
Any info will be appreciated...
ok { Thank{ in advance...
Tamoor A Zaidi
Lockheed Commercial Aircraft Center
Norton AFB,San Bernardino
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A question for any high-mileage Audi owners out there: I am
interested in buying a 1989 Audi 5000S for $5500 Cdn. The
reason the car is selling for so little is that is has
155000 km on it (just under 100000 mi.). The car's owner
claims the car is in good condition. My question is: how
reliable are Audi 5000s with mileage that high? Would it
be worthwhile for me to buy the car? Any problem areas that
I should look out for?
Any help would be greatly appreciated. Post responses and/or
e-mail me.
Thanks
Steve Hui
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As Herny pointed out, you have to develop the thruster.
Also, while much lighter, you still have to lift the mass of
the thruster to orbit, and then the thruster lifts its own
weight into a higher orbit. And you take up room in the payload
bay.
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1. Please take this out of sci.space.
2. Ayn Rand was not only born in Russia, but educated there. A lot
of her philosophy reflects not only a European education but a
reaction against certian events in Russia while she lived there.
I've heard that to the extent there is a division of modern philosophy
between the "Continental" and British/American schools, Rand belongs in
the former in terms of methodology et al, even though she was trying to
say things that would belong in the latter school.
I.e. she was trapped in the language of Kant and Hegel, even though
she was trying to say (at times) much different things.
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this is off the subject but,
Don't the numbers in the car names above refair to the engine size in
liters? i.e. ls400 = 4.0litre engine, sc300 = 3.0 liter "Sport Coupe"..
and Q45 = 4.5liter.. (similar, kinda, to BMW and MB nameing deal).
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Come on, this is sci.space. An orbital billboard won't
do any permanent damage; in a few years it will reenter
and probably hit Los Angles anyway :-)
The boost to space commerce orbital advertising might
provide might speed the day it is possible for those with a
yen for dark skies to get some really dark skies beyond
the dust producing the zodiacal light.
Now, if they wanted to paint the CocaCola symbol on the
moon in lampblack, that would give me pause. It would
be very difficult to reverse such a widespread application
of pigments.
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I don't know. Does anyone in NASA land know how much fuel is
budgeted for the altitude change?
Henry, any figures on the mass (full) for the EDO pallet plus
it's dry weight? How about for the dry mass of Bus-1? it was
being de-classified as i checked last.
Also, I need.
1) current orbital parameters of HST
2) projected orbital parameters after re-boost.
3) Discovery's DRY weight
4) HST's Dry weight.
So how long do they need to train? a year? 2 years? somehow
I think 2-3 moths should be adequate.
Also because they significantly lacked on-orbit EVA experience.
The HST is designed for on-orbit servicing. it should be a lot easier.
There comes a time in every project, to kill the management.
They can if neccessary, re-schedule the HST mission. December is
not a drop dead date, unlike say the LDEF retrieval mission.
I suspect, the BUS-1, may not have enough basic thrust for the HST
re-boost. it mayu need bigger tanks, or bigger thrusters.
My understanding is the Second HST servicing mission is not
a contingency. My understanding is the mission needs both
a new FOC and work on the electrical system, plus
another re-boost.
Somehow, i think the cost of an expendable SMT will be less then
$500 million.
and the extra stuff is real cheap. NASA has lots of suits, MMU's,
and the EDO pallets are re-usable. Oh, one double magnum of champagne,
now there's a couple hundred bucks.
That door has cycled, X times already. Once after massive G loading.
I somehow think they can work ou;reliability methods to ensure the
door works.
Also, please tell me how some sort of sublimated material like
CO2, or H2O would manage to contaminate the mirror, anything
that goes to vapor state, shouldn't adhere to the mirror.
somehow, the door, problem can be worked. maybe they can put a one
time spring on it.
what do they do now, if the door hangs up. that door is part
of a intrument safing mechanism. if it hangs up tomorrow, it'll
be 8 months until someone gets up there witha crowbar to fix it.
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Introducing the Back to the Moon in Congress:
The Next Step
The next key hurdle for the Lunar Resources Data Purchase
Act is introduction of the Act in Congress. At this point, many
congresspersons have been approached about the bill. However,
for a successful effort to pass the bill, we need the best
possible congressperson to introduce the bill. Due to his
position as Chair of the House Committee on Space and Science,
Congressman George Brown is the logical choice. He has a long
record of support and interest in space development, and helped
pass the Launch Services Purchase Act and the Space Settlements
Act.
There is a small group of activists in southern California
who have assisted George Brown in his recent re-election campaigns.
We are mobilizing this group to have them tell Congressman Brown
about the Back to the Moon bill. We are also asking pro-space
constituents to let him know that they care about getting
America back to the Moon.
Finally, there is a good chance that a nationwide alert
for space activists to call or write George Brown to have him
introduce the Back to the Moon bill may be staged during late
spring, 1993.
All this should produce a positive reaction from Brown's
office. As more is known, it will be passed on.
However, even if we are successful in getting him to support
the bill, this alone will not ensure passage of the bill. For
any bill to become law, one of three conditions must exist:
either the bill must reflect widespread national support for an
issue (such as extension of unemployment insurance benefits); be
propelled by high-priced lobbyists (we're out of luck there); or
have widespread support within Congress, due to small, but
widespread, constituent support. The latter is the path that we,
by necessity, must choose.
This means that the introduction of the Lunar Resources
Data Purchase Act must be immediately accompanied by a large number
of congresspersons' sponsorship of the bill. To accomplish
this, we need activists to ask their congressperson to support
the Lunar Resources Data Purchase Act - now. To wait until the
bill is introduced is simply too late - it takes time to have a
congressperson's staff review a bill.
If your congressperson mentions that the bill is not yet
introduced, please elicit their opinion of the bill as currently
written. We appreciate all comments on the bill from activists
and politicians.
If you have yet to see the Back to the Moon bill, please
request a copy by Email (please include your U.S. postal service
address), or contact your local chapter of the National Space
Society).
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Go with the Mercedes, if you can afford it. I think the 300 wagon starts around
50k, although it could be 60k.
There is no comparison with any of the other cars listed.
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GM has always screwed the rest of the divisions in favor of the
Corvette. The current platform is no exception. The "detuned" Camaro and
Firebird is a load of crap to keep people from realizing that they can
buy one of these instead of a Corvette and save about $10,000.
I like the idea of an Impala SS, but if they really wanted to impress
me, they would throw in a big phat 454. Imagine the cops in their Taurus
police package 3.0 and 3.8 litres as they stare at your taillights...
George Howell
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I would gladly spend twice the money for insurance, rather than using
Geico. Not only do they supply radar guns to the police they also want
to make radar detectors illegal. They also ask if you have a detector
(probably to put you in a high risk group or just refuse to insure you).
I know a few people who were droped by geico due to an accident that
was not their fault.
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at least be honest. velcro (tm) dates from the 40's. i have doubts
about everything listed above. just because it was developed in the
space age, doesn't mean it was a space spin-off.
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Well, here goes.
The first item of business is to establish the importance space life
sciences in the whole of scheme of humankind. I mean compared
to football and baseball, the average joe schmoe doesn't seem interested
or even curious about spaceflight. I think that this forum can
make a major change in that lack of insight and education.
All of us, in our own way, can contribute to a comprehensive document
which can be released to the general public around the world. The
document would scientifically analyze the technical aspects of long
term human habitation in space.
I believe that if any long-term space exploration program is to
succeed we need to basically learn how to engineer our own microworld
(i.e. the spacecraft). Only through the careful analyses of engineering,
chemical, biological, and medical factors will a good ecosystem be created
to facilitate human life on a long-duration flight.
So, I would like to see posts of opinions regarding the most objective
methods to analyze the accepted scientific literature for technologies
which can be applied to long-duration spaceflight. Such a detailed
literature search would be of interest to ourselves as space advocates
and clearly important to existing space programs.
In essence, we would be dividing the space life science issues into
various technical problems which could be solved with various technologies.
This database of acceptable solutions to various problems could form the
basis of detailed discussions involving people from the bionet, isunet,
and any other source!
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Cool!
I think you mean Moon.
(Sorry, I had to.) ; )
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Not everyone should be trusted with tools. ;-)
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STK1203@VAX003.STOCKTON.EDU Pontificated:
One of the sci.space FAQ postings deal with this. It's archived
somewhere. Perhaps someone can post where it is (I don'
remember).
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..
As Ben says - this re-boost idea is all news to us here. Do you know
something we don't? Please supply a source - it would be nice for
the schedulers of observations to know where the thing is going to
be. These altitude numbers are also way off.
My best source has:
"Minimum ST ALTITUDE in the PMDB is: 573 Kilometers"
"Maximum ST ALTITUDE in the PMDB is: 603 Kilometers"
"Delta ST ALTITUDE in the PMDB is: 3 Kilometers"
(PMDB is Proposal Management Data Base - used to schedule observations.)
..
Could you supply some calculations? You might check some recent
postings that explained that 'a small booster' as suggested does
not now exist, so comparing the mass of something that doesn't
exist to the mass of the OMS fuel seems impossible. The contamination
threat also remains.
..
Longer drag life I can understand, but could you explain the
antenna pointing?
Tell me about it. Although the arrays can be (and are) moved perfectly
well utilizing the second electronics box. Getting them both working
is much desireable so as to reclaim redundancy.
I don't mean to jump on you - helpful suggestions are always welcome
and we all know the more ideas the better, but I do want the true
situation to be described clearly and correctly, lest some get
confused.
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If I'm going to drive on a public road then I need a
speedometer, and an odometer helps for navigation.
My 1965 Chevy has a bare minimum: Engine-temp and
Oil-press warning lights and a fuel gauge.
My 1983 VW has tach, water-temp, voltmeter
and oil-temp gauges.
If I had a turbo car, I'd want a vacuum manifold/boost
gauge. An oil pressure gauge is a nice, reassuring
gauge to look at. If my car was air cooled, then I
would substitute a cyl-head-temp gauge for the water-temp
gauge.
A few years ago, I looked at the Audi Quattro Si Coupe
that Bobby Unser used to win the 1986 Pikes Peak Hill Climb.
The gauge layout, from left to right, top to bottom was:
----------------------------------
speedometer
----------------------------------
fuel tranny
press temp
----------------------------------
differential water
temp temp
----------------------------------
big orange tach
oil-press
warning light
----------------------------------
oil-temp boost
----------------------------------
oil-press
----------------------------------
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Re; Response from CoB of Boeing on SSTO ...
Boeing has been looking at several TSTO vehicles and has carried
out extensive conceptual studies of advanced launch systems for some
time. A good reference on this might be: "Comparison of Propulsion
Options for Advanced Earth-To-Orbit (ETO) Applications (IAF-92-
0639)." by V.A. Weldon and L.E. Fink from Boeing. The paper
describes a propane-fueled TSTO launch system claimed to achieve
aircraft-like operational efficiencies without the problems
associated with liquid hydrogen fuel. Basically, it's a high-speed
airplane launching a Hermes-type spaceplane
The design (the concept is also called "Beta") as laid out in the
paper can launch at least 10,000 pounds into polar orbit, or 20,000
pounds to space station orbit including a crew of eight persons and
life support. System design reliability is .9995.
Beta is a 360-foot-long first stage powered by two large ramjets
and 12 high- speed civil transport (HSCT) turbofans. A 108-foot-
long reusable orbiter is trapeze-mounted in the belly of the first-
stage aircraft, which also could accommodate a longer and heavy
payload on an expendable second stage.
To launch the orbital vehicle, the first stage takes off like a
normal HSCT and accelerates to Mach 3. At that point the turbofans,
modified to burn catalyzed JP-7, would shut off and the ramjets,
would take over. At Mach 5.5 the orbiter or the ELV would swing
out, ignite and proceed to orbit. Both vehicles would land like
aircraft at the conclusion of their respective missions.
Estimated total weight of the combined configuration at takeoff
is about 1.5 M lbs, roughly equivalanet to a fully loaded An-225.
The orbiter stages weighs about 400,Klbs including 335 Klbs
of LOX and subcooled propane to power two 250 Klbs vacuum thrust
rocket engines. Propellants would be stored at 91 degrees Kelvin,
with the propane in a spherical tank mounted forward of the 15-by-
25-foot cargo bay and the two-seat orbiter crew station. LOX would
be stored aft. Weldon and Fink claim the key to this design's
success is the structurally efficient airframe and the compact
tankage allowed by the high-density supercooled hydrocarbon fuel.
The paper compares TSTO design to SSTO design. They conclude
while a SSTO has a slightly lower recurring cost, a TSTO is easier,
cheaper, and less risky to develop, simpler to build, has greater
safety and mission versatility and doesn't carry the hard-to-handle
and bulky hydrogen fuel. The conlcude "In conjunction with its major
use of airplane type engines and fuel, as well as its inherent self-
ferry capability, it is probably the system most likely to provide
as close to airline-like operations as possible with a practical
configuration, until a single stage airbreather/rocket concept can
be shown to be operationally viable."
Weldon and others at Boeing have been working on TSTO designs for
some time. I expect this, or a similar concept (perhaps the HTHL
SSTO they proposed for the SDIO SSTO first phase) is being re-
examined as a basis for a bid on the first phase of SpaceLifter.
Does it threaten DC-???. Possibly -- There is a set of on-going
studies trying straighten out the government's future space
transportation strategy. MDC and Boeing (as well as other firms)
are providing data to a joint study team back in DC. There are
various factions and options vying for attention -- including
shuttle upgrades, shuttle replacement (what was called the "4-2-3"
architecture), SpaceLifter, ELV upgrades, and various advanced
vehicles (ALES, Beta, DC-??, NASP, FSTS, SSTOs of several types,
etc.) NASA/DOD/DOT are trying to put together a coherent strategy
for future US gov't space transportation systems, and trying to
juggle near-term launch needs (like for DoD and NASA) against
medium-term needs (including commercial considerations), and against
the investment and risk of going to "leap frog" new technologies
like SDIO/SSTO and NASP and Beta.
It's a heck of a problem. The worst part of the problem isn't
that there aren't promising ideas and concepts -- there are dozens
of them -- but how they balance cost and risk versus real needs in
the near term. They should have a draft report in mid-June, with a
final report coming by the end of the fiscal year.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Wales Larrison Space Technology Investor
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Rich,
First of all you might want to join the VetteNet (vettes@chiller.compaq
.com) during your search/acquisition of the 67. $20k sounds about
right for a wrong engine, condition 3 car. This means that the car may
not have significant investment value but could be an excellent driver
and or hobby car. You will also want to get a copy of the Corvette
Black Book immediately. Don't leave home (to look at Vettes) without it.
Since you are contemplating spending >$20k, you might want to invest a
few hours in reading the "Corvette Buyer's Guide" and purchase Noland
Adams' tape "How to Buy a Corvette." The tape shows you how to check
for damage, etc.. There are many many factors that will affect the
value, road worthiness, and repair expense of your proposed 67. The
list is much too long to go into here. Join the VetteNet where
there are over 100 current Corvette owners (many with 60s vintage
vettes) that are available to help you. The pubs I mentioned above
are available from Mid-America Designs (800) 637-5533 and several
other Corvette parts sources. Good luck!!!
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Good for you. I am convinced that someone should start a boycott
against GEICO. Any takers?
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RIght now the HST sevicing mission is listed as 11 days. before
it was listed as 9 days. they just kicked up the number of spacewalks
to 5, after simulations indicated that it was not do-able in 4.
After all the space walking, they are going to re-boost the HST's
orbit. I think right now it's sitting at 180 miles up,
they would like 220. I don't know the exact orbit numbers.
I know when HST was first flown, it was placed in the Highest
possible Shuttle orbit.
Now the shuttle can cary a thing called the EDO pallet, or extended
duration orbiter pallet. It's mostly LOX/LH for the fuel cells
and RCS gear, plus more O2 and canisters for the life support
re-breathers. maybe more nitrogen too.
THe limit on space-walking is a function of suit supplies (MASS)
and Orbiter Duration.
In order to perform the re-boost of the HST, the OMS engines
will be fired for a long period. Now the shuttle is a heavy
thing. THe HST isn't light either. THe amount of OMS fuel
needed to fly both up is substantial. a small booster
carried up and used to boost HST on it's own will weigh significantly
less then the OMS fuel required to Boost both HST and SHUttle,
for a given orbital change.
From what i understand, the mass margins on the HST missions are
tight enough they can't even carry extra Suits or MMU's.
Now if they used a small tug, I would bet, just a wild guess,
that the savings on amss margin would allow carrying the
EDO pallet, extra suits, more consumables, parts for the
flaky FGS sensor, parts for the balky solar electronics,
and still enough for a double magnum of champagne.
or the HST could even get placed into some sort of medium orbit.
The reason they want a high orbit, is less antenna pointing,
and longer drag life.
a
Whatever it is, the problem in the tilt array is a big constraint
on HST ops.
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This is actually more like the stuff from Phase A and MOL....Phase B ended
with a "Power Tower" approach....
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I disagree. It think the average joe is interested/curious about spaceflight
but sees it as an elitist activity. Not one which he is ever going to
participate in.
Why is the general public going to be interested in the technical details
of long term space habitation? I like the idea of the study, but it should
be released to other scientists and engineers who will be able to use it.
If you want a general public document, you'll need a more general publication.
As one working on Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems, engineering
the microworld isn't the problem. The problem is understanding the basic
chemical, biological and medical factors to be able to engineer them
efficiently. For example, the only way we know how to produce food is from
plants and animals. Food synthesis is not very far advanced. So we have
to orbit a farm. Well that's obviously not very efficient, so we use
technology to reduce the mass and grow plants hydroponically instead of
using dirt. This is where the engineering comes in. But new technologies
bring new basic questions that we don't have the answers to. Like, in
dirt we can grow tomatoes and lettuce right beside each other, but in
hydroponics it turns out that you can't do that. The lettuce growth is
stunted when it's grown in the same hydroponic solution as tomatoes. So
now you have to consider what other plants are going to have similar
interactions. This means some basic applied scientific research. And that's
what needs to be done with all technologies that have been developed so far.
We also need to find out how they interact together. That's where we are now.
First you need to do the literature search. There is a lot of information
out there. Maybe we should just pick a specific area of long term habitation.
This could be useful, especially if we make it available on the net. Then
we can look at methods of analyzing the technologies.
Unless there is an unbelievable outpouring of interest on this on the net,
I think we should develop a detailed data base of the literature search
first. Then if we accomplish that we can go on to real analysis. The data
base itself could be useful for future engineers.
That's my response Ken, what do you think?
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I propose that PepsiCo, Mcdonalds and other companies could put
into orbit banners that have timely political messages, such as,
"Stop the slaughter in Bosnia!"
, etc.
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Apologies... Your mail is probably in the pile that arrived just before
I got sick about a month ago... A reply will appear eventually...
So far, there have been none (unless you count an interview in The Amateur
Computerist about the history of netnews, which may be disqualified because
TAC's budget doesn't run to reproducing photos...).
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Uh, no. These burst detectors are just that, burst detectors.
They have no angular resolution.
Now a network of burst detectors could have angular resolution,
but we do not have a decent set of different networks at the distances
neccesary from each other to determine if they're happening in the oort
cloud or not.
We have one network, and trying to make two networks out of it
degrades what angular resolution we have.
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jfc> If gamma ray bursters are extragalactic, would absorption from the
jfc> galaxy be expected? How transparent is the galactic core to gamma
jfc> rays?
and later...
JB> So, if the 1/r^2 law is incorrect (assume
JB> some unknown material [dark matter??] inhibits Gamma Ray propagation),
JB> could it be possible that we are actually seeing much less energetic
JB> events happening much closer to us? The even distribution could
JB> be caused by the characteristic propagation distance of gamma rays
JB> being shorter then 1/2 the thickness of the disk of the galaxy.
0.
Well, maybe not zero, but very little. At the typical energies for
gamma rays, the Galaxy is effectively transparent.
Hans Bloemen had a review article in Ann. Rev. Astr. Astrophys. a few
years back in which he discusses this in more depth.
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Wouldn't that make them an I4? Or would they
really be an _4 (henceforth referred to as
"underscore 4")?
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Jonathan, interesting questions. Some wonder whether or not the moon could
have ever supported an atmosphere. I'd be interested in knowing what
our geology/environmental sciences friends think.
As for human tolerances, the best example of human endurance in terms
of altitude (i.e. low atmospheric pressure and lower oxygen partial pressure)
is in my opinion to the scaling of Mt. Everest without oxygen assistance.
This was accomplished by a team of mountaineers who trained at high
altitudes for quite awhile (I think a few months) and then were flown by
helicopter from that training altitude to the equivalent altitude on
Mount Everest, where they began the ascent of our planet's highest peak
without oxygen tanks. This is quite a feat of physiological endurance, because
if you or I tried to go to 20,000 feet and exert ourselves, we would probably
pass out, get altitude sick, and could even die from cerebral edema. So
this is the limit of low pressure. High pressure situations would be
limited by the duration of time which it takes to slowly acclimate to a higher
pressure. Skin divers would know alot about high pressure situations and
could tell you about how they safely make deep dives without getting the
bends. Some military experiments have put people under several atmospheres of
pressure (not sure what the high limit was because the papers aren't in
front of me). Usually at a certain point, the nitrogen in the air becomes
toxic to the body and you start acting idiotic. Divers call this nitrogen
narcosis. Those afflicted can do very dangerous and irrational things, like
taking off a diving mask and oxygen tank in order to talk to fish at 100 feet
under water. (Hope any diving folk can elaborate on this matter, as I
am not a diving expert).
Mars cannot support human life without pressurization because the atmosphere
is too thin (1/100 th our Earth's atmospheric density). In addition,
the Mars atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. Basically, you would need a
pressure suit there, or you'd die from the low pressure. Interesting huh?
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Think for a moment about the technology required to do that. By
the time they could make the Earth's sky look like Las Vegas,
the people could afford to go backpacking on the Moon. Round
trip costs for 500 kg to the Moon would be about the same as
5000 kg in a Low Earth "advertising" orbit: Very roughly the
same cost as a smallish billboard, therefore. If such ads were
to become common place, that would have to be a very low price...
The night sky on a Lunar backpacking trip would still be very
pristine...
There's always been a problem of having to get
away from civilization before you can really find "natural"
scenery. 100 years ago, this usually didn't take a trip
of over 5 miles. Today, most people would have to go 100 miles
or more. If we ever get to the point where we have billboards
on orbit, that essentially means that no place on Earth is still
"wild." While that may or may not be a good thing, the orbital
billboards aren't the problem: They are just a symptom of
growing, densely-populated civilization. Banning such ads will
not save your view of the night sky, because by the time
such ads could become widespread you will probably have trouble
finding a place without street lights, where you can _see_
the stars...
An ad on a moon of Jupiter would be rather pointless, since you need
a telescope to see them. However, I'd love to see them get all
the publicity they could from underwritting the "Coca Cola Io
Orbital Mapping Probe."
They already can, to some extent: The IAU allows names derived from
sponsors or patrons of scientific research. If Microscum donates
money to a university astronomy program, one of the galactic
astronomers could easily get a newly discovered galaxy named after
them.
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Obviously not. Count rates are too low and signal rise times too long
for this to be possible. The CGRO, is, what, 10 meters long? You'd
need to time to an accuracy of nanoseconds to do this.
What BATSE actually does is measure the relative strength in each of
the detectors (also as a function of photon energy). Each of the
detectors does not have isotropic response. To do this right one must
model the scattering of photons in the material around each detector,
and even scattering of photons off the Earth's atmosphere back onto
the spacecraft. I believe they have now reduced the error to about 2
degrees.
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The most current orbital elements from the NORAD two-line element sets are
carried on the Celestial BBS, (513) 427-0674, and are updated daily (when
possible). Documentation and tracking software are also available on this
system. As a service to the satellite user community, the most current
elements for the current shuttle mission are provided below. The Celestial
BBS may be accessed 24 hours/day at 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, or 9600 bps using
8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity.
Element sets (also updated daily), shuttle elements, and some documentation
and software are also available via anonymous ftp from archive.afit.af.mil
(129.92.1.66) in the directory pub/space.
STS 55
1 22640U 93 27 A 93119.24999999 .00041555 00000-0 12437-3 0 90
2 22640 28.4657 249.3697 0008512 260.9747 152.1416 15.90732913 425
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You know, I'm a Ford fan, I must say, so I'm looking forward to the next
Mustang. I have faith that it will be a fine product, more desireable
than the Camaro is now. You know, that's MHO.
The differences these days between Ford and GM are not so much the quality,
just the philosophy. It used to be quality _and_ philosophy. GM is
barely catching up, but they have more room for improvement that
can only be made up in time. STSs still come off the assembly line
with screwed up paint stripes and poor trunk/door/hood/panel alignments;
it's those 75 year old plants. And the latest GM products still come
with the standard equipment RattleDash (tm). But like I said, they're
getting better and making the move in the right direction.
They beat Ford to the market with the Camaro/Firebird, but really only
in words. Production of these vehicles will be limited until the
end of the year, keeping selling prices above MSRP for the most part
since there are so many twitching Camaro fans out there. I wouldn't
press Ford to hurry the Mustang since the final wait could be worth it.
Besides, no bow-tie fanatic is gonna buy the Mustang anyway.
I do not put much stock in the mag rags' "inside" information, or even
Ford rep quotes. The Taurus was pretty much a surprise when it was
finally disclosed in it's entirety. "Inside" information had the
Taurus with a V8 and rear-wheel drive at one point. I wouldn't look
for a simple re-paneled Mustang, folks; you may be cheating yourself
if you do. There's a lot of potential. Ford hasn't released a new
car without a 4-wheel IS in 7 years. The Mustang project has been
brewing for at least 4, right? A 4-wheel IS could happen. Those
modular V8's are out there, too. In the interest of CAFE and
competition, don't rule those out, either. Your ignorant if you do.
And there are so many spy shots and artist renderings out there,
who really knows what it'll look like? The Mach III? Doubt it.
Highly.
The next Mustang will be Ford's highest profile car. It attracts
way more attention than the Camaro/Firebird because it's heritage
is more embedded in the general public. Don't lie to yourself and
believe Ford will forfeit that.
I submit that the Mustang will be a success. Enough to elicit
defensive remarks from some heavy Camaro fans here. You know,
intelligent, critical spews like, "The Mustang bites, man!" Some of
you are already beginning. I predict that the Mustang and Camaro
will be comparable performers, as usual. I predict that the
differences will be in subjective areas like looks and feel, as usual.
The Camaro is still a huge automobile; the Mustang will retain its
cab-rearward styling and short, pony-car wheelbase. The Camaro still
reaches out to the fighter pilot, while the Mustang will appeal to
the driver. The Camaro will still sell to the muscle car set, while
the Mustang will continue to sell to the college-degreed muscle car set.
Both will be more refined (I do think the Camaro is). There will be
no clear winner.
Unless the Ford gets the 32v, 300hp Romeo. You don't seriously believe
that it was designed for the Mark VIII only, do you?
:^)
Regards,
Brian
bqueiser@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu
------------------------------------------------------------------------
I am the engineer, I can choose K.
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I guess it's kind of an aesthetics argument.
I can see the solar arrays being expensive, and there could be
contingencies where you would be throwing away brand new
solar cells, but it seems so cheap compared toa shuttle
mission, i wouldn't think they would bother.
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Diesels fall into the same emissions mythology as alcohol fuels. The main reason
they are considered "cleaner" is because they are better at the emissions we
actually measure and regulate. But they also contribute additional emissions
which have long been determined to be as harmful, but no suitable control or
limits have been defined.
Current evidence is pointing to most visible smog actually being diesel emissions
and suspended particles and less of a photo-chemical reaction. Diesel particulates
are now becoming a major concern in decreased lung capacity. And alcohols emit
signifcantly more aldehydes (a known carcinigen) than gasoline. The evidence
is mounting that while we have been beating the gasoline engine to death, we may
have been ignoring the effects of the alternatives.
And anyone who thinks diesels are so great, should go and spend a few hours in
rush hour traffic in some cities in Europe. There the stench of the diesels is
awful and it can even burn the eyes.
Diesels being clean is only relative to our current standards.
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V4s? I don't know of any. I4s and flat4s are abundant.
A whole $h!tload. Minivans, pickups, just about any car above the
subcompact/compact range and below the full-size range (with a few
exceptions).
I6s are much more rare now; the only one I personally know of that's
still in production is the venerable Ford 300CID in the F-series pickups.
I think that Jeep's big 6's are also straight sixes, but I'm not a
big Jeep person.
Where are you to not know of V8s? There are Mustangs, Cadillacs,
Lincolns, Camaros, Corvettes, Thunderbirds, all real full-size
pickups, Crown Vics, Chevy Moby^H^H^H^HCaprice ;-), and even a few
Japanese and European vee-hickles with V8s.
V10 - Dodge Viper; Dodge promises a truck with a V10.
Don't Ferarri and Lamborghini both use V-12s extensively?
James
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"Let's make a deal!" If you're going to put up a billion, I'd want to budget
the whole sheebang for $450-600 million. If I have that much money to throw
around in the first place, you betcha I'm going to sign a contract committing
to volume production...
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This file and other text and image files from JPL missions are
available from the JPL Info public access computer site,
reachable by Internet via anonymous ftp to pubinfo.jpl.nasa.gov
(128.149.6.2); or by dialup modem to +1 (818) 354-1333, up to
9600 bits per second, parameters N-8-1.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Our Solar System at a Glance
Information Summary
PMS 010-A (JPL)
June 1991
JPL 410-34-1 6/91
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
California Institue of Technology
Pasadena, California
For a printed copy of this publication contact the public mail
office at the NASA center in your geographic region.
INTRODUCTION
From our small world we have gazed upon the cosmic ocean for
untold thousands of years. Ancient astronomers observed points of
light that appeared to move among the stars. They called these
objects planets, meaning wanderers, and named them after Roman
deities -- Jupiter, king of the gods; Mars, the god of war;
Mercury, messenger of the gods; Venus, the god of love and
beauty, and Saturn, father of Jupiter and god of agriculture. The
stargazers also observed comets with sparkling tails, and meteors
or shooting stars apparently falling from the sky.
Science flourished during the European Renaissance.
Fundamental physical laws governing planetary motion were
discovered, and the orbits of the planets around the Sun were
calculated. In the 17th century, astronomers pointed a new device
called the telescope at the heavens and made startling
discoveries.
But the years since 1959 have amounted to a golden age of
solar system exploration. Advancements in rocketry after World
War II enabled our machines to break the grip of Earth's gravity
and travel to the Moon and to other planets.
The United States has sent automated spacecraft, then
human-crewed expeditions, to explore the Moon. Our automated
machines have orbited and landed on Venus and Mars; explored the
Sun's environment; observed comets, and made close-range surveys
while flying past Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
These travelers brought a quantum leap in our knowledge and
understanding of the solar system. Through the electronic sight
and other "senses" of our automated spacecraft, color and
complexion have been given to worlds that for centuries appeared
to Earth-bound eyes as fuzzy disks or indistinct points of light.
And dozens of previously unknown objects have been discovered.
Future historians will likely view these pioneering flights
through the solar system as some of the most remarkable
achievements of the 20th century.
AUTOMATED SPACECRAFT
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's)
automated spacecraft for solar system exploration come in many
shapes and sizes. While they are designed to fulfill separate and
specific mission objectives, the craft share much in common.
Each spacecraft consists of various scientific instruments
selected for a particular mission, supported by basic subsystems
for electrical power, trajectory and orientation control, as well
as for processing data and communicating with Earth.
Electrical power is required to operate the spacecraft
instruments and systems. NASA uses both solar energy from arrays
of photovoltaic cells and small nuclear generators to power its
solar system missions. Rechargeable batteries are employed for
backup and supplemental power.
Imagine that a spacecraft has successfully journeyed
millions of miles through space to fly but one time near a
planet, only to have its cameras and other sensing instruments
pointed the wrong way as it speeds past the target! To help
prevent such a mishap, a subsystem of small thrusters is used to
control spacecraft.
The thrusters are linked with devices that maintain a
constant gaze at selected stars. Just as Earth's early seafarers
used the stars to navigate the oceans, spacecraft use stars to
maintain their bearings in space. With the subsystem locked onto
fixed points of reference, flight controllers can keep a
spacecraft's scientific instruments pointed at the target body
and the craft's communications antennas pointed toward Earth. The
thrusters can also be used to fine-tune the flight path and speed
of the spacecraft to ensure that a target body is encountered at
the planned distance and on the proper trajectory.
Between 1959 and 1971, NASA spacecraft were dispatched to
study the Moon and the solar environment; they also scanned the
inner planets other than Earth -- Mercury, Venus and Mars. These
three worlds, and our own, are known as the terrestrial planets
because they share a solid-rock composition.
For the early planetary reconnaissance missions, NASA
employed a highly successful series of spacecraft called the
Mariners. Their flights helped shape the planning of later
missions. Between 1962 and 1975, seven Mariner missions conducted
the first surveys of our planetary neighbors in space.
All of the Mariners used solar panels as their primary power
source. The first and the final versions of the spacecraft had
two wings covered with photovoltaic cells. Other Mariners were
equipped with four solar panels extending from their octagonal
bodies.
Although the Mariners ranged from the Mariner 2 Venus
spacecraft, weighing in at 203 kilograms (447 pounds), to the
Mariner 9 Mars Orbiter, weighing in at 974 kilograms (2,147
pounds), their basic design remained quite similar throughout the
program. The Mariner 5 Venus spacecraft, for example, had
originally been a backup for the Mariner 4 Mars flyby. The
Mariner 10 spacecraft sent to Venus and Mercury used components
left over from the Mariner 9 Mars Orbiter program.
In 1972, NASA launched Pioneer 10, a Jupiter spacecraft.
Interest was shifting to four of the outer planets -- Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune -- giant balls of dense gas quite
different from the terrestrial worlds we had already surveyed.
Four NASA spacecraft in all -- two Pioneers and two Voyagers
-- were sent in the 1970s to tour the outer regions of our solar
system. Because of the distances involved, these travelers took
anywhere from 20 months to 12 years to reach their destinations.
Barring faster spacecraft, they will eventually become the first
human artifacts to journey to distant stars. Because the Sun's
light becomes so faint in the outer solar system, these travelers
do not use solar power but instead operate on electricity
generated by heat from the decay of radioisotopes.
NASA also developed highly specialized spacecraft to revisit
our neighbors Mars and Venus in the middle and late 1970s. Twin
Viking Landers were equipped to serve as seismic and weather
stations and as biology laboratories. Two advanced orbiters --
descendants of the Mariner craft -- carried the Viking Landers
from Earth and then studied martian features from above.
Two drum-shaped Pioneer spacecraft visited Venus in 1978.
The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was equipped with a radar instrument
that allowed it to "see" through the planet's dense cloud cover
to study surface features. The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe carried
four probes that were dropped through the clouds. The probes and
the main body -- all of which contained scientific instruments --
radioed information about the planet's atmosphere during their
descent toward the surface.
A new generation of automated spacecraft -- including
Magellan, Galileo, Ulysses, Mars Observer, the Comet
Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) and Cassini -- is being
developed and sent out into the solar system to make detailed
examinations that will increase our understanding of our
neighborhood and our own planet.
The Sun
A discussion of the objects in the solar system must start
with the Sun. The Sun dwarfs the other bodies, representing
approximately 99.86 percent of all the mass in the solar system;
all of the planets, moons, asteroids, comets, dust and gas add up
to only about 0.14 percent. This 0.14 percent represents the
material left over from the Sun's formation. One hundred and nine
Earths would be required to fit across the Sun's disk, and its
interior could hold over 1.3 million Earths.
As a star, the Sun generates energy through the process of
fusion. The temperature at the Sun's core is 15 million degrees
Celsius (27 million degrees Fahrenheit), and the pressure there
is 340 billion times Earth's air pressure at sea level. The Sun's
surface temperature of 5,500 degrees Celsius (10,000 degrees
Fahrenheit) seems almost chilly compared to its core-temperature.
At the solar core, hydrogen can fuse into helium, producing
energy. The Sun also produces a strong magnetic field and streams
of charged particles, both extending far beyond the planets.
The Sun appears to have been active for 4.6 billion years
and has enough fuel to go on for another five billion years or
so. At the end of its life, the Sun will start to fuse helium
into heavier elements and begin to swell up, ultimately growing
so large that it will swallow Earth. After a billion years as a
"red giant," it will suddenly collapse into a "white dwarf" --
the final end product of a star like ours. It may take a trillion
years to cool off completely.
Many spacecraft have explored the Sun's environment, but
none have gotten any closer to its surface than approximately
two-thirds of the distance from Earth to the Sun. Pioneers 5-11,
the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Voyagers 1 and 2 and other spacecraft
have all sampled the solar environment. The Ulysses spacecraft,
launched on October 6, 1990, is a joint solar mission of NASA and
the European Space Agency. After using Jupiter's gravity to
change its trajectory, Ulysses will fly over the Sun's polar
regions during 1994 and 1995 and will perform a wide range of
studies using nine onboard scientific instruments.
We are fortunate that the Sun is exactly the way it is. If
it were different in almost any way, life would almost certainly
never have developed on Earth.
Mercury
Obtaining the first close-up views of Mercury was the
primary objective of the Mariner 10 spacecraft, launched on
November 3, 1973, from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. After a
journey of nearly five months, which included a flyby of Venus,
the spacecraft passed within 703 kilometers (437 miles) of the
solar system's innermost planet on March 29, 1974.
Until Mariner 10, little was known about Mercury. Even the
best telescopic views from Earth showed Mercury as an indistinct
object lacking any surface detail. The planet is so close to the
Sun that it is usually lost in solar glare. When the planet is
visible on Earth's horizon just after sunset or before dawn, it
is obscured by the haze and dust in our atmosphere. Only radar
telescopes gave any hint of Mercury's surface conditions prior to
the voyage of Mariner 10.
The photographs Mariner 10 radioed back to Earth revealed an
ancient, heavily cratered surface, closely resembling our own
Moon. The pictures also showed huge cliffs crisscrossing the
planet. These apparently were created when Mercury's interior
cooled and shrank, buckling the planet's crust. The cliffs are as
high as 3 kilometers (2 miles) and as long as 500 kilometers (310
miles).
Instruments on Mariner 10 discovered that Mercury has a weak
magnetic field and a trace of atmosphere -- a trillionth the
density of Earth's atmosphere and composed chiefly of argon, neon
and helium. When the planet's orbit takes it closest to the Sun,
surface temperatures range from 467 degrees Celsius (872 degrees
Fahrenheit) on Mercury's sunlit side to -183 degrees Celsius
(-298 degrees Fahrenheit) on the dark side. This range in surface
temperature -- 650 degrees Celsius (1,170 degrees Fahrenheit) --
is the largest for a single body in the solar system. Mercury
literally bakes and freezes at the same time.
Days and nights are long on Mercury. The combination of a
slow rotation relative to the stars (59 Earth days) and a rapid
revolution around the Sun (88 Earth days) means that one Mercury
solar day takes 176 Earth days or two Mercury years -- the time
it takes the innermost planet to complete two orbits around the
Sun!
Mercury appears to have a crust of light silicate rock like
that of Earth. Scientists believe Mercury has a heavy iron-rich
core making up slightly less than half of its volume. That would
make Mercury's core larger, proportionally, than the Moon's core
or those of any of the planets.
After the initial Mercury encounter, Mariner 10 made two
additional flybys -- on September 21, 1974, and March 16, 1975 --
before control gas used to orient the spacecraft was exhausted
and the mission was concluded. Each flyby took place at the same
local Mercury time when the identical half of the planet was
illuminated; as a result, we still have not seen one-half of the
planet's surface.
Venus
Veiled by dense cloud cover, Venus -- our nearest planetary
neighbor -- was the first planet to be explored. The Mariner 2
spacecraft, launched on August 27, 1962, was the first of more
than a dozen successful American and Soviet missions to study the
mysterious planet. As spacecraft flew by or orbited Venus,
plunged into the atmosphere or gently landed on Venus' surface,
romantic myths and speculations about our neighbor were laid to
rest.
On December 14, 1962, Mariner 2 passed within 34,839
kilometers (21,648 miles) of Venus and became the first
spacecraft to scan another planet; onboard instruments measured
Venus for 42 minutes. Mariner 5, launched in June 1967, flew much
closer to the planet. Passing within 4,094 kilometers (2,544
miles) of Venus on the second American flyby, Mariner 5's
instruments measured the planet's magnetic field, ionosphere,
radiation belts and temperatures. On its way to Mercury, Mariner
10 flew by Venus and transmitted ultraviolet pictures to Earth
showing cloud circulation patterns in the Venusian atmosphere.
In the spring and summer of 1978, two spacecraft were
launched to further unravel the mysteries of Venus. On December 4
of the same year, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter became the first
spacecraft placed in orbit around the planet.
Five days later, the five separate components making up the
second spacecraft -- the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe -- entered the
Venusian atmosphere at different locations above the planet. The
four small, independent probes and the main body radioed
atmospheric data back to Earth during their descent toward the
surface. Although designed to examine the atmosphere, one of the
probes survived its impact with the surface and continued to
transmit data for another hour.
Venus resembles Earth in size, physical composition and
density more closely than any other known planet. However,
spacecraft have discovered significant differences as well. For
example, Venus' rotation (west to east) is retrograde (backward)
compared to the east-to-west spin of Earth and most of the other
planets.
Approximately 96.5 percent of Venus' atmosphere (95 times as
dense as Earth's) is carbon dioxide. The principal constituent of
Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen. Venus' atmosphere acts like a
greenhouse, permitting solar radiation to reach the surface but
trapping the heat that would ordinarily be radiated back into
space. As a result, the planet's average surface temperature is
482 degrees Celsius (900 degrees Fahrenheit), hot enough to melt
lead.
A radio altimeter on the Pioneer Venus Orbiter provided the
first means of seeing through the planet's dense cloud cover and
determining surface features over almost the entire planet.
NASA's Magellan spacecraft, launched on May 5, 1989, has been in
orbit around Venus since August 10, 1990. The spacecraft uses
radar-mapping techniques to provide ultrahigh-resolution images
of the surface.
Magellan has revealed a landscape dominated by volcanic
features, faults and impact craters. Huge areas of the surface
show evidence of multiple periods of lava flooding with flows
lying on top of previous ones. An elevated region named Ishtar
Terra is a lava-filled basin as large as the United States. At
one end of this plateau sits Maxwell Montes, a mountain the size
of Mount Everest. Scarring the mountain's flank is a
100-kilometer (62-mile) wide, 2.5-kilometer (1.5-mile) deep
impact crater named Cleopatra. (Almost all features on Venus are
named for women; Maxwell Montes, Alpha Regio and Beta Regio are
the exceptions.) Craters survive on Venus for perhaps 400 million
years because there is no water and very little wind erosion.
Extensive fault-line networks cover the planet, probably the
result of the same crustal flexing that produces plate tectonics
on Earth. But on Venus the surface temperature is sufficient to
weaken the rock, which cracks just about everywhere, preventing
the formation of major plates and large earthquake faults like
the San Andreas Fault in California.
Venus' predominant weather pattern is a high-altitude,
high-speed circulation of clouds that contain sulfuric acid. At
speeds reaching as high as 360 kilometers (225 miles) per hour,
the clouds circle the planet in only four Earth days. The
circulation is in the same direction -- west to east -- as Venus'
slow rotation of 243 Earth days, whereas Earth's winds blow in
both directions -- west to east and east to west -- in six
alternating bands. Venus' atmosphere serves as a simplified
laboratory for the study of our weather.
Earth
As viewed from space, our world's distinguishing
characteristics are its blue waters, brown and green land masses
and white clouds. We are enveloped by an ocean of air consisting
of 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen and 1 percent other
constituents. The only planet in the solar system known to harbor
life, Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 150 million
kilometers (93 million miles). Earth is the third planet from the
Sun and the fifth largest in the solar system, with a diameter
just a few hundred kilometers larger than that of Venus.
Our planet's rapid spin and molten nickel-iron core give
rise to an extensive magnetic field, which, along with the
atmosphere, shields us from nearly all of the harmful radiation
coming from the Sun and other stars. Earth's atmosphere protects
us from meteors as well, most of which burn up before they can
strike the surface. Active geological processes have left no
evidence of the pelting Earth almost certainly received soon
after it formed -- about 4.6 billion years ago. Along with the
other newly formed planets, it was showered by space debris in
the early days of the solar system.
From our journeys into space, we have learned much about our
home planet. The first American satellite -- Explorer 1 -- was
launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida on January 31, 1958, and
discovered an intense radiation zone, now called the Van Allen
radiation belts, surrounding Earth.
Since then, other research satellites have revealed that our
planet's magnetic field is distorted into a tear-drop shape by
the solar wind -- the stream of charged particles continuously
ejected from the Sun. We've learned that the magnetic field does
not fade off into space but has definite boundaries. And we now
know that our wispy upper atmosphere, once believed calm and
uneventful, seethes with activity -- swelling by day and
contracting by night. Affected by changes in solar activity, the
upper atmosphere contributes to weather and climate on Earth.
Besides affecting Earth's weather, solar activity gives rise
to a dramatic visual phenomenon in our atmosphere. When charged
particles from the solar wind become trapped in Earth's magnetic
field, they collide with air molecules above our planet's
magnetic poles. These air molecules then begin to glow and are
known as the auroras or the northern and southern lights.
Satellites about 35,789 kilometers (22,238 miles) out in
space play a major role in daily local weather forecasting. These
watchful electronic eyes warn us of dangerous storms. Continuous
global monitoring provides a vast amount of useful data and
contributes to a better understanding of Earth's complex weather
systems.
From their unique vantage points, satellites can survey
Earth's oceans, land use and resources, and monitor the planet's
health. These eyes in space have saved countless lives, provided
tremendous conveniences and shown us that we may be altering our
planet in dangerous ways.
The Moon
The Moon is Earth's single natural satellite. The first
human footsteps on an alien world were made by American
astronauts on the dusty surface of our airless, lifeless
companion. In preparation for the human-crewed Apollo
expeditions, NASA dispatched the automated Ranger, Surveyor and
Lunar Orbiter spacecraft to study the Moon between 1964 and 1968.
NASA's Apollo program left a large legacy of lunar materials
and data. Six two-astronaut crews landed on and explored the
lunar surface between 1969 and 1972, carrying back a collection
of rocks and soil weighing a total of 382 kilograms (842 pounds)
and consisting of more than 2,000 separate samples.
From this material and other studies, scientists have
constructed a history of the Moon that includes its infancy.
Rocks collected from the lunar highlands date to about 4.0-4.3
billion years old. The first few million years of the Moon's
existence were so violent that few traces of this period remain.
As a molten outer layer gradually cooled and solidified into
different kinds of rock, the Moon was bombarded by huge asteroids
and smaller objects. Some of the asteroids were as large as Rhode
Island or Delaware, and their collisions with the Moon created
basins hundreds of kilometers across.
This catastrophic bombardment tapered off approximately four
billion years ago, leaving the lunar highlands covered with huge,
overlapping craters and a deep layer of shattered and broken
rock. Heat produced by the decay of radioactive elements began to
melt the interior of the Moon at depths of about 200 kilometers
(125 miles) below the surface. Then, for the next 700 million
years -- from about 3.8 to 3.1 billion years ago -- lava rose
from inside the Moon. The lava gradually spread out over the
surface, flooding the large impact basins to form the dark areas
that Galileo Galilei, an astronomer of the Italian Renaissance,
called maria, meaning seas.
As far as we can tell, there has been no significant
volcanic activity on the Moon for more than three billion years.
Since then, the lunar surface has been altered only by
micrometeorites, by the atomic particles from the Sun and stars,
by the rare impacts of large meteorites and by spacecraft and
astronauts. If our astronauts had landed on the Moon a billion
years ago, they would have seen a landscape very similar to the
one today. Thousands of years from now, the footsteps left by the
Apollo crews will remain sharp and clear.
The origin of the Moon is still a mystery. Four theories
attempt an explanation: the Moon formed near Earth as a separate
body; it was torn from Earth; it formed somewhere else and was
captured by our planet's gravity, or it was the result of a
collision between Earth and an asteroid about the size of Mars.
The last theory has some good support but is far from certain.
Mars
Of all the planets, Mars has long been considered the solar
system's prime candidate for harboring extraterrestrial life.
Astronomers studying the red planet through telescopes saw what
appeared to be straight lines crisscrossing its surface. These
observations -- later determined to be optical illusions -- led
to the popular notion that intelligent beings had constructed a
system of irrigation canals on the planet. In 1938, when Orson
Welles broadcast a radio drama based on the science fiction
classic War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells, enough people believed
in the tale of invading martians to cause a near panic.
Another reason for scientists to expect life on Mars had to
do with the apparent seasonal color changes on the planet's
surface. This phenomenon led to speculation that conditions might
support a bloom of martian vegetation during the warmer months
and cause plant life to become dormant during colder periods.
So far, six American missions to Mars have been carried out.
Four Mariner spacecraft -- three flying by the planet and one
placed into martian orbit -- surveyed the planet extensively
before the Viking Orbiters and Landers arrived.
Mariner 4, launched in late 1964, flew past Mars on July 14,
1965, coming within 9,846 kilometers (6,118 miles) of the
surface. Transmitting to Earth 22 close-up pictures of the
planet, the spacecraft found many craters and naturally occurring
channels but no evidence of artificial canals or flowing water.
Mariners 6 and 7 followed with their flybys during the summer of
1969 and returned 201 pictures. Mariners 4, 6 and 7 showed a
diversity of surface conditions as well as a thin, cold, dry
atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
On May 30, 1971, the Mariner 9 Orbiter was launched on a
mission to make a year-long study of the martian surface. The
spacecraft arrived five and a half months after lift-off, only to
find Mars in the midst of a planet-wide dust storm that made
surface photography impossible for several weeks. But after the
storm cleared, Mariner 9 began returning the first of 7,329
pictures; these revealed previously unknown martian features,
including evidence that large amounts of water once flowed across
the surface, etching river valleys and flood plains.
In August and September 1975, the Viking 1 and 2 spacecraft
-- each consisting of an orbiter and a lander -- lifted off from
Kennedy Space Center. The mission was designed to answer several
questions about the red planet, including, Is there life there?
Nobody expected the spacecraft to spot martian cities, but it was
hoped that the biology experiments on the Viking Landers would at
least find evidence of primitive life -- past or present.
Viking Lander 1 became the first spacecraft to successfully
touch down on another planet when it landed on July 20, 1976,
while the United States was celebrating its Bicentennial. Photos
sent back from the Chryse Planitia ("Plains of Gold") showed a
bleak, rusty-red landscape. Panoramic images returned by the
lander revealed a rolling plain, littered with rocks and marked
by rippled sand dunes. Fine red dust from the martian soil gives
the sky a salmon hue. When Viking Lander 2 touched down on Utopia
Planitia on September 3, 1976, it viewed a more rolling landscape
than the one seen by its predecessor -- one without visible
dunes.
The results sent back by the laboratory on each Viking
Lander were inconclusive. Small samples of the red martian soil
were tested in three different experiments designed to detect
biological processes. While some of the test results seemed to
indicate biological activity, later analysis confirmed that this
activity was inorganic in nature and related to the planet's soil
chemistry. Is there life on Mars? No one knows for sure, but the
Viking mission found no evidence that organic molecules exist
there.
The Viking Landers became weather stations, recording wind
velocity and direction as well as atmospheric temperature and
pressure. Few weather changes were observed. The highest
temperature recorded by either craft was -14 degrees Celsius (7
degrees Fahrenheit) at the Viking Lander 1 site in midsummer.
The lowest temperature, -120 degrees Celsius (-184 degrees
Fahrenheit), was recorded at the more northerly Viking Lander 2
site during winter. Near-hurricane wind speeds were measured at
the two martian weather stations during global dust storms, but
because the atmosphere is so thin, wind force is minimal. Viking
Lander 2 photographed light patches of frost -- probably
water-ice -- during its second winter on the planet.
The martian atmosphere, like that of Venus, is primarily
carbon dioxide. Nitrogen and oxygen are present only in small
percentages. Martian air contains only about 1/1,000 as much
water as our air, but even this small amount can condense out,
forming clouds that ride high in the atmosphere or swirl around
the slopes of towering volcanoes. Local patches of early morning
fog can form in valleys.
There is evidence that in the past a denser martian
atmosphere may have allowed water to flow on the planet. Physical
features closely resembling shorelines, gorges, riverbeds and
islands suggest that great rivers once marked the planet.
Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos. They are small and
irregularly shaped and possess ancient, cratered surfaces. It is
possible the moons were originally asteroids that ventured too
close to Mars and were captured by its gravity.
The Viking Orbiters and Landers exceeded by large margins
their design lifetimes of 120 and 90 days, respectively. The
first to fail was Viking Orbiter 2, which stopped operating on
July 24, 1978, when a leak depleted its attitude-control gas.
Viking Lander 2 operated until April 12, 1980, when it was shut
down because of battery degeneration. Viking Orbiter 1 quit on
August 7, 1980, when the last of its attitude-control gas was
used up. Viking Lander 1 ceased functioning on November 13, 1983.
Despite the inconclusive results of the Viking biology
experiments, we know more about Mars than any other planet except
Earth. NASA's Mars Observer spacecraft, to be launched in
September 1992, will expand our knowledge of the martian
environment and lead to human exploration of the red planet.
Asteroids
The solar system has a large number of rocky and metallic
objects that are in orbit around the Sun but are too small to be
considered full-fledged planets. These objects are known as
asteroids or minor planets. Most, but not all, are found in a
band or belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Some have
orbits that cross Earth's path, and there is evidence that Earth
has been hit by asteroids in the past. One of the least eroded,
best preserved examples is the Barringer Meteor Crater near
Winslow, Arizona.
Asteroids are material left over from the formation of the
solar system. One theory suggests that they are the remains of a
planet that was destroyed in a massive collision long ago. More
likely, asteroids are material that never coalesced into a
planet. In fact, if the estimated total mass of all asteroids was
gathered into a single object, the object would be only about
1,500 kilometers (932 miles) across -- less than half the
diameter of our Moon.
Thousands of asteroids have been identified from Earth. It
is estimated that 100,000 are bright enough to eventually be
photographed through Earth-based telescopes.
Much of our understanding about asteroids comes from
examining pieces of space debris that fall to the surface of
Earth. Asteroids that are on a collision course with Earth are
called meteoroids. When a meteoroid strikes our atmosphere at
high velocity, friction causes this chunk of space matter to
incinerate in a streak of light known as a meteor. If the
meteoroid does not burn up completely, what's left strikes
Earth's surface and is called a meteorite. One of the best places
to look for meteorites is the ice cap of Antarctica.
Of all the meteorites examined, 92.8 percent are composed of
silicate (stone), and 5.7 percent are composed of iron and
nickel; the rest are a mixture of the three materials. Stony
meteorites are the hardest to identify since they look very much
like terrestrial rocks.
Since asteroids are material from the very early solar
system, scientists are interested in their composition.
Spacecraft that have flown through the asteroid belt have found
that the belt is really quite empty and that asteroids are
separated by very large distances.
Current and future missions will fly by selected asteroids
for closer examination. The Galileo Orbiter, launched by NASA in
October 1989, will investigate main-belt asteroids on its way to
Jupiter. The Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) and Cassini
missions will also study these far-flung objects. Scheduled for
launch in the latter part of the 1990s, the CRAF and Cassini
missions are a collaborative project of NASA, the European Space
Agency and the federal space agencies of Germany and Italy, as
well as the United States Air Force and the Department of Energy.
One day, space factories will mine the asteroids for raw
materials.
Jupiter
Beyond Mars and the asteroid belt, in the outer regions of
our solar system, lie the giant planets of Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune. In 1972, NASA dispatched the first of four
spacecraft slated to conduct the initial surveys of these
colossal worlds of gas and their moons of ice and rock. Jupiter
was the first port of call.
Pioneer 10, which lifted off from Kennedy Space Center in
March 1972, was the first spacecraft to penetrate the asteroid
belt and travel to the outer regions of the solar system. In
December 1973, it returned the first close-up images of Jupiter,
flying within 132,252 kilometers (82,178 miles) of the planet's
banded cloud tops. Pioneer 11 followed a year later. Voyagers 1
and 2 were launched in the summer of 1977 and returned
spectacular photographs of Jupiter and its family of satellites
during flybys in 1979.
These travelers found Jupiter to be a whirling ball of
liquid hydrogen and helium, topped with a colorful atmosphere
composed mostly of gaseous hydrogen and helium. Ammonia ice
crystals form white Jovian clouds. Sulfur compounds (and perhaps
phosphorus) may produce the brown and orange hues that
characterize Jupiter's atmosphere.
It is likely that methane, ammonia, water and other gases
react to form organic molecules in the regions between the
planet's frigid cloud tops and the warmer hydrogen ocean lying
below. Because of Jupiter's atmospheric dynamics, however, these
organic compounds -- if they exist -- are probably short-lived.
The Great Red Spot has been observed for centuries through
telescopes on Earth. This hurricane-like storm in Jupiter's
atmosphere is more than twice the size of our planet. As a
high-pressure region, the Great Red Spot spins in a direction
opposite to that of low-pressure storms on Jupiter; it is
surrounded by swirling currents that rotate around the spot and
are sometimes consumed by it. The Great Red Spot might be a
million years old.
Our spacecraft detected lightning in Jupiter's upper
atmosphere and observed auroral emissions similar to Earth's
northern lights at the Jovian polar regions. Voyager 1 returned
the first images of a faint, narrow ring encircling Jupiter.
Largest of the solar system's planets, Jupiter rotates at a
dizzying pace -- once every 9 hours 55 minutes 30 seconds. The
massive planet takes almost 12 Earth years to complete a journey
around the Sun. With 16 known moons, Jupiter is something of a
miniature solar system.
A new mission to Jupiter -- the Galileo Project -- is under
way. After a six- year cruise that takes the Galileo Orbiter once
past Venus, twice past Earth and the Moon and once past two
asteroids, the spacecraft will drop an atmospheric probe into
Jupiter's cloud layers and relay data back to Earth. The Galileo
Orbiter will spend two years circling the planet and flying close
to Jupiter's large moons, exploring in detail what the two
Pioneers and two Voyagers revealed.
Galilean Satellites
In 1610, Galileo Galilei aimed his telescope at Jupiter and
spotted four points of light orbiting the planet. For the first
time, humans had seen the moons of another world. In honor of
their discoverer, these four bodies would become known as the
Galilean satellites or moons. But Galileo might have happily
traded this honor for one look at the dazzling photographs
returned by the Voyager spacecraft as they flew past these
planet-sized satellites.
One of the most remarkable findings of the Voyager mission
was the presence of active volcanoes on the Galilean moon Io.
Volcanic eruptions had never before been observed on a world
other than Earth. The Voyager cameras identified at least nine
active volcanoes on Io, with plumes of ejected material extending
as far as 280 kilometers (175 miles) above the moon's surface.
Io's pizza-colored terrain, marked by orange and yellow
hues, is probably the result of sulfur-rich materials brought to
the surface by volcanic activity. Volcanic activity on this
satellite is the result of tidal flexing caused by the
gravitational tug-of-war between Io, Jupiter and the other three
Galilean moons.
Europa, approximately the same size as our Moon, is the
brightest Galilean satellite. The moon's surface displays a
complex array of streaks, indicating the crust has been
fractured. Caught in a gravitational tug-of-war like Io, Europa
has been heated enough to cause its interior ice to melt --
apparently producing a liquid-water ocean. This ocean is covered
by an ice crust that has formed where water is exposed to the
cold of space. Europa's core is made of rock that sank to its
center.
Like Europa, the other two Galilean moons -- Ganymede and
Callisto -- are worlds of ice and rock. Ganymede is the largest
satellite in the solar system -- larger than the planets Mercury
and Pluto. The satellite is composed of about 50 percent water or
ice and the rest rock. Ganymede's surface has areas of different
brightness, indicating that, in the past, material oozed out of
the moon's interior and was deposited at various locations on the
surface.
Callisto, only slightly smaller than Ganymede, has the
lowest density of any Galilean satellite, suggesting that large
amounts of water are part of its composition. Callisto is the
most heavily cratered object in the solar system; no activity
during its history has erased old craters except more impacts.
Detailed studies of all the Galilean satellites will be
performed by the Galileo Orbiter.
Saturn
No planet in the solar system is adorned like Saturn. Its
exquisite ring system is unrivaled. Like Jupiter, Saturn is
composed mostly of hydrogen. But in contrast to the vivid colors
and wild turbulence found in Jovian clouds, Saturn's atmosphere
has a more subtle, butterscotch hue, and its markings are muted
by high-altitude haze. Given Saturn's somewhat placid-looking
appearance, scientists were surprised at the high-velocity
equatorial jet stream that blows some 1,770 kilometers (1,100
miles) per hour.
Three American spacecraft have visited Saturn. Pioneer 11
sped by the planet and its moon Titan in September 1979,
returning the first close-up images. Voyager 1 followed in
November 1980, sending back breathtaking photographs that
revealed for the first time the complexities of Saturn's ring
system and moons. Voyager 2 flew by the planet and its moons in
August 1981.
The rings are composed of countless low-density particles
orbiting individually around Saturn's equator at progressive
distances from the cloud tops. Analysis of spacecraft radio waves
passing through the rings showed that the particles vary widely
in size, ranging from dust to house-sized boulders. The rings are
bright because they are mostly ice and frosted rock.
The rings might have resulted when a moon or a passing body
ventured too close to Saturn. The unlucky object would have been
torn apart by great tidal forces on its surface and in its
interior. Or the object may not have been fully formed to begin
with and disintegrated under the influence of Saturn's gravity. A
third possibility is that the object was shattered by collisions
with larger objects orbiting the planet.
Unable either to form into a moon or to drift away from each
other, individual ring particles appear to be held in place by
the gravitational pull of Saturn and its satellites. These
complex gravitational interactions form the thousands of ringlets
that make up the major rings.
Radio emissions quite similar to the static heard on an AM
car radio during an electrical storm were detected by the Voyager
spacecraft. These emissions are typical of lightning but are
believed to be coming from Saturn's ring system rather than its
atmosphere, where no lightning was observed. As they had at
Jupiter, the Voyagers saw a version of Earth's auroras near
Saturn's poles.
The Voyagers discovered new moons and found several
satellites that share the same orbit. We learned that some moons
shepherd ring particles, maintaining Saturn's rings and the gaps
in the rings. Saturn's 18th moon was discovered in 1990 from
images taken by Voyager 2 in 1981.
Voyager 1 determined that Titan has a nitrogen-based
atmosphere with methane and argon -- one more like Earth's in
composition than the carbon dioxide atmospheres of Mars and
Venus. Titan's surface temperature of -179 degrees Celsius (-290
degrees Fahrenheit) implies that there might be water-ice islands
rising above oceans of ethane-methane liquid or sludge.
Unfortunately, Voyager's cameras could not penetrate the moon's
dense clouds.
Continuing photochemistry from solar radiation may be
converting Titan's methane to ethane, acetylene and -- in
combination with nitrogen -- hydrogen cyanide. The latter
compound is a building block of amino acids. These conditions may
be similar to the atmospheric conditions of primeval Earth
between three and four billion years ago. However, Titan's
atmospheric temperature is believed to be too low to permit
progress beyond this stage of organic chemistry.
The exploration of Saturn will continue with the Cassini
mission. The Cassini spacecraft will orbit the planet and will
also deploy a probe called Huygens, which will be dropped into
Titan's atmosphere and fall to the surface. Cassini will use the
probe as well as radar to peer through Titan's clouds and will
spend years examining the Saturnian system.
Uranus
In January 1986, four and a half years after visiting
Saturn, Voyager 2 completed the first close-up survey of the
Uranian system. The brief flyby revealed more information about
Uranus and its retinue of icy moons than had been gleaned from
ground observations since the planet's discovery over two
centuries ago by the English astronomer William Herschel.
Uranus, third largest of the planets, is an oddball of the
solar system. Unlike the other planets (with the exception of
Pluto), this giant lies tipped on its side with its north and
south poles alternately facing the sun during an 84-year swing
around the solar system. During Voyager 2's flyby, the south pole
faced the Sun. Uranus might have been knocked over when an
Earth-sized object collided with it early in the life of the
solar system.
Voyager 2 found that Uranus' magnetic field does not follow
the usual north-south axis found on the other planets. Instead,
the field is tilted 60 degrees and offset from the planet's
center, a phenomenon that on Earth would be like having one
magnetic pole in New York City and the other in the city of
Djakarta, on the island of Java in Indonesia.
Uranus' atmosphere consists mainly of hydrogen, with some 12
percent helium and small amounts of ammonia, methane and water
vapor. The planet's blue color occurs because methane in its
atmosphere absorbs all other colors. Wind speeds range up to 580
kilometers (360 miles) per hour, and temperatures near the cloud
tops average -221 degrees Celsius (-366 degrees Fahrenheit).
Uranus' sunlit south pole is shrouded in a kind of
photochemical "smog" believed to be a combination of acetylene,
ethane and other sunlight-generated chemicals. Surrounding the
planet's atmosphere and extending thousands of kilometers into
space is a mysterious ultraviolet sheen known as "electroglow."
Approximately 8,000 kilometers (5,000 miles) below Uranus'
cloud tops, there is thought to be a scalding ocean of water and
dissolved ammonia some 10,000 kilometers (6,200 miles) deep.
Beneath this ocean is an Earth-sized core of heavier materials.
Voyager 2 discovered 10 new moons, 16-169 kilometers (10-105
miles) in diameter, orbiting Uranus. The five previously known --
Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania and Oberon -- range in size from
520 to 1,610 kilometers (323 to 1,000 miles) across. Representing
a geological showcase, these five moons are half-ice, half-rock
spheres that are cold and dark and show evidence of past
activity, including faulting and ice flows.
The most remarkable of Uranus' moons is Miranda. Its surface
features high cliffs as well as canyons, crater-pocked plains and
winding valleys. The sharp variations in terrain suggest that,
after the moon formed, it was smashed apart by a collision with
another body -- an event not unusual in our solar system, which
contains many objects that have impact craters or are fragments
from large impacts. What is extraordinary is that Miranda
apparently reformed with some of the material that had been in
its interior exposed on its surface.
Uranus was thought to have nine dark rings; Voyager 2 imaged
11. In contrast to Saturn's rings, which are composed of bright
particles, Uranus' rings are primarily made up of dark,
boulder-sized chunks.
Neptune
Voyager 2 completed its 12-year tour of the solar system
with an investigation of Neptune and the planet's moons. On
August 25, 1989, the spacecraft swept to within 4,850 kilometers
(3,010 miles) of Neptune and then flew on to the moon Triton.
During the Neptune encounter it became clear that the planet's
atmosphere was more active than Uranus'.
Voyager 2 observed the Great Dark Spot, a circular storm the
size of Earth, in Neptune's atmosphere. Resembling Jupiter's
Great Red Spot, the storm spins counterclockwise and moves
westward at almost 1,200 kilometers (745 miles) per hour. Voyager
2 also noted a smaller dark spot and a fast-moving cloud dubbed
the "Scooter," as well as high-altitude clouds over the main
hydrogen and helium cloud deck. The highest wind speeds of any
planet were observed, up to 2,400 kilometers (1,500 miles) per
hour.
Like the other giant planets, Neptune has a gaseous hydrogen
and helium upper layer over a liquid interior. The planet's core
contains a higher percentage of rock and metal than those of the
other gas giants. Neptune's distinctive blue appearance, like
Uranus' blue color, is due to atmospheric methane.
Neptune's magnetic field is tilted relative to the planet's
spin axis and is not centered at the core. This phenomenon is
similar to Uranus' magnetic field and suggests that the fields of
the two giants are being generated in an area above the cores,
where the pressure is so great that liquid hydrogen assumes the
electrical properties of a metal. Earth's magnetic field, on the
other hand, is produced by its spinning metallic core and is only
slightly tilted and offset relative to its center.
Voyager 2 also shed light on the mystery of Neptune's rings.
Observations from Earth indicated that there were arcs of
material in orbit around the giant planet. It was not clear how
Neptune could have arcs and how these could be kept from
spreading out into even, unclumped rings. Voyager 2 detected
these arcs, but they were, in fact, part of thin, complete rings.
A number of small moons could explain the arcs, but such bodies
were not spotted.
Astronomers had identified the Neptunian moons Triton in
1846 and Nereid in 1949. Voyager 2 found six more. One of the new
moons -- Proteus -- is actually larger than Nereid, but since
Proteus orbits close to Neptune, it was lost in the planet's
glare for observers on Earth.
Triton circles Neptune in a retrograde orbit in under six
days. Tidal forces on Triton are causing it to spiral slowly
towards the planet. In 10 to 100 million years (a short time in
astronomical terms), the moon will be so close that Neptunian
gravity will tear it apart, forming a spectacular ring to
accompany the planet's modest current rings.
Triton's landscape is as strange and unexpected as those of
Io and Miranda. The moon has more rock than its counterparts at
Saturn and Uranus. Triton's mantle is probably composed of
water-ice, but the moon's crust is a thin veneer of nitrogen and
methane. The moon shows two dramatically different types of
terrain: the so-called "cantaloupe" terrain and a receding ice
cap.
Dark streaks appear on the ice cap. These streaks are the
fallout from geyser-like volcanic vents that shoot nitrogen gas
and dark, fine-grained particles to heights of 2 to 8 kilometers
(1 to 5 miles). Triton's thin atmosphere, only 1/70,000th as
thick as Earth's, has winds that carry the dark particles and
deposit them as streaks on the ice cap -- the coldest surface yet
found in the solar system (-235 degrees Celsius, -391 degrees
Fahrenheit). Triton might be more like Pluto than any other
object spacecraft have so far visited.
Pluto
Pluto is the most distant of the planets, yet the
eccentricity of its orbit periodically carries it inside
Neptune's orbit, where it has been since 1979 and where it will
remain until March 1999. Pluto's orbit is also highly inclined --
tilted 17 degrees to the orbital plane of the other planets.
Discovered in 1930, Pluto appears to be little more than a
celestial snowball. The planet's diameter is calculated to be
approximately 2,300 kilometers (1,430 miles), only two-thirds the
size of our Moon. Ground-based observations indicate that Pluto's
surface is covered with methane ice and that there is a thin
atmosphere that may freeze and fall to the surface as the planet
moves away from the Sun. Observations also show that Pluto's spin
axis is tipped by 122 degrees.
The planet has one known satellite, Charon, discovered in
1978. Charon's surface composition is different from Pluto's: the
moon appears to be covered with water-ice rather than methane
ice. Its orbit is gravitationally locked with Pluto, so both
bodies always keep the same hemisphere facing each other. Pluto's
and Charon's rotational period and Charon's period of revolution
are all 6.4 Earth days.
Although no spacecraft have ever visited Pluto, NASA is
currently exploring the possibility of such a mission.
Comets
The outermost members of the solar system occasionally pay a
visit to the inner planets. As asteroids are the rocky and
metallic remnants of the formation of the solar system, comets
are the icy debris from that dim beginning and can survive only
far from the Sun. Most comet nuclei reside in the Oort Cloud, a
loose swarm of objects in a halo beyond the planets and reaching
perhaps halfway to the nearest star.
Comet nuclei orbit in this frozen abyss until they are
gravitationally perturbed into new orbits that carry them close
to the Sun. As a nucleus falls inside the orbits of the outer
planets, the volatile elements of which it is made gradually
warm; by the time the nucleus enters the region of the inner
planets, these volatile elements are boiling. The nucleus itself
is irregular and only a few miles across, and is made principally
of water-ice with methane and ammonia -- materials very similar
to those composing the moons of the giant planets.
As these materials boil off of the nucleus, they form a coma
or cloud-like "head" that can measure tens of thousands of
kilometers across. The coma grows as the comet gets closer to the
Sun. The stream of charged particles coming from the Sun pushes
on this cloud, blowing it back like a flag in the wind and giving
rise to the comet's "tails." Gases and ions are blown directly
back from the nucleus, but dust particles are pushed more slowly.
As the nucleus continues in its orbit, the dust particles are
left behind in a curved arc.
Both the gas and dust tails point away from the Sun; in
effect, the comet chases its tails as it recedes from the Sun.
The tails can reach 150 million kilometers (93 million miles) in
length, but the total amount of material contained in this
dramatic display would fit in an ordinary suitcase. Comets --
from the Latin cometa, meaning "long-haired" -- are essentially
dramatic light shows.
Some comets pass through the solar system only once, but
others have their orbits gravitationally modified by a close
encounter with one of the giant outer planets. These latter
visitors can enter closed elliptical orbits and repeatedly return
to the inner solar system.
Halley's Comet is the most famous example of a relatively
short period comet, returning on an average of once every 76
years and orbiting from beyond Neptune to within Venus' orbit.
Confirmed sightings of the comet go back to 240 B.C. This regular
visitor to our solar system is named for Sir Edmond Halley,
because he plotted the comet's orbit and predicted its return,
based on earlier sightings and Newtonian laws of motion. His name
became part of astronomical lore when, in 1759, the comet
returned on schedule. Unfortunately, Sir Edmond did not live to
see it.
A comet can be very prominent in the sky if it passes
comparatively close to Earth. Unfortunately, on its most recent
appearance, Halley's Comet passed no closer than 62.4 million
kilometers (38.8 million miles) from our world. The comet was
visible to the naked eye, especially for viewers in the southern
hemisphere, but it was not spectacular. Comets have been so
bright, on rare occasions, that they were visible during daytime.
Historically, comet sightings have been interpreted as bad omens
and have been artistically rendered as daggers in the sky.
The Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) spacecraft will
become the first traveler to fly close to a comet nucleus and
remain in proximity to it as they both approach the Sun. CRAF
will observe the nucleus as it becomes active in the growing
sunlight and begins to have its lighter elements boil off and
form a coma and tails. Several spacecraft have flown by comets at
high speed; the first was NASA's International Cometary Explorer
in 1985. An armada of five spacecraft (two Japanese, two Soviet
and the Giotto spacecraft from the European Space Agency) flew by
Halley's Comet in 1986.
Conclusion
Despite their efforts to peer across the vast distances of
space through an obscuring atmosphere, scientists of the past had
only one body they could study closely -- Earth. But since 1959,
spaceflight through the solar system has lifted the veil on our
neighbors in space.
We have learned more about our solar system and its members
than anyone had in the previous thousands of years. Our automated
spacecraft have traveled to the Moon and to all the planets
beyond our world except Pluto; they have observed moons as large
as small planets, flown by comets and sampled the solar
environment. Astronomy books now include detailed pictures of
bodies that were only smudges in the largest telescopes for
generations. We are lucky to be alive now to see these strange
and beautiful places and objects.
The knowledge gained from our journeys through the solar
system has redefined traditional Earth sciences like geology and
meteorology and spawned an entirely new discipline called
comparative planetology. By studying the geology of planets,
moons, asteroids and comets, and comparing differences and
similarities, we are learning more about the origin and history
of these bodies and the solar system as a whole.
We are also gaining insight into Earth's complex weather
systems. By seeing how weather is shaped on other worlds and by
investigating the Sun's activity and its influence throughout the
solar system, we can better understand climatic conditions and
processes on Earth.
We will continue to learn and benefit as our automated
spacecraft explore our neighborhood in space. One current mission
is mapping Venus; others are flying between worlds and will reach
the Sun and Jupiter after complex trajectory adjustments. Future
missions are planned for Mars, Saturn, a comet and the asteroid
belt.
We can also look forward to the time when humans will once
again set foot on an alien world. Although astronauts have not
been back to the Moon since December 1972, plans are being
formulated for our return to the lunar landscape and for the
human exploration of Mars and even the establishment of martian
outposts. One day, taking a holiday may mean spending a week at a
lunar base or a martian colony!
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It's not quite what you were asking, but a few years ago I helped some EE
remote sensing people run some experiments on the microwave emmissivity of
ice; they used the sky for a background calibration source. They said that
from Earth's surface the sky looks like a 60K blackbody.
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A 180 degree V Ya gotta love it !>
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Wm Hathaway comments;
I agree that the desire for beauty is valid, but I think your desire to
impose your vision of beauty is not. You mention the age-old desire to
somehow get up there, but ignore the beauty of the actual achievment
of that vision. You mention the beauty of a very dark sky, not impeded
by the effects of humans, but ignore the beauty of the as-dark-as-can-be
sky that is only visible from space, a vision that we, or at least,
our descendents, may one day be able to see, in part, because of efforts
that others call ugly. One day, I hope, humans will be able to look out,
not upon half the heavens, with only nature-creted lights, but upon all
of the heavens, with no lights. If advertising in space can help us reach
that goal, it is no less beautiful for the way we reach it, than the
'pristine' sky of yesteryear (or yester-century), which is totally
unreachable. One of the original conceptions of beauty in wetsern
sculpture was a human form, in the effort of striving to reach a goal.
I don't think there's any reason to believe that modernity has changed that,
just because it has changed the way we strive.
BTW, there are places that people haven't fouled. Sometimes they make
it better.
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \\ As the radius of vision increases,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \\ the circumference of mystery grows.
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I still can't understand all the hype about the Impalla SS, it STILL has
the ugly Caprice body (Orca on wheels). The Caprice was the worst new
body style to come out of Detroit EVER! Now just because the LT1 engine
and a few suspension tweeks are being added.
Its STILL UGLY, its STILL a BARGE. GM's answer to everything is "throw in
a V8 and someone will buy it." Or "add some plastic ground affects
and a few stickers and call it a GT, GTZ or SS, and someone will buy it."
IMHO GM needs to scrap the Caprice body COMPLETELY and start over with a
BLANK sheet of paper. No minor modification (wheel well treatments, tail
amp modification, or nose re-design or even the LT1 engine) will help
the existing Caprice.
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HST is about 25,500 lbs (11,600 kg). That doesn't include the cradle that
would have been in the cargo bay when it was deployed. Spacelab-J on STS-47
was 21,861 lbs (according to the press-kit).
As someone else pointed out if they had been unable to deploy it for some
reason that would have had to land with it still in the cargo bay and this
was a planned for contingency. This is not a problem for the shuttle,
though it would eliminate KSC as a landing site, they still have to go to
Edwards when landing with something like Spacelab in the cargo bay.
--GaryM
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You may want to put Hubble back in the payload bay for a reboost,
and you don't want to clip off the panels each time.
For the Gamma-Ray Observatory, one of the design requirements was that
there be no stored-energy mecahnisms (springs, explosive squibs, gas shocks,
etc.) used for deployment. This was partially so that everything could
be reeled back in to put it back in the payload bay, and partially for
safety considerations. (I've heard that the wings on a cruise missile
would cut you in half if you were standing in their swath when they opened.)
Back when the shuttle would be going up every other day with a cost to
orbit of $3.95 per pound :-), everybody designed things for easy servicing.
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I agree with Gaia. Even though the Saturn has proved to be a very reliable car
so far, a little money spent now is worth the peace of mind.
In my opinion, getting the PowerTrain warranty is enough. In my case, that's be
cause; anything that needed repairing in the interior (sunroof, windows, doors,
etc.) I could do myself. I just didn't want to mess with the engine and such.
Plus I think the extra 3 years of 24-hour RoadSide Assistance must be worthe so
meting. I opted for the 5 year plan for $375.
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Having driven both, and having owned an SC300 for 14 months now, all I can
say is "it depends". They're both great cars. In fact, my wife and I
are saving our pennies so we can get her the 300ZX convertible in a year.
The 300ZX handles like a dream, while the SC300 rides like a dream.
Fit and finish on both are excellent, but the Lexus gets the nod in
customer satisfaction. They're both very attractive, and hideously
expensive. The resale value of the SC is better than the ZX. The
300ZX isn't available with traction control, which makes it a handful
on slippery surfaces.
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This does not propose a _mechanism_ for GRBs in the Oort (and, no,
anti-matter annihilation does not fit the spectra at least as far
as I understand annihilation spectra...). Big difference.
That's ignoring the question of how you fit a distribution
to the Oort distribution when the Oort distribution is not well
known - in particular comet aphelia (which are not well known)
are not a good measure of the Oort cloud distribution...
Merging neutron stars is at least a mechanism with about the right
energy, except it doesn't explain why there is no apparent correlation
with galaxies or galaxy structure, there is no mechanism for getting
all the energy out in gamma rays (with any significant amount of
baryons around there will be a lot of pair production, which makes a
plasma, which thermalizes the energy), it has trouble generating
enough energy to explain the most powerful bursts (10^52-53 ergs), it
happens too fast compared to the burst duration, and it is hard to
make tight-binaries of neutron stars.
Another cosmological mechinism is the catalytic conversion of a
neutron star to a strange star or the merger of two strange stars, but
that uses pretty far-out physics.
My point is that we don't have a good mechanism at any distance, so
GRB's are likely to be happening by an unknown mechanism, so we can't
rule out the Oort cloud. What would be the spectrum of an event which
converts a comet to strange matter? The spectra for primordial black
holes eating comets and antimatter comets colliding with matter comets
aren't quite right, but perhaps there is an unusual mechanism which
modifies the spectrum. The energy matches very well for both of these
mechanisms. According to Trevor Weeks, if the "Tunguska Meteorite"
was a mini-black hole collision with the earth, then there are likely
to be enough mini-black holes around that the rate for BH-comet
collisions matches the GRB rate well.
The fact that we don't know the distribution of comets in the Oort
cloud isn't a reason to rule them out; it makes it harder to rule them
out. The point of the cited paper was that if we assume they got the
right distribution for the Oort cloud, it is hard but not impossible
to match that up with the distribution of GRB's. If they got the
wrong distribution for the Oort cloud, they can't constrain any Oort-
cloud GRB's at all.
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they weren't even carrying extra suits.
So how much mass is saved by not burning the OMS? That's the critical question.
My data shows that the OMS engines hold 10,900 kg of propellant. Of that, a
substantial fraction is going to be used for the first OMS burn, the reentry
burn and the reserve. So Pat, tell us how much fuel the altitude change is
going to take, and how much the EDO pallet, BUS-1 and extra parts are going
mass. If you can make the numbers work out, _then_ I'll be interested. After
you show us that it can be done, then tell us how much the EDO pallet, BUS-1
and extra equipment is going to cost.
First, while astronauts certainly have done EVAs with minimal planning, that was
because they _had_ to. They don't like to do that as a general rule.
Second, remember why they had to improvise during Intelsat 6? They were trying
to attach a motor to a piece of hardware that wasn't designed to do that.
Trying to shortcut the training is only going to make a repeat more likely.
Third, they don't have eight months. They have however much time is left
after someone comes up with a plan, shows it can work and gets it approved.
You may think I have a pessimistic attitude. I think it's realistic. I'm not
saying that the engineering task is impossible (few engineering tasks are).
What I'm saying is that this is neither cost effective nor feasible under NASA
management.
"All they have to do is soup it up?" Just what does that mean?
The second servicing mission is a contingency. You have neither shown that it
would be necessary without your plan nor that it would be unnecessary with your
plan.
No, Pat, I haven't forgotten.
No Pat. That's $500 million minus the cost of the new hardware, minus the cost
of the extra struff you want to bring along, minus development and mangement
costs, minus extra operating costs. TANSTAAFL.
I'm sure that if you reread this you'll see that your argument is falacious.
Pat, not only is this messy and less reliable than a device that's _made_ to
perform this task, it also ignores the point. There is a desire to have
astronauts available so that if the door fails to open, something can be done
about it. Unless you can provide a very reliable way of reopening the door,
you haven't solved the problem.
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People who criticize "big Government" and its projects rarely seem to
have a consistent view of the role of Government in science and
technology. Basically, the U.S. Government has gotten into the role of
supporting research which private industry finds too expensive or too
long-term.
(Historically, this role for the U.S. Gov't was forced upon it because
of socialism in other countries. In order for U.S. industries to
compete with government-subsidized foreign competitors, the U.S. Gov't
has taken on the role of subisizing big-ticket or long-lead R&D.)
As a Republican, I abhor the necessity for our Government to involve
itself in technology this way. I believe that market forces should
drive technology, and the world would be a better place for it. But
the whole world would have to implement this concept simultaneously, or
some countries would have subsidized R&D, while others would not. So
the U.S. must subsidize because everybody else does. (This sounds a
lot like the farm subsidies arguments behind our GATT negotiations,
doesn't it?)
But this role of Government subsidies is antithetical to
cost-effectiveness. The general idea is to spend money on new
technology, and thereby maintain and promote our technological culture,
despite the forces in the business world (like the dreaded quarterly
earnings report) which erode the ability of U.S. industry to invest in
new technology. And since our goal is to spend money, it makes little
sense to try to save money.
Of course, we could always spend our money more wisely, but EVERYBODY
disagrees about that the wisdom should be.
It's interesting to note that some of our best tools for cost control
available in industry today were derived from Government projects.
GANTT charts, CP/M, and most of the modern scheduling software comes
from DoD projects and their contractors. The construction industry
has taken these tools to the core of their businesses; every large
construction project now uses these tools.
-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov (713) 483-4368
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Wanna bet ??? You must be too young to remember Bob Askin :-)
Read the Costigan commision report if you want to know about corruption
in OZ.
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Sorry 'bout that - Mine is a '91 model non-turbo 2.0. (with ABS and revised
suspension (whatever revised means)). I'm in Australia, so we always seem to
get the versions without extras which the Europeans and Americans get as
standard.
My query is, - why does the noise get noticeably LOUDER about 2-3 months after
an oil change. I just find it a bit wierd that this happens. Is it the oil I'm
using (Mobil 1) or is it the engine (the 3S-GE version/model) ie. gets
noiser the older the oil is (I'm only guessing).
Its not annoyingly distressing or anything, but just slightly puzzling.
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If you've got a good propulsion system that's not useful for deceleration,
sure you can use chemical rockets for that part... but even just doing the
deceleration chemically is a major headache. We're talking seriously high
cruising velocities; taking the velocity down nearly to zero for a Pluto
orbit isn't easy with chemical fuels.
Incidentally, solar sails are not going to be suitable as the acceleration
system for something like this. They don't go anywhere quickly. (I speak
as head of mission planning for the Canadian Solar Sail Project, although
that is more or less an honorary title right now because CSSP is dormant.)
They can't fly a mission like this unless you start talking about very
advanced systems that drop in very close to the Sun first.
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My comment was off the top of my head; I wasn't aware that it had
already been thought of. Guess it's true that there's nothing new under
the sun (or in this case, the flying billboards.)
--
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The European version is called 200 SX and have a 1.8 liter engine with
turbo and have more power than the US version ( 169 HP ); it goes from
0 to 100 Km/h in 7.5 sec and have a top speed of 225 Km/h ( 140 miles/h ).
I just purchased one ( new ) and I am looking for a repair book. I could
not find one in FRANCE and GERMANY; does anybody knows where to find one ?
Is there one in the UK ?
Probabaly no use to look in the US as the 240 SX have here a different motor.
I am very pleased with the car and have no problem with it; but like to have
good technical documentation about the car I own.
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Actually, the situation is even worse than that. The *total mass* of the
Pluto Fast Flyby spacecraft is only 250ish pounds, and most of that is
support equipment like power and communications. The mass available for
instruments is maybe 10% of that. I don't think a BATSE will fit...
Actually, would you need the shielding? My understanding is that it's
mostly there to give the detectors some directionality. No point in
doing that if you've only got one. I'm sure the burst detectors that
have flown on other deep-space missions haven't weighed that much.
(Mind you, they're probably still too heavy -- the PFF people would put
more Pluto-specific instruments on first, if they had any mass to spare.)
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My apologies if this is a re-post - I submitted it on Friday, but
got a message that my post might not have gone out. Considering
the confusing spitting contest over 'rights', (there are TOO
inalienable rights damn it! The majority can be just as destructive
of liberty as a despot), I suspect that my post did not get out
of my site. (I ain't saying that dark skies are included in these
rights, although we can only preserve any rights by exercising them.)
Anyway, here are my thoughts on this:
I'd like to add that some of the "protests" do not come from a strictly
practical consideration of what pollution levels are acceptable for
research activities by professional astronomers. Some of what I
would complain about is rooted in aesthetics. Many readers may
never have known a time where the heavens were pristine - sacred -
unsullied by the actions of humans. The space between the stars
as profoundly black as an abyss can be. With full horizons and
a pure sky one could look out upon half of all creation at a time
- none of which had any connection with the petty matters of man.
Any lights were supplied solely by nature; uncorruptable by men.
Whole religions were based on mortal man somehow getting up there
and becoming immortal as the stars, whether by apotheosis or a belief
in an afterlife.
The Space Age changed all that. The effect of the first Sputniks
and Echo, etc. on this view could only happen once. To see a light
crossing the night sky and know it was put there by us puny people
is still impressive and the sense of size one gets by assimilating
the scales involved is also awesome - even if the few hundreds or
thousands of miles involved is still dwarfed by the rest of the universe.
But there is still a hunger for the pure beauty of a virgin sky.
Yes, I know aircraft are almost always in sight. I have to live
in a very populated area (6 miles from an international airport
currently) where light pollution on the ground is ghastly. The
impact of humans is so extreme here - virtually no place exists
that has not been shaped, sculpted, modified, trashed or whipped
into shape by the hands of man. In some places the only life
forms larger than bacteria are humans, cockroaches, and squirrels
(or rats). I visited some friends up in the Appalacian mountains
one weekend, "getting away from it all" (paved roads, indoor plumbing,
malls, ...) and it felt good for a while - then I quickly noticed
the hollow was directly under the main flight path into Dulles - 60-80
miles to the east. (Their 'security light' didn't help matters
much either.) But I've heard the artic wilderness gets lots of
high air traffic. So I know the skies are rarely perfect.
But there is still this desire to see a place that man hasn't
fouled in some way. (I mean they've been TRYING this forever -
like, concerning Tesla's idea to banish night, - wow!) I don't watch
commercial television, but I can imagine just how disgusting beer,
truck, or hemmorrhoid ointment advertisements would be if seen up so high.
If ya' gotta make a buck on it (displaying products in heaven), at
least consider the reactions from those for whom the sky is a last
beautiful refuge from the baseness of modern life.
To be open about this though, I have here my listing of the passage
of HST in the evening sky for this weekend - tonight Friday at
8:25 p.m. EDT it will reach an altitude of 20.1 degrees on the
local meridian from Baltimore vicinity. I'll be trying to see it
if I can - it _is_ my mealticket after all. So I suppose I could
be called an elitist for supporting this intrusion on the night sky
while complaining about billboards proposed by others. Be that
as it may, I think my point about a desire for beauty is valid,
even if it can't ever be perfectly achieved.
Regards,
Wm. Hathaway
Baltimore MD
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All gimmicks! Stick with plain 'ol carnauba wax that's non-abrasive.
Eagle 1, Meguiars, Turtle Wax, and a few others are good examples.
The colored waxes just color in the scratches so they're not so
apparent. The better approach is to buff minor scratches completely
off with a cleaner/mild abrasive.
Never tried Liquid Glass, although I still have this sample they sent
me a few years back.
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QUESTION: what's your experience with car wash wax?
This is the liquid type of wax in bottles that you pour it in
water, sponge it on you car, hose it off, and dry it with cloth.
Many people have used it. It is very easy to work with and gives
seeminly the same visual results as that of paste type of wax.
But, does it last long? Does it have any negative effects to car
paint?
Can you forward your reply directly to my email id? Thanks.
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Some more references:
S.H. Dole
"Habitable Planets for Man"
Blaisdell Publishing Company, New York (1964)
I don't know if this can be found any more.
M.J. Fogg
"Extra-Solar Planetary Systems: A Microcomputer Simulation"
J. Brit. Interplanetary. Soc., _38_, 501-514, (1985)
"An Estimate of the Prevalence of Biocompatible and Habitable Planets"
J. Brit. Interplanetary. Soc., _45_, 3-12, (1992)
The first paper includes a detailed discussion of the physical conditions
for habitability.
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Talking about car alarms, there are certain cars in this country that are
only insurable if they are fitted with a Vecta alarm. We're talking Coswoths
and Porsches and stuff. Just before they (the insurance companies) decided to
make this move, they insisted that the car be fitted with a Scorpion alarm (
now they've changed to the Vecta)... so everyone who's spent $$$ on fitting
the Scorpion alarm have founbd themselves having to upgrade to the Vecta system.
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The most current orbital elements from the NORAD two-line element sets are
carried on the Celestial BBS, (513) 427-0674, and are updated daily (when
possible). Documentation and tracking software are also available on this
system. As a service to the satellite user community, the most current
elements for the current shuttle mission are provided below. The Celestial
BBS may be accessed 24 hours/day at 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, or 9600 bps using
8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity.
Element sets (also updated daily), shuttle elements, and some documentation
and software are also available via anonymous ftp from archive.afit.af.mil
(129.92.1.66) in the directory pub/space.
STS 55
1 22640U 93 27 A 93117.24999999 .00043819 00000-0 13174-3 0 47
2 22640 28.4694 264.3224 0004988 261.3916 194.3250 15.90699957 104
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Just to clear things up (as to why I posted the question that way)...
I was debating with a co-worker about diesels. I claimed they were
cleaner-burning than gas engines. He said the extra "junk" put out by them
was offset by the savings in greenhouse gasses. I made all the SAME claims
you did. But, one question of his was what about the carbon? I said it
was harmless, but he wanted to know how to get rid of it. I suggested
scrubbers. (I figured it would be no harder or more expensive to install
than "cats".) Does there exist any designs for a scrubber? (I'd like
to know just to answer his final question.) I convinced him that diesels
are cleaner otherwise.
BTW, (I named my subject "Dirty Diesels" because I knew it would get a reaction
out of people who knew they were cleaner than gas engines and that they'd
read it...)
--
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Vel Natarajan nataraja@rtsg.mot.com Motorola Cellular, Arlington Hts IL --
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I'm not sure if this will help you, but the (local) interstellar
radiation field has been measured and modeled by various groups. If I
remember things correctly, the models involved contributions from three
different BB sources, so there's no obvious "temperature" of background
radiation in our local area. However, the following references give the
interstellar radiation density as a function of wavelength, and you can
integrate and average in an appropriate manner to get an "effective"
temperature if you like:
Witt and Johnson (1973) Astrophys. J. 181, 363 - 368
Henry et al. (1980) Astrophys. J. 239, 859 - 866
Mathis et al. (1983) Astron. Astrophys. 128, 212 - 229
As you can see, the references are out of date, but they might get you
started.
Hope this helps,
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: Mike Adams suggested discussions on long-term effects of spaceflight
: to the human being. I love this topic, as some of you regulars know.
: So, having seen Henry's encouraging statement about starting to talk
: about it; I shall.
: I feel that we as a community of people have unique resources
: to deliver to the world a comprehensive book which can elaborate
: on the utility of spaceflight to fields which are as divergent
: as medical intensive care, agriculture, environmental protection, and
: probably more. I do not believe that the general public understands
: the impact of spaceflight on the whole of society. In the absence
: of such knowledge, we see dwindling support of the world's space effort.
Just a few contributions from the space program to "regular" society:
1. Calculators
2. Teflon (So your eggs don't stick in the pan)
3. Pacemakers (Kept my grandfather alive from 1976 until 1988)
p.s. To all the regular contributors to sci.space.news and
sci.space.shuttle, thanks for all your hard work keeping us informed
as to the doings down in NASA and other space-type agencies. I don't
have much time to read USENET, but I ALWAYS read these two groups....
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I dont know about Saabs but whenever there is a 'long temr tset' in a magazine
they always say that tehy're are little annoying niggles which keep on occuring
every so often... I wouldn't expect that from such a 'quality' car.... why
doesn't anything like this ever happen on BMWs? Maybe coz they're 'quality'
cars ;-)
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Pennicillin if i have everything correct, was a highly valuable
Myco-toxin, discovered during WW2. It proved to have an amazing
Bacterio-cidal effect without human toxicity. It's immediate
administration showed immediate dramatic results solving
problems that previously were fatal. Although initially
enormously expensive to culture, within 3 years,
the price had fallen at least two orders of magnitude,
and within 10 years, was not much more expensive then
aspirin. Penicillin was also usable for an amazingly wide
class of infections.
Centoxin is a drug that is not passing FDA approval. It promised
amazing results for Toxic shock, a rapidly fatal disease.
It consumed enormous amounts of funding in testing and
developement, However it works less then 1 in 5 times
of administration and costs $2,000 per administration
with no promise of any reduction in manufacturing cost.
The drug thus costs $10,000 per useful case, and is
implicated in a slight increase in mortality for some
patients.
I would not dare to compare the shuttle to Pennicillin,
but to centoxin.
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Drivel. I received delivery of my '93 Trans Am 7 weeks after I
ordered (promised 6-8 weeks), and paid $400 over dealer invoice,
which is a $1425 discount off of MSRP. I only have about 370
miles on it, but so far no problems, and it seems very well put
together. By the way, first year production will be about 60,000
cars. Dealers would like you to think there is a shortage, but
considering they only sold about 90,000 F bodies last year and the
new model was introduced mid-year, that is not going to create a
shortage. GM planning on ramping to about 160,000 F bodies next
year (according to a WSJ article).
Several people have mentioned seeing a photo of the '94 Mustang in
Popular Mechanics. I saw a photo of it in Motor Trend January
1993 issue (p30). Direct side on view. Although they described
it as a "seriously handsome car with broad shoulders," I thought
it looked pretty boring in that view. Roofline reminded me of a
Toyota Celica (yuch!). Description of mechanicals same as has
been reported from the PM article.
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Mike Adams suggested discussions on long-term effects of spaceflight
to the human being. I love this topic, as some of you regulars know.
So, having seen Henry's encouraging statement about starting to talk
about it; I shall.
I feel that we as a community of people have unique resources
to deliver to the world a comprehensive book which can elaborate
on the utility of spaceflight to fields which are as divergent
as medical intensive care, agriculture, environmental protection, and
probably more. I do not believe that the general public understands
the impact of spaceflight on the whole of society. In the absence
of such knowledge, we see dwindling support of the world's space effort.
I believe that we as a group have the responsibility to not only
communicate amongst ourselves, but also with others through print media.
A well-orchestrated and technically oriented analysis of life science
variables required to support long-duration spaceflight (like long
expenditions to the moon or Mars) would be entertaining and educational
to the general public. The objective of such an effort would be to
compile resources and publications from accepted scientific and technical
journals which would address each major life science area. In addition,
ideas for further research and development could be put forward for
the general public to ponder...allowing the general public to take
part in the excitement of exploration.
Individuals interested should be willing to devote an hour per week
to running literature searches and finding journal articles. In addition,
we need to obtain the assistance of personnel from within the halls
of NASA and industry.
I have appreciated the positive responses to date and I am personally
eager to start this project. Perhaps we could start with debate regarding
how best to grade the viability of various technologies for application
to spaceflight.
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{Stuff Deleted}
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My neighbor runs a Viper(R) distributorship and installs them on all
Saturns sold in my area (Anne Arundel County, MD). He has an SC with the
Viper voice alarm installed. The alarm does everything, turn on the car,
the radio, the heater, roll down windows, unlock the doors... The alarm goes
off more frequently on hot days when a person walks by. It gets sensitive up
to about 5 feet in 85degree heat. It isn't as bad as convetional siren alarms,
because it doesn't continue to wail, it just says "Protected by Viper, please
stand back!" And shuts up... (mainly because the person walks away
befuddled!!!")
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u920496@daimi.aau.dk (Hans Erik Martino Hansen) writes
Arthur C. Clarke was way ahead of you on this one... he wrote a short story
(title?) in the 1950s describing exactly your proposal!
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[Much discussion about economics of safety deleted]
This is a very simplistic view of safety. Assuming that you are in a collision
(less likely with a more agile smaller car), then the important factor
is how well does the car sacrifice itself to save you. This is why a thousand
pound F1 car can hit a wall at 200 and the driver walks out and why
everybody dies when a Suburban hits a wall at 35 (as I recall for the last
generation Suburban HIC numbers).
As an aside, just what is the point of an airbag? It seems to me that
seatbelts with pretensioners (Audi et al), or a good tight 5 point belt
will prevent you every moving far enough to hit the airbag. You might be
saved from some flyign glass? Or is an airbag just a lowest common denominator
safety device that is of some use in a head on collision when you are
wearing no seat belt?
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best way to reduce risk when operating a vehicle is being able to avoid
hazards and, for that reason my preferred vehicle is a motorcycle. When I do
use a four wheeler my primary reasons are: it will keep me dry, it will keep
me warm, or it will carry more cargo. If the four wheeler has as much
collision protection as the average motorcycle, then it has enough form me.
How do you define safe? One definition of safe is without risk. Is
--
Chas DoD #7769
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No, the thing is designed to be retrievable, in a pinch. Indeed, this
dictated a rather odd design for the solar arrays, since they had to be
retractable as well as extendable, and may thus have indirectly contributed
to the array-flapping problems.
The retrieval problems are exactly as stated: it would be costly, would
involve extensive downtime (and the worry of someone finding a reason not
to re-launch it), and would unnecessarily expose the telescope to a lot
of mechanical stresses and possibilities for contamination.
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I can't see the need for a single (big? expensive? heavy?) "mothership" except
for Voyager style flyby missions. A few years ago, I did some calculations on a
"Grand Tour" space probe launched by a Saturn V in 1975-76. At the time,I felt
that
the idea of a big "mother ship" had some merit - the Voyagers had to be rather
small, lightweight craft due to the limitations imposed by using weak Titan
III/Centaur launchers. The concept I examined (and Michael's?) had a lot in
common with the British Interplanetary Society's Daedalus project for sending a
probe to Barnard's Star - i.e. a large "bus" spacecraft carrying several
smaller probes to be dispatched when the ship arrives at its destination.
The Saturn V supposedly would have been able to launch a 10-ton payload towards
Jupiter and beyond. The "bus" could have included far more powerful
cameras/telescopes/scientific equipment and a heavier/more powerful power
source than the Voyagers as there would be no limitations on weight anymore.
Extremely important as the Voyagers had to perform most of their measurements
within a couple of weeks before and after planetary encounter, and usually at a
relatively great distance.
---
The smaller probes carried aboard might have been based on the "real" Voyagers,
and an even smaller version like the one scheduled for launch towards Pluto in
the early 21st century, and would have been released at various points during
the mission. The advantages are obvious: the bus would have carried out the
same basic Jupiter-Saturn-Uranus-Neptune mission than Voyager 2 did, but in
addition two "sub-probes" could have been relased at Saturn, examining
that planet's south polar regions before moving on to Pluto. This would have
enabled NASA to map both hemispheres of Pluto/Charon by 1986...and several
other probes could have examined parts of the Jupiter/Saturn/Uranus/Neptune
systems that weren't examined in great detail by the Voyagers due to
trajectory-related factors. A small "swarm" of camera-equipped miniature space
probes released a month before encounter would have been too costly for a
small Voyager-type mission but entirely feasible if launched from a heavy,
well-equipped spacecraft. And would we have learned a lot more about the outer
planets! The reason why the Grand Tour was cancelled was lack of money, of
course.
MARCU$
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I'll vote for anything where they don't feel constrained to use stupid
and ugly PC phrases to replace words like 'manned'. If they think
they need to do that, they're more than likely engaging in 'politics
and public relations as usual' rather than seriously wanting to
actually get into space. So that eliminates Option "A" from the
running. What do they call a manned station in Option "C"?
[I'm actually about half serious about that. People should be more
concerned with grammatical correctness and actually getting a working
station than they are with 'Political Correctness' of terminology.]
--
"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
in the real world." -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
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I was curious as to what people thought of the VW Corrado VR6?
That's about it...
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Not useful unless you've got some truly wonderful propulsion system for
the mother ship that can't be applied to the probes. Otherwise it's
better to simply launch the probes independently. The outer planets
are scattered widely across a two-dimensional solar system, and going
to one is seldom helpful in going to the next one. Uranus is *not* on
the way to Neptune. Don't judge interplanetary trajectories in general
by what the Voyagers did: they exploited a lineup that occurs only
every couple of centuries, and even so Voyager 2 took a rather indirect
route to Neptune.
Solar sails are pretty useless in the outer solar system. They're also
very slow, unless you assume quite advanced versions.
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Someone named Hansk asked about pictures.
Well, there is an archive of portraits in xfaces format at
ftp.uu.net. Henry Spencer's picture is there somewhere, along
with several thousand others.
I don't remember the path, though it should be easy to find.
Remember, though, it seems to use both internet and uucp
addresses.
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-jeremy
Are you talking about a single BATSE component, or
the whole thing?
You *could* propose a BATSE probe; launch two or three with ion
drive on various planetary trajectories... your resolution increaces
the more they're spaced apart. You could probably cheaply eject them
from the solar system with enough flybys and patience.
Things would start out slow, then slowly get better and better
resolution...
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Yes a flotation tank, combined with floride breathing water(REF: the Abyss
breathing solution I think).. also the right position of the astronaut and
strapping you can probably get much more than 45gs in an accesloration..
More like near 100g (or somewhat less)..
Saw I book called the "Time Master" (I thjink that was the title) that had some
ideas on how fast and all you could go..
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Actually, I've heard that some M1 Abrams tank commanders take the
governers off their turbine engines, and can acheive 90MPH on a
paved road. Never seen it myself, but I believe it...
[stuff deleted]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
___
/ _ \ '85 Mustang GT Bob Pitas
/ /USH 14.13 @ 99.8 bpita@ctp.com
/ /| \ Up at NED, Epping, NH (Cambridge, MA)
"" - Geddy Lee (in YYZ)
Disclaimer: These opinions are mine, obviously, since they end with my .sig!
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# >Coca Cola company will want to paint the moon red and white. (Well,
# >if not this moon, then a moon of Jupiter)...
This reminds me of the old Arthur C. Clarke story about the Coca Cola
ad stashed inside an experiment.
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:
: >: > HELP!!!
: >: > my wife has informed me that she wants a convertible for her next car.
: >: FYI, just last week the PBS show Motor Week gave the results of what they
: >: thought were the best cars for '93. In the convertible category, the
: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
(snip, snip)
: Does Porsche have a patent on the "targa" name?
: I mean, convertible to me means "top down", which the del Sol certainly
: does NOT do. It has the center that lifts out. This is what i would
: term a targa(unless Porsches was gonna sue me for doing that). I know
: the rear window rolls down, but i still can hardly consider this car
: to be a convertible.
:
: DREW
Here we go...
No, of course Porsche doesn't have a patent on the "targa" name. If that were
the case, what would Fiat do? I suppose that technically my del Sol is not a
"convertible" in the literal sense, but it certainly classifies as an open-
topped car. In addition, the rear section behind the removable top is what
makes my car _infinately_ safer than a convertible.
(flame-retardant on ...)
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I purchased a used 1988 Nissan 300ZX (non-turbo) last year. I had a
question on gear/rpm ratios. Right now in 5th @65mph I'm at
2600-2700 rpms. @70mph I'm at about 2900rpms. Is this about the
norm? I'm an auto neophyte so I'm just wondering if these are
the proper ranges? Somehow the rpm figures seem high. A friend of mine
just told me he can hit 60mph in 3rd on his 88 Chevy Beretta (2.8l V6.)
Also, anyone know the top speed attainable (@redline???) for this model Z?
(Not that I would try it but it would be an interesting factoid. :)
Thanx!
Derek
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Yup. Radar detectors that detect Ka band will pick up photo radar
as it's reflected from some poor slob ahead of you that just got nailed.
BTW, many photo radar installations in the southern U.S. became
targets for high-powered rifles, or had their lenses "decorated" with cow
flop, etc. Not that I'm advocating destruction of public property, but you
get the picture....
Later,
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I don't think this will work. Still the same in space
integration problems, small modules, especially the Bus-1 modules.
the MOL would be bigger.
Also, budget problems may end up stalling developemnt.
A small undersized station wont have the science community support.
Program effeciencies may cut costs, but the basic problems
with freedom remain. in space integration, too many flights
too build. not enough science retrurn.
Essentialy $5 billion to build MIR.
I think had NASA locked onto this design, back in 1984, with
scarring to support a TRUSS for real expandability, we'd be looking
at a flying space station.
This looks the most realistic, to me, IMHO, but, i dont know if
there is enough will power to toss the CDR'd existing hardware
and then take a 1/3rd power cut and do it this way.
the core launch station has a lot of positive ideas. You could stick
in more hatches for experimental concept modules. Like the ET
derived workshops. Or inflatable modules.
pat
Sad but true.
epitaph. Killed by mis-management.
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Probably the most famous V16 is the one Cadillac made from about 1925
to 1935. They had to scale down then because the Great Depression really put
the crimp on luxury cars. It had 452 cubic inches with over two hundred horse
power. "They don't make them like they used to."
There were others though. Packard had one until about 1930 whe it down
sized to their legendary Twin-Six, their mainstay for the next twenty years.
Lincoln and Pierce Arrow might have also had one but I am not two sure.
Most luxury and semi-luxury cars of this era at least experimented with
V16 if they did not actually produce them. There was actually a "cylinder war"
among the Big Three to see who could produce the biggest engine.
Big M
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>If this idea goes through, it's the thin end of the wedge. Soon
>companies will be doing larger, and more permanant, billboards in the
>sky. I wouldn't want a world a few decades from now when the sky
>looks like Las Vegas. That would _really_ make me sad.
Think for a moment about the technology required to do that. By
the time they could make the Earth's sky look like Las Vegas,
the people could afford to go backpacking on the Moon. Round
trip costs for 500 kg to the Moon would be about the same as
5000 kg in a Low Earth "advertising" orbit: Very roughly the
same cost as a smallish billboard, therefore. If such ads were
to become common place, that would have to be a very low price...
This is nonsense. Its like saying that by the time commercials
on television become commonplace every citizen will have their own
hour long nationally broadcast TV program.
There's always been a problem of having to get
away from civilization before you can really find "natural"
scenery. 100 years ago, this usually didn't take a trip
of over 5 miles. Today, most people would have to go 100 miles
or more. If we ever get to the point where we have billboards
on orbit, that essentially means that no place on Earth is still
"wild." While that may or may not be a good thing, the orbital
billboards aren't the problem: They are just a symptom of
growing, densely-populated civilization. Banning such ads will
not save your view of the night sky, because by the time
such ads could become widespread you will probably have trouble
finding a place without street lights, where you can _see_
the stars...
The rest of your post is strange mishmash of "its already really bad"
and "it doesn't really matter if it gets worse." You should try to
figure out what you are really arguing for. (Kneejerk anti-environ-
mentalism?)
-david
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I think you mean ARPA; AARP is the American Association of Retired Persons,
and I seriously doubt that they'd want young whippersnappers building
anything on their backbones, what with de-calcification and all :-)
The general convention is that if it doesn't have a country tag on it, it's
a US site. That includes:
.com commercial
.edu educational
.mil US Military sites
.gov US Gov't non-military sites (eg NASA sites)
.org anyone who is "none of the above"
There are sites with such tags that are non-US sites, but they will have
the country extension (eg xxxx.edu.au is an extension I saw today).
US sites can also use the .us extension, but, as Mr. Smith pointed
out, the Internet was built on the ARPANet backbone, and they default
to US sites if there's no country code.
I would suggest that anyone who didn't know this (or wants to know
more about it on a non-system-administrative level) check out
the book _The_Whole_Internet_User's_Guide_and_Catalog_ by Ed Krol.
(or is it Catalog and User's Guide? I can never remember, and my copy
is my desk at home...). It's a very good not-necessarily-technical
guide to the Internet and the various utilities that lurk on it (including
USENET). I don't think it's part of the Nutshell series, but it is
published by O'Reilly and Associates.
This should go to one of the news.* newsgroups, but damned if I
can figure out which one.... :-)
James
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I am thinking of buying a used Audi 90 Auto.
These cars look good and Audi do have a good rep. for these cars in Europe
(where I'm from).
I was just wondering if there anything about these cars that I should know.
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Ok, so in my ongoing search for a sport utility, here's the latest;
Toyota 4runner:
Small. Small Small Small. The interior of this vehical is impossible
for a large person. Too bad; it would have been the winner otherwise.
Nissan Pathfinder:
Very low ceiling. My head hit the roof, Fun on bumps, no? Also has
a cheap-looking interior.
Isuzu Trooper:
Class act. This is a really, really nice vehical. Very comfortable,
handled ok. Has really cool grab handles EVERYWHERE. But it's huge,
and the engine is a bit too small for it's bulk; also the manual shift is
weird and kind of awkward. I'd buy this if it were $3k cheaper or 10"
shorter. But at this size and for this price, no. I kept picturing trying to
park in in San Francisco. No Thanks.
Chevy Blazer:
Cheap looking. Small. Not as small as the Toyota and Nissan, but still
too small.
Ford Explorer:
This is no sports car, and it's certainly not for the serious off roader.
But it's big enough to be comfortable without being as huge and heavy as the
trooper. It's engine has plenty of power for everyday driving, though it would
be nice if it had a *bit* more. The automatic tranny is pretty nice; head and
shoulders above my '90 mazda MPV. The steering is not as tight as I'd like,
but it's acceptable. The two door has easy-to-enter back seats (Easier to get
into, in fact, than the driver's seat of the 4runner!) and with a 10" shorter
wheelbase and the easier availability of a manual tranny, (Yes, I'm a manual
shift biggot, I admit it...) it's the one I'm thinking of buying.
So, that said, is there anyone out there who has one of these and hates it?
Anyone had any major problems? Heard any horror stories?
Also, any reason to buy the ford over the mazda Navajo, both being essentially
the same vehical?
Thanks-
-Karl
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it hauls butt, handles nice, but is junk. i drove a brand new one for a day
as a loaner. the key was already rusting...seems they stamp their keys out
of pot-metal. all the controls seemed really junk...clutch was heavy.
door locks, power buttons, sunroof controls etc. seemed really cheap.
no way i would pay 24k for this baby. no airbag either. i also drove a svx
for a day...stickered at 30k, but going out the door for 21k...a much better
buy, imo. although it is more of a sports touring coupe...roomy etc.
the corrado is more of a small sports car. the ergonomics and leather in the
svx was twice as nice as the corrado's. both had smooth strong engines.
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Whoa! Watch your terminology. "Dealer invoice" is *not* "dealer cost".
You'll hear lots of ads screaming "two dollars over dealer invoice!!!"
Sounds like a real deal, huh? No. You know what the "dealer invoice"
(also called factory invoice) is? It's a piece of paper with numbers
on it that the factory sends the dealer. What do the numbers
signify? Absolutely nothing. It's a marketing gimmick that the
salesman can wave in your face to impress you. Note that nowhere
on the "invoice" does it claim to be the real price of the car, and
most ads which mention dealer invoice will end with a very fast,
low voice saying something like "invoice may not reflect actual
dealer cost". Actually, I *guarantee* it does not reflect actual
dealer cost.
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I have had my Probe looked at twice by my local dealer (where I purchased
the car) ... the first time, they made this problem worse. The second time,
after advising them of the service bulletin mentioned on my ford-probe mailing
list (they said they didn't know of the bulletin), they adjusted the window and
made it *much* better. However it now makes a "scritch scritch" noise on rough
roads, and *still* squeals when I open/close the window in wet weather (anyone
elses's do this?)
I got two keys with my car, but only ONE remote-entry push-button thingie!
But then, I bought my 93 with 2500 miles, and I think it may have been a
repossession ... so I'm not surprised something was missing :-(
I am seriously considering following the advice in the owners manual where
it describes the procedure to follow if "you discover something on your Ford
that could ... cause ... serious injury ... threaten lives ... etc). Something
about notifying the National Traffic Safety group as well as Ford. Those little
"you've-got-to-position-the-fingers-perfectly-to-make-it-beep" buttons are
TERRIBLE.
Well, I guess that's good in a way, but in a way it's bad. When someone
hears that kind of horn, they expect to see a big American car. They may
not associate the sound with a small "jap car" style car (like the Probe is).
The mudflaps help a lot.
I have always been a 5-speed guy. Almost every car I've ever owned has been
a 5-speed. Because I got a good deal on this car with the 2500 miles, I
(knowingly) overlooked the fact that it has an automatic. But it is a pretty
high-tech automatic. It is a fully electronicaly controlled 4-speed with
torque converter lockup. Even with the automatic, I'm getting 35 mpg on the
highway, driving 65-70!. (but of course driving > 65 is illegal, so I
probably made that sentence up). :-) Around town the mileage has been
around 25-27, not bad for an automatic. Of course it doesn't have the
"control" of a 5-speed, but since I do a lot of city driving, it turns out
to be very convenient. It's nice to be able to drink a cup of coffee and
drive at the same time (although that, too, is illegal here in
"we-like-to-control-your-life Massachusetts" :-)
Shakes and rattles has been my main gripe. I've gotten them to fix the
worst of them, but I fear that with the rather harsh ride, the car will
be a virtual potpouri of rattles when it gets older.
On my 89 Probe GL, I got about 40K out of the original Goodyears,
and had driven the replacement tires (Bridgestone) 50K miles when
I tradeed the car. The 195/65(60?)VR14 Firestones on my 93 Probe
look like they're designed for performance (ie rather wide, shallow
tread, etc), so they probably won't last as long. But the car handles
very very very well. It sticks to the road like glue, even on a rough
surface.
Definitely. Ford/Mazda did a very very nice job on this one. The
car has a "much more expensive than it actually is" look and feel to it.
Having driven an 89 Probe for 4 years, I find the 93 suspension "interesting".
The car actually drives much better than the 89 ... it is a very firm
ride, and you definitely know about each and every bump in the road. Yet
the car remains very civilized on even the bumpiest roads. You Hear and
feel the bumps, yet the car retains its posture very well.
Well I wouldn't encourage passenger-carrying in the Probe unless the
person in the front seat likes to sit with his knees to the dash. As
mentioned in the Consumer Reports write-ups, "consider the back seat
as a parcel shelf". No biggie to me though (if it had been, I'd not
have bought the car! (but it's definitely not a family car)).
A/C is a MUST on any Probe from 89 - 93. The 93 in particular sends out
a REAL BLAST of cool air when the AC is on MAX. That "lots of glass" you
mentioned is what gives the car the "very good visibility" reports you
see in all the write-ups. Most "sports/sporty" cars don't have that
good visibility.
The complaints I've heard re: exhaust system (on 93's) have been on
the GT. Of course being a different engine, that is a differeent
exhaust system.
I was one of those with an 89 who qualified for the free replacement.
Since I had already replaced the muffler when I received the notice,
I was/am due a refund from Ford. I applied in February and am Still
waiting. :-(
Yes. I was pretty amazed when I had my car in for some touch-up
adjustments this past week, and they had to keep it overnight (too busy
for them to get to it) and they offered to pay for a rental). They
did make me pay for taxes and insurance though :-(
I have to agree that they seem to have some QC problesm. But I seriously
feel the car design is sound, and expect it to do very well.
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if you want to annoy geico, call them up...give fake name...but real car
specs..get a quote and then tell them they are more expensive than your
current state farm/allstate insurance. they will still send you quote etc.
then you can tear up their quote and stuff it in the prepaid return
envelope and mail it back to them. actually they were $12 more than my current
state farm rates.
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About three weeks ago on the SPACE list, someone was quoting a source on the
relative traffic and rankings of this listserv. A figure of 88th in
traffic(?) was given. Unfortunately I did not clip the message and I would
like to know the source of the rankings list. If anybody still has that
discussion on their disk or knows the source (or is the poster himself!)
I'd appreciate getting that reference. Being on the road I have temporarily
unsubscribed to the list to cut down mail box stuffing <g> so please reply
via e-mail to lek@aip.org OR 71160.2356@compuserve.com or I won't get your
answer!
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A 68 Corvette but, I don't want to put Corvette seats in it. The original
seats are in exc. shape but they are uncomfortable as hell. I'm going to
store those and find a set to drive in. I have all the Vette catalogs but
I'm looking for a more generic type seat. I can modify the brackets but
cushion height and overall width are a concern. I've looked through some
local boneyards without success. I would just like to find a pair of
cheapo's to use this summer.
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It's been a while since I've reviewed a car but today I paid a visit
to an old friend whose love for Audis has been so overwhelming that he
makes a not too sucessful living selling them.
Without further delay, I will get to the 1993 Audi S4:
1) Servotronic steering:
[For those who are not familiar with what Servotronic is, it is the
name for the speed variable power steering manufactured by ZF and
used in Audis and BMWs.]
I have been outspoken in my damming of Servotronic over the past
couple of months, and this was based on magazine reviews and drives of
the Audi 90 CS quattro and the Audi 100CS fwd. I am quite happy to
report now that on the S4, the Servotronic is *inoffensive*. I
suppose that due to the fat gumball tires, the Servotronic has been
loaded up more and this, so far has been the best implementation that
I have tried. It is far from perfect, mind you, and I'd be much
happier if it was an option that I could refuse, but on the S4, I no
longer consider this to be bad enough where I feel the entire car is
ruined.
The steering is still a tad too light, but it is accurate and I
suppose the stiffly sprung chassis sends back so much information that
some makes it through to the driver's hands. So there is feel and
there is accuracy in the S4's steering. But there is also room for
improvement. I consider the S4's steering to be better than the
Japanese competition, primarily because the Japanese do not believe in
"feel" and engineer it out completely.
2) Engine
Wheee! What a pressure cooker. With just 110 miles on the clock I did
not expect the S4 to be producing anywhere close to what it will be
putting out 10000 miles later, but still, the car packs a terrific
punch. For a turbocharged machine, it is very unusual in that it
encourages lazy driving. i.e. low revs, high gear. It is so
supremely flexible that one could hardly believe that there's only 2.2
liters of displacement to move this 3700 pound car around in such a
fashion. With maximum torque available at 1950 rpm and a 7200 rpm
redline, the car can pretty much be left in third all day.. which
translates to a speed range of something like 20-100 mph. A
chracteristic that one normally associates with large capacity V8s.
The technical achievement is breadthtaking.
Throttle response is right up there with a good atmospheric engine. In
fact, it would even put peaky multivalve engines to shame. Downshifts
are almost unnecessary. It is more fun to use the "overboost" feature
than to rev the engine. For those not familiar, the S4 engine features
up to 15 seconds of additional turbo boost for passing. Sort of like
lighting up the after burners in a jet fighter, one could, with the
right foot only, in third gear, blast the car from 30 to 80 in just a
few moments.. simply by flooring the gas. As far as the numbers go,
maximum torque available in overboost mode shoots up to about 270 lb
ft.. incredible for a 2.2 liter. It takes a few moments for it to
develop overboost but it is well worth waiting for. Since this is quite
a heavy car, one's body parts are not flung around like say, the Corrado
VR6. The acceleration is smooth and strong, somewhat similar to riding
in a jetliner as it accelerates down the runway on takeoff. Also, one
is treated to a very distinctive and entertaining whistle from the
turbo.. the only entertaining sound to come out of a very
refined but bland sounding 5 banger..
Yes, Audi has refined the 5 to the point where at 7200 rpm it sounds as
serene as it does at 2000. The smoothness is outstanding, but not quite
up to the standards of a very good 6, e.g. a 12 valve BMW. I'd say that
in terms of refinement, i.e. willingness to rev, smoothness, lack of
harshness under full acceleration it is better than many V6s. However,
lost in the refinement process is the characteristic 5 cylinder bark
that made the older engines so characterful, if not terribly refined.
The 20 valve turbo 5 sounds pretty bland except for the whistle under
full boost. Subjectively, I'd rate the VW VR6 engine as being far more
musical than the turbo 5.. Also, Audi's own V8 is also far more musical,
with a rorty race car growl when pressed, though none of these can
match its grunt.
The only hint of the engine's true capacity occurs when one is taking
off from rest after the turbo has come to a near stop. With the extra
inertia from the permanently engaged 4wd system, one has to be somewhat
delicate in feeding in the clutch to prevent an embarassing stall.
Alternately one could use more revs.. In both cases a very small price
to pay for such a fantastic engine. I think that Audi of America should
offer an automatic option for this car, just as they offer (though in
extremely small numbers) a 5 speed for the much peakier V8. The
characteristics of the engine are perfect for an automatic. Ironically,
in europe a slush is available but none is offered for the land of the
slush. Marketing twits rearing their ugly heads again...
3) Chassis
I've noticed that Audis tend to have very wide wheels and relatively
modest tire widths. The car comes with Firestones of size 225/50 ZR16..
which is not uncommon at all. However, the very attractive 5 spoke
wheels are no less than 8 inches wide, so there is no sidewall bulge
whatsoever. Combined with the flared wheel arches, the S4 has a mouth
watering macho, yet subdued look.
On rough concrete, it becomes immediately clear that the new 100 body
style has made significant advances in structural rigidity as well as
road noise suppression.. I suppose the two are inter-related, but I
digress. To use a cliche, the S4's body feels like it has been carved
out of stone. Flex is totally undetectable, even when going over rough
roads. With a super rigid body like this stiff springs and stiff dampers
do not cause excessive harshness and while the S4's ride quality will
never worry a Lexus, it will also not draw comparisons to trucks or
pony cars.
The servotronic steering has already been mentioned. I consider it to
be inoffensive because it did not inhibit spirited cornering. I was
able to test the car's cornering powers without too much trepidation. I
think a new concept is at work in this car. With its fat gumball tires,
talking about understeer or oversteer is practically meaningless. On a
banked highway on ramp, I went in slow and started applying power as I
went around. I could feel the g forces build to the point where the
skin on my face was being tugged sideways. Yet the car was totally and
completely obedient to throttle and steering inputs.. It felt that the
limits were not even close to being approached. The g forces were
thrilling, but the entire affair of going around a curve is strangely
uninvolving. You tell the car what you want and it does it. End of
story. I think that I am starting to relate more and more to those
reviewers who were highly impressed by the Honda NSX's clinical
efficiency but were unable to fall in love with the car.
The brakes have a very good firmness to them and stop the car pretty
well too, though I've read that they are prone to fade. I am not too
surprised, since the S4 does not have uprated brakes over the base Audi
100 fwd. Harder pads would help, but that in turn would lead to a more
wooden response when cold. I am starting to see a trend among the
luxury/sports sedan makers where extra weight is not being offset by
additional braking capacity. The LS400's fade performance is nothing to
brag about; neither is the Q45's or the Legend's. Brake fade these days
seem to be a forgotten virtue when everybody's attention is focused on
anti-lock capability.
4) Comfort
For a car with such sporty abilities, its comfort levels are also
excellent. The cabin is beautifully appointed, with carbon-fiber panel
inserts in place of the wood trim of the '92 S4. All the expected
gizmos are there.. heated seats, power seats, seat memory, power this
and that. The glaring ommision was the trip computer, which was removed
because Audi hasn't gotten it to work reliably yet.. That means that the
car has no boost gauge. A real disappointment taking into account how
much the turbo dominates its performance.
Unusual for the germans, the S4 comes with a Honda style moonroof, as
well as the very intelligent dial-a-sunroof-position rotary switch.
Noise levels, including engine and tire noise is so low that I wouldn't
consider the Lexus' advantage in this area to be significant enough
to sway a potential buyer.
5) Conclusion
Even though few will be able to afford an Audi S4 at its sticker price
of $48K, the car is a bargain if one takes into account what it has to
offer over the competition. The 20 valve turbo 5 is a real gem, even if
it doesn't produce Ferrari sounds. No other luxury/sports sedan maker
offers the utter security of quattro all wheel drive, which to some is
worth the extra money all by itself. The safety features are also
top notch.. 1994 side impact standard compliant, the very elegant
automatic seat belt tensioners and the dual airbags. The 100 series
Audis have been outstanding in government crash tests. It gets my
thumbs up for being so overwhelmingly capable rather than being
all out exciting and intoxicating.
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Actually, both numbers are correct. The difference is in the direction
of the acceleration. For pilots, accelerations tend to be transverse to
the direction you're facing (pulling out from a steep dive, the
acceleration will force blood toward your feet, for instance). In this
case, you can only put up with about 8 g's even with a pressure suit.
The record for acceleration, though, is measured along "the direction
you're facing" (for lack of a better term). As I recall, this record
was set in rocket sleds back in the 60's -- and was about 40 g's or so.
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The last V8 in Mad Max is based on a Holden (Australia). Holden is
linked with GM (Vauxhall GB) and so they're quite unlikely to use
Ford parts.
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Sure about that? Maybe Proxima might cause problems, but at Oort
Cloud distances AC a and AC b together look like a point source.
Besides, even the solar system's Oort cloud is unstable over
geologic time, right, and needs to be replentished from somewhere
else, like the short period comets of the Kupier Belt?
(Or maybe I'm misremembering something I read or heard somewhere...)
Until we're able to perform a broad-band survey of nearby stars
to detect planets, we won't know enough to say whether or not
a single star has planets. And we're likely to find out about the
close ones first.
Heck, if neutron stars can have planets, anything can have planets.
(Or was that discovery disconfirmed?)
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A friend had a Ford Taunus (era early 60's) that *did* have a V4 in it.
I lost a bet on it. I find it hard to believe there are no *recent* cars
with a V4 in them. Any *recent* ones?
Spiros
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Carrying in the glove box is not covered...I'm not sure what I was
thinking there. It _is_ legal in Oklahoma.
On inter-state travel, as long as it is legal for you to own
at your point of origination and destination, the gun is carried
in a locked compartment/box (glove box specifically excluded) separate
from the ammo, it is legal under Title 19, Chapter 44, Section 94(9? I
forget, and my copy of the regs is at home) of the US Code. This,
unfortunately, has not prevented the theft by state troopers of a
certain state (which shall remain nameless to protect the hopelessly
stupid) under that state's law.
Gee, and I thought Federal Law overrode state law...
James
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:
: |> Derek....
: |>
: |> There is a tool available to reset the service indicator on BMWs but the lights
: |> will come back on after 2-3 weeks. The tool is in fact illegal (in Europe
: |> atleast). It is often the case that the unsuspecting punter trots off to buy a
: |> used BMW and a few weeks later, all the lights come on! Other than that, I know
: |> of no other tool.... anyone else?
: |>
: Shaz,
:
: Hmm.. but the service indicators that I have works this way:
: There are 5 green,1 yellow, 1 red indicators.
: initially all green indicators will be on for few minutes when you start
: your car. The computer will actually "sense" how you drive your car and
: as time goes by the green indicators will start to go off one by one and
: then the yellow indicator will turn on and then the red indicator will go
: on. And you should get service when by the time green indicators are off.
:
: After service the mechanic(or you) will reset the service indicators and the
: computer starts counting again.
:
: So I expect to have a tool(or a procedure) to reset it so the green lights will
: come on and the yellow and red lights will go off.
:
: I wonder how people can do oil change themself without knowing how to reset the
: indicator.
:
: It's the first european car I have and changing oil at 15,000 miles is a
: surprise to me. and it's a big plus :-). But I wonder how that could happen
: since the oil lose its lubrication ability over time, I thought it's the oil and
: not the vehicle that determines how often we should change oil.
:
: Any BMW owner on the net? Response welcomed.
:
: PS. my initial question is "how do you seset the service indicator of a BMW"
:
: Derek
There is a perfectly legal tool available to reset the Bimmer service lights.
It will cost you 45$ from a mailorder, and buying one far outweighs
the possible consequences of destroying all the electronics if you try
di it yourself.
You wonder how people do an oil change without knowing how it reset.
Why is reseting so important? The only reason for doing
it is stop the annoyance of a red light staring at you.
Forget this 'in european cars you only need to change the oil every
15000' crap. Anyone serious about keeping their engine in good shape, and
extending its life, will change it every 3000, (inc filter). Don't wait
for the servive lights to come on before servicing the car.
I bought a bmw about 6 months ago, it had 3 green lights on. I have changed
the oil every 3000, completly flushed brake fliud, changed all filters(oil,
air and fuel, changed transmission and drive oils
and done almost all of the other things req for service 1
and a service 2. After nearly 6000 miles, I am still on 2 green lights.
After a winter in Burlington (and it is snowing today!!) that is not bad.
Good luck!
Blair
--
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Blair E. Robertson A New Zealander in Vermont
University of Vermont posting his own ideas.........
Medical Research Facilty
Smooth Muscle Ion Channel Group
Colchester
Vermont 05446-2500
email blair@northpole.med.uvm.edu
Telephone: (802) 656-8930
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Many cars sold here in Finland are *small* and *cheap* cars (at least when
compared to other cars --- note that we have over 120 % car tax).
And you couldn't expect a good auto mated to a 1.3 L engine?
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Could someone explain where these names come from? I'm sure there's a
perfectly good reason to name a planetoid "Smiley," but I'm equally sure
that I don't know what that reason is.
Read John le Carre's "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy", "The Honorable Schoolboy"
or "Smiley's People".
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Doing this in anything like reasonable time would require more
propulsion capability than we can manage. You would have to boost to
Pluto and then slow back down. You could do something like a Hohman
orbit, but I think that would take ridiculous amounts of time (my
Rubber Bible is at home).
--
"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
in the real world." -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
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Uh, why do they have to ask a state commision? Unless the state's buying...
Such a process will only increace the overhead to the power company
of selling different types of light, and will decreace the likleihood
that they will do so. And any efficient lights they might have been
planning in the future, go down the drain.....
You could order it special. If enough people did so, it would be
low cost. Last I checked, you could use UPS to buy stuff in Arizona
before going there.
Finally, I'm sure your state has things like small factories and
machine shops. You could go into business making lights that are
cheaper to use (thanks to their higher efficiency and the
fact that they aren't wasting energy on broadcasting to space)
and therefore _better_ than the old style...
Five year plans have to be enacted or the planning for the economy
will fall apart.
As if the clean air act really cleaned up the air...
_MY_ *experience* seems to suggest that you're trying too hard
to *educate* them (with the same methods used in American schools
to make any subject whatsoever as relevant and boring as Proto-Ugric)
instead of *selling* them on the idea.
...
Well, wake up. Space is becoming a field of human endeavor
instead of just something we can look at from a long long
way away. There are practical space projects that could conceivably
(although probably not) cause lots of light pollution, and
have been argued against on those grounds, even though they
might open up such possibilities, that people could vacation on
Mars if they wanted really dark skies...
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I realy like this idea, it would be wonderfull to see such a
big bright satelite on the night sky. I will even promise to
try to buy whatever product it advertises to help this project.
Please write to Space Marketing and encourage this project.
I sadly dosent have enough money to invest in it.
--
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We have seen lots of discussion on automobile engine configuration. Let me ask
a similar question from the aviation field. You must have seen images of prop
planes with all cylinders exposed. I have seen up to 8 cylinders positioned
radially in a circular fashion with the prop at the center of the circle.
This arrangement always brings up a geometric dilemma. How can one crankshaft
throw accomodate 8 rods or are the pistons displaced but not visible from the
outside.
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I am familiar with the project. It is the Onboard Shuttle Flight
Software Project. This software controls the Space Shuttle During
all dynamic phases as well as on-orbit.
It has ultra-high reliability and extremely
low error rates. There have been several papers published on the
subject and I'll collect some references. There may be an
article in the IBM Systems Journal Late '93, early '94.
There is no magic formula. We did it with dedicated and disciplined
folks who worked to put together a process that finds and removes errors
and is corrected based on errors that "escape". We present a
one day overview of our process periodically to interested folks.
The next one is May 19th in Washington, D.C. I can fax specifics
to those who are interested.
Bret Wingert
Wingert@VNET.IBM.COM
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which are them main trucking companeies and
their locations? do you have the name of ac
a contact person?
thanks..
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Actually, I've had a bad habit of stuffing a whole bunch of other garbage
junk mail in along with whatever else into *anybody's* prepaid envelopes
until they almost burst. I believe they pay postage by weight.
heh, heh, heh...
Anyways, don't tear up the quotes just yet...I sometimes use their
quotes or other insurance quotations as leverage to haggle for a
lower rate elsewhere. Usually it works to *your* advantage if
they are lower.
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B
B
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Remove LEGEND from the V-8 list, it's a 6.
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I would have to say that the "greatest philosopher" title would have to
go to Plato since the whole enterprise of philosophy was essentially
defined by him. Although he got most of his answers wrong, he did
definitively identify what the important questions are. I think it
was Descartes who said that "All philosophy is just a footnote to Plato."
If I were to choose which philosopher made the most important advances
in human knowledge over his lifetime, that's simple...it is Aristotle.
This is so much the case that many simply refer to him as "the philosopher".
Regarding Nietzsche, he's one of the most entertaining, although since his
ideas were so fragmented (and since his life was cut short) it is doubtful
that his influence as a philosopher is likely to be very extensive 500 years
from now. They'll probably still be reading him in 500 years though.
As for "modern" philosophers, I would have to say that Kant was the most
influential since he had such a strong influence on almost everyone who
came after him (and unfortunately, they maintained his errors and
amplified them over time).
I would say that the most influential "american" philosopher would have to
be Dewey.
But as to the question of what philosopher will be most highly regarded in
500 years, it may very well be Ayn Rand (who in every important respect
was "American", but was born in Russia). But I guess that remains to be seen.
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There would be some point to doing long-term monitoring of things like
particles and fields, not to mention atmospheric phenomena. However,
there is no particular plan to establish any sort of monitoring network.
To be precise, there is no particular plan, period. This is a large
part of the problem. In this context, it's not surprising that unexciting
but useful missions like this get short shrift at budget time. The closest
approach to any sort of long-term planetary monitoring mission is the
occasional chance to piggyback something like this on top of a flashier
mission like Galileo or Cassini.
It is most unlikely that there is much happening on Pluto that would be
worth monitoring, and it is a prohibitively difficult mission to fly
without new propulsion technology (something the planetary community
has firmly resisted being the guinea pigs for). The combined need to
arrive at Pluto within a reasonable amount of time, and then kill nearly
all of the cruise velocity to settle into an orbit, is beyond what can
reasonably be done with current (that is, 1950s-vintage) propulsion.
Most of this can be done just about as well from Earth. The few things
that can't be, can be done better from a Voyager-like spacecraft that is
*not* constrained by the need to enter orbit around a planet.
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If you brighten up the dark part of CV043015.GIF with your viewer you
will see two other objects near the upper left part of the moon.
One is actually between the weather satellite and the moon.
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reasonable
That's probably true but it's the closest to it that you're going to get.
The actual dealer cost depends on a lot of things and even the dealer
probably doesn't know exactly what it will be until all the factory
kick-backs, incentives, etc. are paid and that often depends on his volume
at the end of the month/quarter/whatever. It might be a funny munber but
it's all you have to start with, except the sticker, and anyone who pays
sticker price is really being ripped off.
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You should have been following the discussion of GRBs
going on in sci.astro. It's been discussed in some detail,
with references even.
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Considering the magnitude of loss of life in both the Moro Castle
and Titanic disasters, I can't believe you can be so blithe
there fred.
Besides if a LNG tanker breaks up in a close harbor, you can kiss
off quite a lot of population. same thing for any chemical
tankers.
I know the coast guard makes mandatory safety equipment
checks on all watercraft. they use this as an excuse to
make narcotics searches, without warrants.
I suspect, that commercial craft need a certificate at least similiar
in scope to an air worthiness certificate from the DOT.
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Indeed, the sky doesn't look much like a black body if you look carefully
enough; in particular, its temperature at radio frequencies is quite a
bit higher than you would see from a black body. Morgan&Gordon's fat
"Communications Satellite Handbook" has a graph of sky temperature vs.
wavelength, in fact, for communications design.
However, in terms of energy content, the RF frequencies are negligible.
For thermal purposes, at very large distances from the Sun the sky
looks like a black body at 3.5K (Allen, "Astrophysical Quantities").
I haven't found a number for non-large distances, since solar radiation
tends to be something you can't just ignore :-), but M&G says "about 4K"
in a brief discussion of why solar radiation dominates the problem.
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Being what? Oh, _weird_. OK, I'm warned!
Keep watch for what?
Oh, the several tens (or hundreds) of millions of dollars it would cost
to "record things" there. And I'd prefer a manned mission, anyway.
We've already got a pretty good platform to "scan" the solar
system, as well as SETI and looking at the galaxy without having
much of the solar system to worry about..
Care to guess where it is?
Shag
--
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It isn't that bad. At least the Bugatti EB110 has compound curves compared
to the slab sides on the Consulier. And the Bugatti has a quad turbo V-12
(thing of it as 4 three cylinder turbo engines tied together). Also Ettore
Bugatti's nephew is on the board of directors and had a hand in the
development. So that's about as much Bugatti as you are likely to get in
today's world. Much like Enzo Ferrari's illegitamate son being allowed to
take over part of Ferrari as well...
That's funny. I have motorcylclist friends who say the same about `cages'.
:-)
Most GP 500cc motorcycles are V-4s, and the VF line of Hondas were all V-4s
(from the VF-400F through the VF-1000F, including the RC30 race bike and
the present VFR-750F). It should be noted that Lancia built a V-4 in
recent history in the Fulvia HF, a very pretty Italian coupe.
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I know it's only wishful thinking, with our current President,
but this is from last fall:
"Is there life on Mars? Maybe not now. But there will be."
-- Daniel S. Goldin, NASA Administrator, 24 August 1992
-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov (713) 483-4368
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The compressed image format used for the Voyager disks is not (yet)
supported by any Macintosh display software that I know of. However,
there does exist a program that can convert the images to a format that
is recognized by recent versions of both Pixel Pusher and NIH/Image. It
is called "PDS Decompress" and is available via anonymous ftp from the
"pub" directory on "delcano.mit.edu" [18.75.0.80]. This is a Binhex/
Stuffit archive and contains the application itself, Think-C source,
and a very brief description.
The most recent version of NIH/Image (1.48) may be down-loaded from
"starhawk.jpl.nasa.gov", where it is located in "image148.hqx" in the
"pub" directory. This archive also contains source code, but not the
documentation, which is located in the "image1455.hqx" archive in the
same directory.
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In many of our cities, there are traffic signals every 100 feet (unsynchronised,
of course (well here in Ottawa anyway)) and the roads are so congested that
shifting manually is a real pain in the left foot. Also, most Canadians are
too stupid to learn how to shift manually (gee, I gotta co-ordinate my two
feet on the clutch, brake _and_ accelerator, and I gotta steer, shift _and_
operate the signals (optional) and radio with my two hands... duh... it
can't be done). Also, most North American made cars come with the automatic
as standard equipment, so why bother with a manual when the car can shift
for you for no addition money.
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AW>>>My 85 Caprice Classic with 120K+ miles has finally reached
>>>the threshold of total number of mechanical problems that
>>>I am forced to post :). Anyone out there who might be
>>>able to give me some pointers on one or more of the below,
>>>please e-mail or post!
AW>>>1. When making turns, especially when accelerating,
>>>there is usually a loud "thunk" from the rear of
>>>of the car. Sounds like it could be the differential.
Wheel bearing, ujoint.
AW>>>2. On starting the car, I get blue (oil) smoke from
>>>the exhaust for 5-10 seconds. Exhaust valves
Bad valve stem seals.
AW>>>3. Brakes. More pedal travel than I feel comfortable
>>>with, but master cylinder is full and fluid is
Worn pads, rear brakes not adjusted up tight or worn out drums.
90% of low pedal complaints usually are from a rear brake problem.
AW>>>4. Tranny. Tranny problems seem to be slowly getting
>>>worse -- takes almost 2 seconds to downshift from
>>>3rd to 2nd on heavy throttle application, and more
>>>recently, it is reluctant to shift from 2nd to 3rd.
>>>Fluid (checked with car running with tranny put
>>>through all the gears and then back to park, as per
>>>Haynes manual) is red and clear, and is on full mark.
Possible modulator valve if equipped with one. Also could be the
kickdoen cable.
AW>>>5. My springs all around are just about shot -- I have
>>>4 new shocks on, but car still skips out on bumps
>>>in turns at moderate to high speed. How hard are
>>>they to change? Can they be reconditioned?
Difficult on front. Easy on rear. They are not expensive. about $75-$100
for front and less than $50 for the rear.
Its also kind of dangerous to work on the front springs without the
proper equipment.
Don
* SLMR 2.1a * I put spot remover on my dog....Spots gone!
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My son is considering the purchase of a 71 MGB, which has been substantially
restored. The odometer has rolled over, but we can't be sure of the actual
mileage. The engine and drive train apparently weren't touched in the
restoration, except for a new carb and a few hoses. He plans to do vacuum and
compression checks to see what they might tell us about the engine. The body
and undercarriage have no visible rust, the interior is new, as are tires,
front brakes (not sure about the back), battery, bumpers and other misc parts.
The paint is checked in a few places, and scuffed here and there, allegedly by
a wind-blown car cover. It seemed to handle OK, except for soft front shocks.
Questions:
Are there problem areas common to MGBs we should check out?
The brakes seem soft and rather ineffective; what should we expect in the way
of braking action?
It seemed to be "doggy" when accelerating from a stop. What should we expect
it to do, given the 4-cylinder engine?
The top is in place, but will not reach a number of the snaps. The weather
was cold. Should the vinyl stretch and fit when it warms up, or is it forever
shrunk?
Is it normal for the wire wheels to be painted, or are they usually chromed?
Given this rather limited description, what would be a reasonable price?
Gee, this turned out to be a little long--sorry. While my brother once owned
an XK120 Jag (what a car!) we're obviously not into sports cars. Any help with
these questions, or suggestions on other things to investigate would surely be
appreciated.
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Could someone please help me. I am trying to find the
address to the TDRS receiving station at White Sands
Missile Range. I am interested in possible employment
and would like to write for information.
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I do not understand what you are saying here. What is improved, what
is Significant, and what does this have to do with carrying more
equipment on a servicing mission? Also, as implied by other posters, why
do you need to boost the orbit on this mission anyway? Maybe you have
something here, but could you please clarify it for us on the net?
From what I've heard, the motors are fine - it is one of the two
sets of electronics that control the motors that needs a fix. The
motors and electronics are separate pieces of hardware. I expect
to be corrected if I'm wrong on this.
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I am a little confused on all of the models of the 88-89 bonnevilles.
I have heard of the LE SE LSE SSE SSEI. Could someone tell me the
differences are far as features or performance. I am also curious to
know what the book value is for prefereably the 89 model. And how much
less than book value can you usually get them for. In other words how
much are they in demand this time of year. I have heard that the mid-spring
early summer is the best time to buy.
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a yes, but the improvement in boost orbit to the HST is Significant,
and that means you can then carry EDO packs and enough consumables
so the SHuttle mission can go on long enough to also fix the
array tilt motors, and god knows what else is going to wear out
on the HST in the next 9 months.
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Yes, weightlessness does feel like falling. It may feel strange at first,
but the body does adjust. The feeling is not too different from that
of sky diving.
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Picture our universe floating like a log
in a river. As the log floats down the
river, it occasionally strikes rocks, the
bank, the bottom, other logs. When this collission
occurs, kinetic energy is translated into heat, the
log degrades, gets scraped up, and other energy
translaions occur. The distribution of damage to
the log depends on the shape of the log.
However, to a very small virus in a mite on the head of a
termite in the center of the log, the shock waves from the
collissions would appear uniformly random in direction.
This is my theory for GRB. They are evidence of our universe
interacting with other universes! Why not! Makes
just as much sense as the GRB coming from the Oort cloud!
The log theory of universes can't be ruled out!
Of course, I'm a layman in the physics world. You
physicists out there, Tell me about this !!!!
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Has someone scanned in an artist's rendering of Aurora? If so, is the GIF
available somewhere?
Please reply via email.
Thanks,
Craig
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Saab Sonnet III too I believe.
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Ahh, perhaps that's why we've (astronomers) have just built *2* 10-meter
ground-based scopes and are studying designs for larger ones.
Seriously, though, you're never going to get a 10-meter scope into orbit
as cheaply as you can build one on the ground, and with adaptive optics
and a good site, the difference in quality is narrowed quite a bit
anyway. Also, scopes in low orbit (like Hubble) can only observe things
continuously for ~45 minutes at a time, which can be a serious
limitation.
I sure as hell does if the 'point of light' is half a degree in extent
and as bright as the moon. Have you ever noticed how much brighter the
night sky is on a moonlit night?
Existing satellites *are* points of light, but an advertising sign that
appeared as a point would be useless, so I rather think these will
appear larger than a 'typical' satellite. Also, satellite tracks *are*
ruining lots of plates in the current Palomar Sky Survey.
What deparment are you in anyway, Philosophy? You obviously are not
qualified to speak about astronomy...
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Is it ok to take the car out of gear without using the clutch
(while the car is turned off)?
Thanks in advance.
Please reply by mail.
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Yeah, it seems toyota has always had a problem with those 2.2's
and sound. I know the celicas with em were pretty noisey, and
the MR2s were no exception. Now, about large displacement 4s
with bad noise.. I have a 90 Grand Am H.O. quad 4, and it
sounds really good, almost like a larger 6.. Now, Toyota
is coming out with an all-new Celica next year and the Mr2...
well who knows..
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From article <1r1i7mINN4n4@cronkite.cisco.com>, by kmac@cisco.com (Karl Elvis MacRae):
I agree that the Toyota is the best looking I just didn't fit plus it is the
highest cost of all the ones you mentioned. I have good friends who have all
three of the trucks you talked about, the ones with kids all went to the
ford because of the room required to carry a couple of kids and all the junk
you need. The single ones went for the Toyota and the Nissan. Every one has
been happy with what they bought. Although no one is into serious four wheel
off road driving.
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big Capacitor :-) Real Big capacitor.
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THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF
THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE ATLANTIC
Volume 4, Number 9 - April 1993
###########################
TABLE OF CONTENTS
###########################
* ASA Membership and Article Submission Information
* The Soviets and Venus, Part 3 - Larry Klaes
###########################
ASA MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION
The Electronic Journal of the Astronomical Society of the Atlantic
(EJASA) is published monthly by the Astronomical Society of the
Atlantic, Incorporated. The ASA is a non-profit organization dedicated
to the advancement of amateur and professional astronomy and space
exploration, as well as the social and educational needs of its members.
ASA membership application is open to all with an interest in
astronomy and space exploration. Members receive the Journal of the
ASA (hardcopy sent through United States Mail - Not a duplicate of this
Electronic Journal) and the Astronomical League's REFLECTOR magazine.
Members may also purchase discount subscriptions to ASTRONOMY and
SKY & TELESCOPE magazines.
For information on membership, you may contact the Society at any
of the following addresses:
Astronomical Society of the Atlantic (ASA)
c/o Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA)
Georgia State University (GSU)
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
U.S.A.
asa@chara.gsu.edu
ASA BBS: (404) 321-5904, 300/1200/2400 Baud
or telephone the Society Recording at (404) 264-0451 to leave your
address and/or receive the latest Society news.
ASA Officers and Council -
President - Eric Greene
Vice President - Jeff Elledge
Secretary - Ingrid Siegert-Tanghe
Treasurer - Mike Burkhead
Directors - Becky Long, Tano Scigliano, Bob Vickers
Council - Bill Bagnuolo, Michele Bagnuolo, Don Barry, Bill Black,
Mike Burkhead, Jeff Elledge, Frank Guyton, Larry Klaes,
Ken Poshedly, Jim Rouse, Tano Scigliano, John Stauter,
Wess Stuckey, Harry Taylor, Gary Thompson, Cindy Weaver,
Bob Vickers
ARTICLE SUBMISSIONS
Article submissions to the EJASA on astronomy and space exploration
are most welcome. Please send your on-line articles in ASCII format to
Larry Klaes, EJASA Editor, at the following net addresses or the above
Society addresses:
klaes@verga.enet.dec.com
or - ...!decwrl!verga.enet.dec.com!klaes
or - klaes%verga.dec@decwrl.enet.dec.com
or - klaes%verga.enet.dec.com@uunet.uu.net
You may also use the above addresses for EJASA back issue requests,
letters to the editor, and ASA membership information.
When sending your article submissions, please be certain to include
either a network or regular mail address where you can be reached, a
telephone number, and a brief biographical sketch.
Back issues of the EJASA are also available from the ASA anonymous
FTP site at chara.gsu.edu (131.96.5.29). Directory: /pub/ejasa
DISCLAIMER
Submissions are welcome for consideration. Articles submitted,
unless otherwise stated, become the property of the Astronomical
Society of the Atlantic, Incorporated. Though the articles will not
be used for profit, they are subject to editing, abridgment, and other
changes. Copying or reprinting of the EJASA, in part or in whole, is
encouraged, provided clear attribution is made to the Astronomical
Society of the Atlantic, the Electronic Journal, and the author(s).
Opinions expressed in the EJASA are those of the authors' and not
necessarily those of the ASA. This Journal is Copyright (c) 1993
by the Astronomical Society of the Atlantic, Incorporated.
THE SOVIETS AND VENUS
PART 3
Copyright (c) 1993 by Larry Klaes
The author gives permission to any group or individual wishing
to distribute this article, so long as proper credit is given,
the author is notified, and the article is reproduced in its
entirety.
To the North Pole!
On June 2 and 7, 1983, two of the Soviet Union's mighty PROTON
rockets lifted off from the Tyuratam Space Center in the Kazakhstan
Republic. Aboard those boosters were a new breed of VENERA probe
for the planet Venus.
Designated VENERA 15 and 16, the probes were meant not for landing
yet more spherical craft on the Venerean surface but to radar map the
planet in detail from orbit. To accomplish this task, the basic
VENERA design was modified in numerous areas. The central bus core
was made one meter (39.37 inches) longer to carry the two tons of
propellant required for braking into orbit, double the fuel carried by
the VENERA 9 and 10 orbiters eight years earlier. Extra solar panels
were added on to give the vehicles more power for handling the large
amounts of data which would be created by the radar imaging. The
dish-shaped communications antennae were also made one meter larger
to properly transmit this information to Earth.
Atop the buses, where landers were usually placed, were installed
the 1.4 by 6-meter (4.62 by 19.8-foot), 300-kilogram (660-pound)
POLYUS V side-looking radar antennae. The radar system, possibly a
terrain-imaging version of the nuclear-powered satellites used by
the Soviets for Earth ocean surveillance, would be able to map Venus'
surface at a resolution of one to two kilometers (0.62 to 1.2 miles).
The Soviet probes' imaging parameters were a vast improvement over
the United States PIONEER VENUS Orbiter, which could reveal objects
no smaller than 75 kilometers (45 miles) in diameter. And while the
VENERAs' resolution was comparable to that of similar observations
made by the 300-meter (1,000-foot) Arecibo radio telescope on the
island of Puerto Rico, the orbiters would be examining the northern
pole of Venus. This region was unobtainable by either Arecibo or
PIONEER VENUS and appeared to contain a number of potentially
interesting geological features worthy of investigation.
On October 10, 1983, after an interplanetary journey of 330
million kilometers (198 million miles) and two mid-course corrections,
VENERA 15 fired its braking rockets over Venus to place itself in a
polar orbit 1,000 by 65,000 kilometers (600 by 39,000 miles) around
the planet, completing one revolution every twenty-four hours. VENERA
16 followed suit four days later. The twin probes thus became Venus'
first polar-circling spacecraft.
Radar operations began on October 16 for VENERA 15 and October 20
for VENERA 16. For up to sixteen minutes every orbit over the north
pole, the probes would make a radar sweep of the surface 150 kilometers
(ninety miles) wide and nine thousand kilometers (5,400 miles) long.
The craft would then head out to the highest part of their orbits over
the south pole to recharge their batteries and transmit the data back
to two large Soviet antennae on Earth. Each strip of information took
eight hours to process by computer. By the end of their main missions
in July of 1984, the VENERAs had mapped 115 million square kilometers
(46 million square miles), thirty percent of the entire planet.
VENERA 15 and 16 revealed that Venus has a surface geology more
complex than shown by PIONEER VENUS in the late 1970s. Numerous hills,
mountains, ridges, valleys, and plains spread across the landscape,
many of them apparently formed by lava from erupting volcanoes in the
last one billion years. In planetary terms this makes the Venerean
surface rather young. Hundreds of craters were detected as well, the
largest of which had to have been created by meteorites (planetoids
would be a better term here) at least fourteen kilometers (8.4 miles)
across, due to Venus' very dense atmosphere.
There were some disagreements between U.S. and Soviet scientists
on the origins of certain surface features. For example, the probes'
owners declared that the 96-kilometer (57.6-mile) wide crater at the
summit of 10,800-meter (35,640-foot) high Maxwell Montes, the tallest
mountain on the planet, was the result of a meteorite impact. American
scientists, on the other hand, felt the crater was proof that Maxwell
was a huge volcano sitting on the northern "continent" of Ishtar Terra.
In any event, the U.S. decided to wait on making verdicts about
Venus until the arrival of their own radar probe, scheduled for later
in the decade. Originally named the Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
(VOIR), its initial design was scaled back and the craft was redesig-
nated the Venus Radar Mapper (VRM). Eventually the machine would be
called MAGELLAN, after the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan
(circa 1480-1521). This vehicle would map the entire planet in even
finer detail than the VENERAs. For the time, however, the Soviet
probes maintained that distinction.
Radar imaging was not the only ability of the VENERAs. Bolted
next to the POLYUS V radar antenna were the Omega altimeter and the
Fourier infrared spectrometer, the latter for measuring the world's
temperatures. The majority of the areas covered registered about
five hundred degrees Celsius (932 degrees Fahrenheit), but a few
locations were two hundred degrees hotter, possibly indicating
current volcanic activity. The probes also found that the clouds
over the poles were five to eight kilometers (three to 4.8 miles)
lower than at the equator. In contrast, the polar air above sixty
kilometers (thirty-six miles) altitude was five to twenty degrees
warmer than the equatorial atmosphere at similar heights.
When the main mapping mission ended in July of 1984, there were
plans for at least one of the VENERAs to radar image the surface at
more southernly latitudes. Unfortunately this idea did not come to
pass, as the orbiters may not have possessed enough attitude-control
gas to perform the operation.
VENERA 15 and 16 ceased transmission in March of 1985, leaving
the Soviet Institute of Radiotechnology and Electronics with six
hundred kilometers (360 miles) of radar data tape to sort into an
atlas of twenty-seven maps of the northern hemisphere of Venus.
Venus by Balloon
For years the thick atmosphere of Venus had been a tempting
target to scientists who wished to explore the planet's mantle of
air with balloon-borne instruments. Professor Jacques Blamont of
the French space agency Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)
had proposed such an idea as far back as 1967, only to have a joint
French-Soviet balloon mission canceled in 1982. Nevertheless,
late in the year 1984, such dreams would eventually come true.
When two PROTON rockets were sent skyward on December 15 and 21,
the Soviet Union provided Western observers with the first clear, full
views of the booster which had been launching every Soviet Venus probe
since 1975. This was but one of many firsts for the complex mission.
The unmanned probes launched into space that December were named
VEGA 1 and 2, a contraction of the words VENERA and GALLEI - Gallei
being the Russian word for Halley. Not only did the spacecraft
have more than one mission to perform, they also had more than one
celestial objective to explore, namely the comet Halley.
This famous periodic traveler was making its latest return to
the inner regions of the solar system since its last visit in 1910.
Since it was widely believed that comets are the icy remains from
the formation of the solar system five billion years ago, scientists
around the world gave high priority to exploring one of the few such
bodies which actually come close to Earth.
Most comets linger in the cold and dark outer fringes of the solar
system. Some, like Halley, are perturbed by various forces and fall
in towards the Sun, where they circle for millennia spewing out ice
and debris for millions of kilometers from the warmth of each solar
encounter.
The Soviet Union, along with the European Space Agency (ESA) and
Japan's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), did not
wish to miss out on this first opportunity in human history to make a
close examination of Halley. The ESA would be using the cylindrical
GIOTTO probe to make a dangerously close photographic flyby of the
comet, while Japan's first deep space craft - SAKIGAKE (Pioneer) and
SUISEI (Comet) - would view Halley from a much safer distance.
Scientists in the United States also desired to study the comet
from the vantage of a space probe, at one time envisioning a vessel
powered by solar sails or ion engines. However, government budget
cuts to NASA canceled the American efforts. The U.S. would have to
make do primarily with Earth-based observations and the sharing of
data from other nations, though an instrument named the Dust Counter
and Mass Analyzer (DUCMA), designed by Chicago University Professor
John Simpson, was added on the Soviet mission in May of 1984.
The Soviets' answer to Halley were the VEGAs. Instead of building
an entirely new craft for the mission, the Soviets decided to modify
their VENERA bus design to encounter the comet while performing an
advanced Venus mission along the way. As VEGA 1 and 2 reached Venus,
the buses would drop off one lander/balloon each and use the mass of
the shrouded planet to swing them towards comet Halley, much as the
U.S. probe MARINER 10 used Venus to flyby Mercury eleven years earlier.
The Soviet craft would then head on to Halley, helping to pinpoint the
location of the comet's erupting nucleus for the GIOTTO probe to dive
in only 605 kilometers (363 miles) away in March of 1986.
As planned, the two VEGAs arrived at Venus in June of 1985. VEGA
1 released its payload first on the ninth day of the month, the lander
making a two-day descent towards the planet. The craft touched the
upper atmosphere on the morning of June 11. Sixty-one kilometers
(36.6 miles) above the Venerean surface a small container was released
by the lander, which produced a parachute at 55 kilometers (33 miles)
altitude. Thus the first balloon probe ever to explore Venus had
successfully arrived.
One kilometer after the opening of the parachute, helium gas was
pumped into the Teflon-coated plastic balloon, inflating it to a
diameter of 3.54 meters (11.68 feet). Dangling on a tether thirteen
meters (42.9 feet) below was the instrument package, properly known as
an aerostat. The top part of the 6.9-kilogram (15.18-pound) aerostat
consisted of a cone which served as an antenna and tether attachment
point to the balloon. Beneath it was the transmitter, electronics,
and instruments. Connected at the bottom was a nephelometer for
measuring cloud particles. The aerostat was painted with a special
white finish to keep at bay the corroding mist of sulfuric acid which
permeated the planet's atmosphere.
The VEGA 1 balloon was dropped into the night side of Venus just
north of the equator. Scientists were concerned that the gas bag
would burst in the heat of daylight, so they placed it in the darkened
hemisphere to give the craft as much time as possible to return data.
This action necessitated that the landers come down in the dark as
well, effectively removing the camera systems used on previous missions.
The author wonders, though, if they could have used floodlights similar
to the ones attached to VENERA 9 and 10 in 1975, when Soviet scientists
had thought the planet's surface was enshrouded in a perpetual twilight
due to the permanently thick cloud cover.
The first balloon transmitted for 46.5 hours right into the day
hemisphere before its lithium batteries failed, covering 11,600
kilometers (6,960 miles). The threat of bursting in the day heat did
not materialize. The VEGA 1 balloon was stationed at a 54-kilometer
(32.4-mile) altitude after dropping ballast at fifty kilometers
(thirty miles), for this was considered the most active of the three
main cloud layers reported by PIONEER VENUS in 1978. Indeed the
balloon was pushed across the planet at speeds up to 250 kilometers
(150 miles) per hour. Strong vertical winds bobbed the craft up and
down two to three hundred meters (660 to 990 feet) through most of the
journey. The layer's air temperature averaged forty degrees Celsius
(104 degrees Fahrenheit) and pressure was a mere 0.5 Earth atmosphere.
The nephelometer could find no clear regions in the surrounding clouds.
Early in the first balloon's flight, the VEGA 1 lander was already
headed towards the Venerean surface. Both landers were equipped with
a soil drill and analyzer similar to the ones carried on VENERA 13
and 14 in 1982. However, VEGA 1 would become unable to report the
composition of the ground at its landing site in Rusalka Planitia, the
Mermaid Plain north of Aphrodite Terra. While still ten to fifteen
minutes away from landing, a timer malfunction caused the drill to
accidentally begin its programmed activity sixteen kilometers (9.6
miles) above the surface.
There was neither any way to shut off the instrument before
touchdown nor reactivate it after landing. This was unfortunate not
only for the general loss of data but also for the fact that most of
Venus was covered with such smooth low-level lava plains and had never
before been directly examined. Nevertheless, the surface temperature
and pressure was calculated at 468 degrees Celsius (874.4 degrees
Fahrenheit) and 95 Earth atmospheres respectively during the lander's
56 minutes of ground transmissions. A large amount of background
infrared radiation was also recorded at the site.
As had been done when the drills and cameras on VENERA 11 and
12 had failed in December of 1978, the Soviets focused on the data
returned during the lander's plunge through the atmosphere. The
French-Soviet Malachite mass spectrometer detected sulfur, chlorine,
and possibly phosphorus. It is the sulfur - possibly from active
volcanoes - which gives the Venerean clouds their yellowish color.
The Sigma 3 gas chromatograph found that every cubic meter of air
between an altitude of 48 and 63 kilometers (28.8 and 37.8 miles)
contained one milligram (0.015 grain) of sulfuric acid.
The VEGA 1 data on the overall structure of the cloud decks
appeared to be at odds with the information from PIONEER VENUS.
The case was made even stronger by the fact that VEGA 2's results
nearly matched its twin. The VEGAs found only two main cloud layers
instead of the three reported by the U.S. probes. The layers were
three to five kilometers (1.8 to 3 miles) thick at altitudes of 50
and 58 kilometers (30 and 34.8 miles). The clouds persisted like a
thin fog until clearing at an altitude of 35 kilometers (21 miles),
much lower than the PV readings. One possibility for the discrepan-
cies may have been radical structural changes in the Venerean air
over the last seven years.
When the lander and balloon finally went silent, the last
functioning part of the VEGA 1 mission, the flyby bus, sailed on
for a 708 million-kilometer (424.8 million-mile) journey around
the Sun to become the first probe to meet comet Halley. On March
6, 1986, the bus made a 8,890-kilometer (5,334-mile) pass at the
dark and icy visitor before traveling on in interplanetary space.
The Soviets had accomplished their first mission to two celestial
bodies with one space vessel.
On June 13, VEGA 2 released its lander/balloon payload for
a two-day fall towards Venus. Like its duplicate, the VEGA 2
balloon radioed information back to the twenty antennae tracking
it on Earth for 46.5 hours before battery failure on the morning
side of the planet. During its 11,100-kilometer (6,660-mile)
flight over Venus, the second balloon entered in a rather still
environment which became less so twenty hours into the mission.
After 33 hours mission time the air became even more turbulent
for a further eight hours. When the balloon passed over a five-
kilometer (three-mile) mountain on the "continent" of Aphrodite
Terra, a powerful downdraft pulled the craft 2.5 kilometers (1.5
miles) towards the surface.
Temperature sensors on the VEGA 2 balloon reported that the air
layer it was moving through was consistently 6.5 degrees Celsius
(43.7 degrees Fahrenheit) cooler than the area explored by the VEGA 1
balloon. This was corroborated by the VEGA 2 lander as it passed
through the balloon's level. No positive indications of lightning
were made by either balloon, and the second aerostat's nephelometer
failed to function.
The VEGA 2 lander touched down on the northern edge of Aphrodite
Terra's western arm on the fifteenth of June, 1,500 kilometers (900
miles) southeast of VEGA 1. The lander's resting place was smoother
than thought, indicating either a very ancient and worn surface or a
relatively young one covered in fresh lava. The soil drill was in
working order and reported a rock type known as anorthosite-troctolite,
rare on Earth but present in Luna's highlands. This rock is rich in
aluminum and silicon but lacking in iron and magnesium. A high degree
of sulfur was also present in the soil. The air around VEGA 2 measured
463 degrees Celsius (865.4 degrees Fahrenheit) and 91 Earth atmospheres,
essentially a typical day (or night) on Venus.
Far above the VEGA 2 lander, its carrier bus sped past Venus at
a distance of 24,500 kilometers (14,700 miles) and followed its twin
to comet Halley, making a closer flyby on March 9, 1986 at just 8,030
kilometers (4,818 miles). Both probes helped to reveal that the comet
is a very dark and irregular-shaped mass about fourteen kilometers
(8.4 miles) across, rotating once every 53 hours, give or take three
hours.
Since both VEGA craft were still functioning after their Halley
encounters, Soviet scientists considered an option to send the
probes to other celestial objects. One prime target was the near-
Earth planetoid 2101 Adonis, which VEGA 2 could pass at a distance
of six million kilometers (3.6 million miles). Sadly, the Soviets
had to back out on the opportunity to become the first nation to fly
a spacecraft past a planetoid when it was discovered that there was
not enough maneuvering fuel in the probe to reach Adonis as planned.
VEGA 1 and 2 were quietly shut down in early 1987.
Future Plans Diverted
The impressive VEGA mission had given some scientists numerous
ideas and hope for even more ambitious expeditions to the second
world from the Sun. One example was the VESTA mission, planned for
the early 1990s.
This Soviet-French collaboration called for the launch of multiple
probes on a single PROTON rocket in either 1991 or 1992. The craft
would first swing by Venus and drop off several landers and balloon
probes. The aerostats would be designed to survive in the planet's
corrosive atmosphere for up to one month, a large improvement over
the VEGA balloons' two days. The mission would then head out to
investigate several planetoids and comets, including a possible
landing on Vesta (thus the mission name), the most reflective Main
Belt planetoid as seen from Earth.
Unfortunately for Venus exploration, plans began to change in
the Soviet Union. In 1986 the Soviets decided to reroute the VESTA
mission to the red planet Mars instead of Venus, keeping the comet
and planetoid aspects intact. By this time in the Soviet space
program interest was focusing on Mars. Already under construction
was an entirely new probe design called PHOBOS. Two members of this
class were planned to leave Earth in 1988 and orbit Mars the next
year. PHOBOS 1 and 2 would then place the first instruments on
Mars' largest moon, Phobos.
All this was a prelude to even more advanced Mars expeditions,
including balloon probes, rovers, soil sample return craft, and
eventually human explorers in the early Twenty-First Century.
The environment of Venus was just too hostile for any serious
consideration of human colonization in the near future.
But things began to look bleak for Soviet Venus and Mars
exploration. Both PHOBOS probes failed to complete their missions,
one losing contact on the way to the Red Planet in 1988 and the other
going silent in Mars orbit just one week before the planned moon
landing in March of 1989.
In 1989 a plan was devised for a Venus orbiter to drop eight to
ten penetrators around the planet in 1998. Several years later the
mission launch date was moved to the year 2005 and has now been put
on indefinite hold. No other official Soviet missions to Venus have
since been put forth, a sad commentary after twenty-five years of
continuous robotic exploration of the planet.
During the late 1980s a drastic political and economic change
was taking over the Soviet Union. President Mikhail Gorbachev began
to "open up" his nation to the benefits of increased cooperation with
the rest of the nations, particularly those in the West. While the
culture became less oppressive than in the past, the economy was taking
a very rough ride as it also underwent the effects of a "free market".
These effects hit everywhere, including the space program.
Missions at all levels were cut back. The Soviets began making
almost desperate attempts to cooperate with other space-faring
nations either to keep their remaining programs alive or just to
make money.
In early 1992 it was reported that the Soviets were offering for
sale several fully-equipped VENERAs they had in storage for the price
of 1.6 million dollars each, an incredibly low price for any planetary
probe. No nation took them up on the bargain. Meanwhile the United
States was gearing up for new Venus missions of their own.
MAGELLAN and GALILEO
The U.S. reactivated their long-dormant planetary exploration
with the launch of the Space Shuttle ATLANTIS on May 4, 1989.
Aboard the Shuttle was the MAGELLAN spacecraft, a combination of
spare parts from other U.S. probes designed to make the most
detailed and complete radar-mapping of Venus in history. When
MAGELLAN reached the second world in August of 1990, it would be
able to map almost the entire planet down to a resolution of 108
meters (360 feet), surpassing the abilities of VENERA 15 and 16.
In the interim another American probe was launched from a Space
Shuttle which would make a quick flyby of Venus on its way to orbit
the giant planet Jupiter in 1995. On October 18, 1989, the Shuttle
ATLANTIS released its second unmanned planetary probe into space,
named GALILEO after the famous Italian astronomer who discovered the
probe's primary target's major moons in 1610.
In the absence of a powerful enough booster to send GALILEO on
a direct flight to the Jovian planet, the probe was sent around
Venus and Earth several times to build up enough speed to reach
Jupiter. As a result, Venus became GALILEO's first planetary
goal in February of 1990. The probe radioed back images of the
planet's swirling clouds and further indications of lightning in
that violent atmosphere.
On the Drawing Boards
With the incredible success of MAGELLAN in the last few years,
new plans have been laid out for further journeys to Venus. Scien-
tists in the U.S. have talked to space scientists in the former Soviet
Union - now the Commonwealth of Independent States since January 1,
1992 - of a cooperative effort to launch new VENERA lander missions
within in the next decade. Japan, India, and the ESA have also
considered their own Venus missions in the next few decades.
In February of 1993 NASA came up with several new Venus projects
as part of their Discovery Program for launching inexpensive probes
throughout the solar system. For Venus two missions were selected
for further study: A Venus Multiprobe Mission involving the landing
of fourteen small probes over one hemisphere to measure winds, air
temperature, and pressure; and the Venus Composition Probe, designed
to study Venus' atmosphere while descending through the thick air
with the aid of a parachute, much as the Soviets had done since 1967.
Final project decisions will be made in 1994.
Humans on Venus
Will a human ever be able to stand on the surface of Venus?
At present the lead-melting temperatures and crushing air pressure
would be threatening to any Earth life not protected in something
even tougher than a VENERA lander. Plans have been looked into
changing the environment of Venus itself into something more like
Earth's. However, it should be noted that any such undertaking
will require the removal of much of the thick carbon dioxide
atmosphere, a major reduction in surface heat, and the ability
to speed up the planet's rotation rate to something a bit faster
than once every 243 Earth days. Such a project may take centuries
if not millennia.
In the meantime efforts should be made to better understand
Venus as its exists today. We still have yet to fully know how
a world so seemingly similar to Earth in many important ways became
instead such a deadly place. Will Earth ever suffer this fate?
Perhaps Venus holds the answers. Such answers may best be found
through international cooperation, including the nation which
made the first attempts to lift the cloudy veils from Venus.
Bibliography -
Barsukov, V. L., Senior Editor, VENUS GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND
GEOPHYSICS: RESEARCH RESULTS FROM THE U.S.S.R., University of
Arizona Press, Tucson, 1992
Beatty, J. Kelly, and Andrew Chaikin, Editors, THE NEW SOLAR
SYSTEM, Cambridge University Press and Sky Publishing Corp.,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990
Burgess, Eric, VENUS: AN ERRANT TWIN, Columbia University Press,
New York, 1985
Burrows, William E., EXPLORING SPACE: VOYAGES IN THE SOLAR
SYSTEM AND BEYOND, Random House, Inc., New York, 1990
Chaisson, Eric, and Steve McMillan, ASTRONOMY TODAY, Prentice-
Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1993
Gatland, Kenneth, THE ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY,
Salamander Books, New York, 1989
Greeley, Ronald, PLANETARY LANDSCAPES, Allen and Unwin, Inc.,
Winchester, Massachusetts, 1987
Hart, Douglas, THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOVIET SPACECRAFT, Exeter
Books, New York, 1987
Hartmann, William K., MOONS AND PLANETS (Third Edition), Wadsworth
Publishing Company, Belmont, California, 1993
Harvey, Brian, RACE INTO SPACE: THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAMME,
Ellis Howood Limited, Chichester, England, 1988
Henbest, Nigel, THE PLANETS: PORTRAITS OF NEW WORLDS, Viking
Penguin Books Ltd., Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1992
Johnson, Nicholas L., SOVIET SPACE PROGRAMS 1980-1985, Volume
66 Science and Technology Series, American Astronautical
Society, Univelt, Inc., San Diego, California, 1987
Johnson, Nicholas L., THE SOVIET YEAR IN SPACE 1989/1990,
Teledyne Brown Engineering, Colorado Springs, Colorado,
1990/1991
Lang, Kenneth R., and Charles A. Whitney, WANDERERS IN SPACE:
EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, Cambridge
University Press, New York, 1991
MAGELLAN: THE UNVEILING OF VENUS, JPL 400-345, March 1989
Murray, Bruce, Michael C. Malin, and Ronald Greeley, EARTHLIKE
PLANETS: SURFACES OF MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, MOON, MARS, W. H.
Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, 1981
Murray, Bruce, JOURNEY INTO SPACE: THE FIRST THREE DECADES OF
SPACE EXPLORATION, W. W. Norton and Company, New York, 1989
Newcott, William, "Venus Revealed", NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE,
Volume 183, Number 2, Washington, D.C., February 1993
Nicks, Oran W., FAR TRAVELERS: THE EXPLORING MACHINES, NASA
SP-480, Washington, D.C., 1985
Oberg, James Edward, NEW EARTHS: RESTRUCTURING EARTH AND OTHER
PLANETS, A Meridian Book, New American Library, Inc., New
York, 1983
Robertson, Donald F., "Venus - A Prime Soviet Objective" (Parts
1/2), SPACEFLIGHT, Volume 34, Numbers 5/6, British Interplanetary
Society (BIS), London, England, May/June 1992
Smith, Arthur, PLANETARY EXPLORATION: THIRTY YEARS OF UNMANNED
SPACE PROBES, Patrick Stephens, Ltd., Wellingborough, Northamp-
tonshire, England, 1988
VOYAGE THROUGH THE UNIVERSE: THE NEAR PLANETS, By the Editors
of Time-Life Books, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia, 1990
Wilson, Andrew, JANE'S SOLAR SYSTEM LOG, Jane's Publishing, Inc.,
New York, 1987
About the Author -
Larry Klaes, EJASA Editor, is the recipient of the ASA's 1990
Meritorious Service Award for his work as Editor of the EJASA since
its founding in August of 1989. Larry also teaches a course on
Basic Astronomy at the Concord-Carlisle Adult and Community
Education Program in Massachusetts.
Larry is the author of the following EJASA articles:
"The One Dream Man: Robert H. Goddard, Rocket Pioneer" - August 1989
"Stopping Space and Light Pollution" - September 1989
"The Rocky Soviet Road to Mars" - October 1989
"Astronomy and the Family" - May 1991
"The Soviets and Venus, Part 1" - February 1993
"The Soviets and Venus, Part 2" - March 1993
THE ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE ATLANTIC
April 1993 - Vol. 4, No. 9
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I agree about the durability of the old TH400 trannies from GM. While I
never intentionally slamed my '68 Firebird 400 ci Conv. into gear, I would leave
the trannie in Low (read 1st), grab hold, hit the pedal, and once the tires
grabbed, take off. When I reached about 57-60mph the turbo 400 Auto would
shift to S (read 'super' or 2nd) and leave about 10 to 15 foot of double
stripped rubber on the ground. Most everyone I knew at the time was quite
impressed with 'peeling' out at 60 MPH. The trannie held up just fine.
Motor mounts would last about a year until I tied the motor down with large
chains. Oh yea,FYI: Pontiac 400 ci bored 0.04 over
Large Valve heads
Holley 650 Spread bore
Crain 'BLAZER' cam (don't remember the specs)
PosiTrac, Hooker headers, Dual exhaust
Get this (Conv., leather seats, power windows
power top, AC, Cruise etc.)
Oh yea, I also pulled the 'Cocktail shakers' (weights) from the front
and removed the lead pellet from the accelerator pedal. (Damn US regulations)
OH, HOW I MISS THAT CAR!!!
-- 0-60 under 6.7 sec and about 6 to 14 mpg (well I don't miss the mpg)
-- front wheels 4" off the ground with three quick jabs at the pedal.
-- bent pushrods, stripped rocker studs, every 6-12 months
( I really wonder what kind of rev's I was turning - no tach)
Re: Improvements in Automatic Transmissions
Anyone seen one of these lately? I'd buy it back in a sec!!!
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i think you got it the other way round: the Ferrari flat 12 is a 180
degree v12 and not a "true" boxer, while the subaru and porsche are
true boxers. don't know about the vw bug though, but i suspect that
it is also a true boxer.
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It's public because it belongs to everybody. It's vandalism because many people -- power companies -- do maliciously waste light. If they can sell you
or your city or your state an unshielded light that wastes 30 to 50 percent
of its light, they make more _money_. Never mind that your money is wasted.
Never mind that taxpaper's money is wasted. Never mind that the sky is ruined.
Bob Bunge
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From article <1r8uckINNcmf@gap.caltech.edu>, by wen-king@cs.caltech.edu (Wen-King Su):
--Yes, it does come with the Maxima GXE engine mated to the Maxima SE
transmission. And it has decent power for a minivan also.
Check again.
--Aamir Qazi
--
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Does anyone have a listing of Pontiac's three-letter option codes and
what they mean?
Thanks.
-Oliver
---
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oliver Scholz DG4NEM
Graduate Student of Computer Sciences at the University of Erlangen, Germany
"You're killing me, Peg!" "Oh, shut up, Al, like I care..."
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The following is what they feed to us..... most has been posted already,
but there are a number of items not seen here yet.....
Redesign Activities Update -- Following is the weekly status on redesign,
based on information provided by NASA headquarters.
The station Redesign Team (SRT) provided a detailed status report to the
Advisory Committee on the Redesign of the Space Station on April 22. The
day-long meeting was held in ANSER facilities in Crystal City, VA; topics
covered by the SRT included a preliminary mission and goals statement for
the space station; science, technology and engineering research; the
assessment process; and the design approach. Discussions on management
options and operations concepts also were held.
The Design Teams then presented the three options under study:
¥ Option A - Modular Buildup -- Pete Priest presented the A option. Priest
said the team is working to define a station that meets cost goals and has
identified three distinct phases of evolution - power station, human tended
and permanent presence. The team will define the minimum capability needed
to achieve each phase, the total cost of each phase and the achievable
capability for budget levels. The A option uses current or simplified
Freedom hardware where cost effective and is considering other existing
systems such as the so-called "Bus-1 spacecraft," the orbiter and Spacelab.
The Power Station Capability could be achieved in 3 flights with Freedom
photo voltaic modules providing 20 kW of power. 30-day Shuttle/Spacelab
missions docked to the power station are assumed for this phase.
Human Tended Capability would be provided by the addition of the U.S.
Common Module Module which adds subsystems and 9 payload racks and docking
ports for ESA and Japanese laboratories. 60-day missions with the orbiter
docked to the station are assumed for this phase. Different
operation/utilization modes are being studied for this phase.
¥ Option B - Freedom Derived -- Mike Griffin presented the status of Option
B activities. Griffin detailed the evolution of the Freedom-derived option,
from initial Research Capability, to Human-Tended Capability, to Permanent
Human Presence Capability, to Two Fault Tolerance, and finally Permanent
Human Capability. Griffin also outlined proposed systems changes to the
baseline program, with minor changes to the Communications and Tracking
system, Crew Health Care System and ECLSS, and a major change to the Data
Management System.
Initial Research Capability would be achieved with 2 flights to 28.5 degree
inclination (3 flights to 51.6 degrees) and consist of an extended duration
orbiter-Spacelab combination docked to a truss segment with 2 photo voltaic
arrays providing 18.75 kW of power.
Human-Tended Capability would be achieved in 6 flights and add truss
segments and the U.S. lab.
Permanent Human Presence Capability would be achieved in 8 flights with two
orbiters providing habitation and assured crew return.
Two Fault Tolerance, achieved in 11 flights, would build out the other
section of truss with another set of PV modules, thermal control and
propulsion systems.
The freedom derived configuration could achieve an International Complete
state with 16 flights. Three more flights, to bring up the habitat module,
a third PV array and two Assured Crew Return Vehicles (ACRV) would complete
the Permanent Human Capability with International stage.
Griffin told the Redesign Advisory Committee that eliminating hardware
would not, by itself, meet budget guidelines for the Freedom derived
option. Major reductions or deferrals must occur in other areas including
program management, contractor non-hardware, early utilization and
operations costs, he said.
¥ Option C - Singe Launch Core Station -- Chet Vaughn presented Option C,
the Single Launch Core Station concept. A Shuttle external tank and solid
rocket boosters would be used to launch the station into orbit. Shuttle
main engines would be mounted to the tail of the station module for launch
and jettisoned after ET separation.
The module, 23 feet in diameter and 92 feet long, would provide 26,000
cubic feet of pressured volume, separated into 7 "decks" connected by a
centralized passageway. Seven berthing ports would be located at various
places on the circumference of the module to place the international
modules, and other elements. This "can" would have two fixed photo voltaic
arrays producing approximately 40 kW of power flying in a solar interial
attitude.
In his closing comments to the Redesign Advisory Committee, Bryan O'Connor
said a design freeze would be established for the 3 options on April 26 so
that detailed costing of the options can begin. The next meeting with the
Redesign Advisory Committee will be May 3.
Russian Consultants Arrive in U.S. -- A delegation of 16 Russian space
experts arrived in the U.S. on April 21 and briefings to the SRT by members
of the Russian team began on the 22nd. The group includes Russian Space
Agency General Director Y. M. Koptev, and V. A. Yatsenko, also of the RSA.
Others on the team include representatives from the Ministry of Defense,
the Design Bureau SALYUT, the Institute of Biomedical Problems, the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, NPO Energia and TsNIJMASH. The Russian team
briefed the SRT on environmental control and life support system, docking
systems, the Proton launch vehicle, Mir operations and utilization, and the
Soyuz TM spacecraft.
The Russian consultants are available to the SRT to assess the capabilities
of the Mir space station, and the possible use of Mir and other Russian
capabilities and systems as part of the space station redesign. They will
be available to the SRT through May 5.
Management and Operations Review Continues -- Work continued in the SRT
subgroups. The Management Group under Dr. Walt Brooks is working to
develop a family of options that solve the current problems and build a
foundation for the transition to development and operations. Various
management options have been developed including:
¥ Lead Center with the Center Director in the programmatic chain of
command.
¥ Host Center with the Program Manager reporting directly to an Associate
Administrator.
¥ Skunk Works/Dedicated Program Office with a small dedicated co-located
hand-picked program office.
¥ Combine Space Station with Shuttle, with the space station becoming an
element of the current program.
¥ Major Tune Up to Current Organization, with current contracts and
geographical distribution maintained but streamlined.
The Operations Group under Dr. John Cox is building on the work of the
Operations Phase Assessment Team lead by Gene Kranz of NASA-JSC, which had
already begun a comprehensive review of operations and had concluded in its
preliminary results that significant cost reductions are possible.
As part of its work, the Operations Group has identified teams of agency
experts to develop detailed evaluations of each design in the areas of
assembly and operations, utilization, maintenance and logistics and testing
and ground operations.
What's in the Week Ahead? -- The Design Support Teams will provide a
comprehensive status of their option to the Station Redesign Team on Monday
and Tuesday at which point the design will be "frozen" to begin the
detailed cost assessment. Also this week, the team will begin preparing
for the next round of discussions with the redesign Advisory Committee, to
be held May 3.
Dr. Shea Steps Down -- Dr. Joe Shea stepped down as director of the
Station Redesign Team on April 22 and Bryan O'Connor will take over the
activities of the team. Dr. Shea submitted his resignation as assistant
deputy administrator for space station analysis, but will continue to serve
as a special advisory to NASA Administrator Goldin and be available to
consult with the SRT. Mr Goldin accepted the resignation so that a request
from Dr. Shea to reduce his workload could be accommodated.
Key Milestones -- The key dates for the SRT as they are currently being
carried on the schedule are:
April 26
Design Freeze on Options for Costing
April 27
Design Support Team Present Selected Options to SRT
May 3
Status report to Redesign Advisory Committee
May 15
Interim report by Redesign Advisory Committee
June 7
Final report to Redesign Advisory Committee
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Primarily milage. Gas is much more expensive, so people are very
concerned about it taking a few more liters per kilometer. This,
along with narrow old cities, also results in smaller cars with
smaller engines. These engines usually don't have the torque to mesh
well with an automatic. So, having engines that don't work well with
autos, and a great concern for milage, the usual Euro-car has a
manual.
(Note that not many big Benzes come with manuals. If you've got the
money for the car, you've got the money for the gas, and the engine to
drive through the slushbox.)
As automatics become more efficient, the "bigotry" is probably
reduced. Still, everyone knows how to drive a manual, and cars are
cheaper with one, and it saves a little expensive fuel. So there
aren't compelling reasons to go automatic.
-dB
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I don't think that a transmission fluid change will solve your problem.
Unless you are in an extremely cold climate and using a very heavy weight
fluid. Follow the manufacturer's recommended oil weight. Some of the
cars I have had (all standard transmissions 4 or 5 speeds) recommend
changing the transmission fluid at 30,000 miles under normal driving
conditions. I've gone 100,000 without changing the transmission oil (and
had to replace the transmission bearings!). My older cars used 85 weight
oil whereas my 92 Honda uses 10-30 motor oil (or maybe 30 weight).
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From: Wales.Larrison@ofa123.fidonet.org
If this facility is in Kaliningrad, this is not near Moscow,
it is in fact the ex-East Prussian Konigsberg, now a Russian
enclave on the Baltic coast. It is served by ships and rail,
and the intrepid traveller in Europe would find it accessible
and might even want to try to arrange a tour (??).
* Fred Baube (tm) * In times of intellectual ferment,
* baube@optiplan.fi * advantage to him with the intellect
* #include <disclaimer.h> * most fermented
* May '68, Paris: It's Retrospective Time !!
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My 85 Caprice Classic with 120K+ miles has finally reached
the threshold of total number of mechanical problems that
I am forced to post :). Anyone out there who might be
able to give me some pointers on one or more of the below,
please e-mail or post!
1. When making turns, especially when accelerating,
there is usually a loud "thunk" from the rear of
of the car. Sounds like it could be the differential.
What could cause this? Is the differential going
bad? I recently had the differential fluid changed,
and it DID have tiny metal bits in it. (And no,
the sound is NOT something rolling around in the
trunk!)
2. On starting the car, I get blue (oil) smoke from
the exhaust for 5-10 seconds. Exhaust valves
going bad? Worn rings? Anyone know whether the
valves on the 4.3 TBI engine can be lapped?
3. Brakes. More pedal travel than I feel comfortable
with, but master cylinder is full and fluid is
relatively clear. Pedal does NOT slowly sink to
the floor when held down. Pedal does not feel
spongey, but I suppose that bleeding the brakes
might help -- could anything else cause this?
4. Tranny. Tranny problems seem to be slowly getting
worse -- takes almost 2 seconds to downshift from
3rd to 2nd on heavy throttle application, and more
recently, it is reluctant to shift from 2nd to 3rd.
Fluid (checked with car running with tranny put
through all the gears and then back to park, as per
Haynes manual) is red and clear, and is on full mark.
5. My springs all around are just about shot -- I have
4 new shocks on, but car still skips out on bumps
in turns at moderate to high speed. How hard are
they to change? Can they be reconditioned?
I'd be interested in hearing from any GM full-size RWD owners
out there with stories to tell and/or advice. Here in Philly,
these cars are apparently stolen(!) quite often and converted
into taxis. Apparently the cab conversion shops will get a
junk title for the car or switch VINs with a car about to be
junked. About 60% of Philly cabs are Caprice's, with most of
the rest being Crown Vic's with a few old New Yorkers and
Impalas (& Broughams).
Instance 771 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
'63 to '82 vettes had the same basic chassis. 1980 add aluminum (weaker)
rear 'axle' housing. All these years used same brakes, similar springs etc
Late 70's was a bad year for GM reliability. Catastrophic converter was
added in 1975.
Cheapest corvette '78 to '79 low end about 4k tops out about $12k except
for those morooons that think there '78 indy / 25th aniversity vette is
special. These guys have been known to ask 25K. I don't think they get it
.
Best buy: convertables 69 - 74. I got my 69 for 5K - needs body work but
I'm willing.
Parts for all are readily avail at swap meets and mail order etc.
V-8 reliability / looks / independant suspension / 4 wheel disk and all
under 10K. And they thought a miata was a good deal.
My origional inquires to my insurance agent: I can drive my '69 convertable
for 3000 miles or less per year, I must keep it in a locked garage and it
will cost me 2% of the stated value per year (does this sound right?).
Get an appraiser to look at the car. He will check serial numbers and look
for origional equipe. Depending on what mods have been done the car could
be worth only 10K. Problems like wrong engine / trans. Wrong paint type (
vetts used lacquer) An modification would reduce tthe value. But your
looking for a car to drive right?
This sounds like a ball park price for a small-block (327 cu in.) / manual
/ no air car. A 427 would put it closer to $30K.
Instance 772 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 1.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 0.00
I'd like to hear stories on experiences with the Hyundai Sonata. I
know Consumer Reports has trashed them but the people I know that
have them swear by them. They also haven't had the problems with
them that Consumer Reports claims. I haven't driven one yet. I
have driven a '93 Hyundai Elantra (which Consumer Reports also
trashed) and was very impressed with it. The local Hyundai
dealership ("no-haggle" policy) is offering an Elantra GLS w/ power
moonroof for $13163. They also have a Sonata base, w/ Sunroof for
$13997. I know my preference is for a Sonata GLS w/ sunroof and
4-spd automatic. I'll decide which engine I prefer after test
driving both the 4-cyl and the V6. The Sonata is also offering a
$1500 rebate. Hmmm, that's another question. Is the following
scenario the appropriate manner to handle "negotiation"?
1. make offer
2. subtract rebate from offer
3. talk trade
4. subtract trade from offer to get final price
Instance 773 - True class 1 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 1.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 0.00
Where did that idea come from? It's news to me.
Instance 774 - True class 1 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
#
# A S T R O - F T P L I S T
# Updated 28.04.1993
#
# This is a short description of anonymous-ftp file servers containing
# astronomy and space research related material. I have included only those
# servers where there are special subdirectories for astro stuff or much
# material included into a general directories. This list is not a complete
# data set of possible places, so I would be very happy of all kind of notices
# and information depending on this listing.
#
# The newest version of this file is available via anonymous-ftp as:
#
# nic.funet.fi:/pub/astro/general/astroftp.txt
#
# There are also many mirror (copy) archives for simtel-20.army.mil (PC) and
# sumex-aim.stanford.edu (Mac) which are not included into this list. Only some
# of mirroring sites are listed.
#
#
# Veikko Makela
# Veikko.Makela@Helsinki.FI
# *Computing Centre of Univ. Helsinki*
# *Ursa Astronomical Association*
# Server, IP # Contents
# Directories
ames.arc.nasa.gov Spacecraf data and news,images,NASA data,
128.102.18.3 Spacelink texts,VICAR software,FAQ
/pub/SPACE
arp.anu.edu.au Images
130.56.4.90
/pub/images/nasa
atari.archive.umich.edu Atari
141.211.164.8
/atari/applications/astronomy
archive.afit.af.mil Satellite software,documents,elements
129.92.1.66
/pub/space
baboon.cv.nrao.edu AIPS document and patches,radioastronomy
192.33.115.103 image processing,FITS test images
/pub/aips
c.scs.uiuc.edu ROSAT,Starchart(PC)
128.174.90.3
/pub
ccu1.aukuni.ac.nz PC
130.216.1.5
/msdos/astronomy (*) overseas connections refused
chara.gsu.edu Electronical Journal of ASA, Journal of
131.96.5.10 ASA, SAC news
/
explorer.arc.nasa.gov Magellan, Viking and Voyager CDROMs
128.102.32.18
/cdrom
export.lcs.mit.edu XEphem distribution
18.24.0.12
/contrib/xephem
epona.physics.ucg.ie Some software, predictions, images,
140.203.1.3 FITS info, miscellaneous
/pub/astro
/pub/space
/pub/fits
fits.cv.nrao.edu FITS documents, OS support, sample data,
192.33.115.8 test files, sci.astro.fits archive
/FITS
ftp.cicb.fr Images
129.20.128.27
/pub/Images/ASTRO
ftp.cco.caltech.edu Astronomy magazine index 1991
131.215.48.200
/pub/misc
ftp.cs.tu-berlin.de PC,Amiga,Mac,Unix,images,general
130.149.17.7
/pub/astro
ftp.funet.fi PC,Mac,CP/M,Atari,Amiga,databases,Unix,
128.214.6.100 HP48,OS/2,texts,News,solar reports,images,
/pub/astro Satellite elements,FAQ
ftp.uni-kl.de iauc,Vista image reduction,asteroids
131.246.9.95
/pub/astro
garbo.uwasa.fi PC
128.214.87.1
/pc/astronomy
gipsy.vmars.tuwien.ac.at images
128.130.39.16
/pub/spacegifs
hanauma.stanford.edu Unix, satellite program, images
36.51.0.16
/pub/astro
/pub/astropix
hysky1.stmarys.ca ECU distribution
140.184.1.1
/pcstuff
idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov IDL routines
128.183.57.82
/
iraf.noao.edu IRAF Software
140.252.1.1
/iraf
julius.cs.qub.ac.uk Space Digest
143.117.5.6
/pub/SpaceDigestArchive
rata.vuw.ac.nz Astrophysical software
130.195.2.11
/pub/astrophys
kilroy.jpl.nasa.gov Satellite elements,spacecraft info
128.149.1.165
/pub/space
ns3.hq.eso.org Test images, Standards
134.171.11.4
/pub/testimages
/pub/standards
nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov HST,IUE,Astro-1,NSSDCA info,Spacewarn,
128.183.36.23 FITS standard
/
plaza.aarnet.edu.au images,docs,Magellan
139.130.4.6
/graphics/graphics/astro
/magellan
pomona.claremont.edu Yale Bright Star Catalog
134.173.4.160
/YALE_BSC
pubinfo.jpl.nasa.gov JPL news, status reports, images
128.149.6.2
/
ra.nrl.navy.mil Mac
128.60.0.21
/MacSciTech/astro
rascal.ics.utexas.edu Mac
128.83.138.20
/mac
rigel.acs.oakland.edu PC
141.210.10.117
/pub/msdos/astronomy
rusmv1.rus.uni-stuttgart.de Atari
129.69.1.12
/soft/atari/applications/astronomy
simtel20.army.mil PC,CP/M
192.88.110.20
/msdos/educ
/cpm
sol.deakin.oz.au garbo.uwasa.fi c.
128.184.1.1
/pub/PC/chyde/astronomy
solbourne.solbourne.com some PC programs
141.138.2.2
/pub/rp/as-is/astro
stardent.arc.nasa.gov Martian map
128.102.21.44
/pub
stsci.edu HSTMap(Mac),HST info
130.167.1.2
/Software
sumex.stanford.edu Mac
36.44.0.6
/info-mac/app
sun0.urz.uni-heidelberg.de PC,misc
129.206.100.126
/pub/msdos/astronomy
techreports.larc.nasa.gov NASA Langley technical reports
128.155.3.58
/pub/techreports/larc
tetra.gsfc.nasa.gov FITSIO subroutines
128.183.8.77
/pub
unbmvs1.csd.unb.ca Space geodesy,solar activity info
131.202.1.2
pub.canspace
vmd.cso.uiuc.edu Weather satellite images
128.174.5.98
/wx
world.std.com PC; source codes
192.74.137.5
/pub/astronomy
xi.uleth.ca Solar reports,auroral activity forecast
142.66.3.29 maps,solar images,x-ray plot,coronal
/pub/solar emission plots
# Some abbreviations:
#
# c = copy (mirror) of other archive
Instance 775 - True class 1 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 1.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 0.00
Static test firings are now scheduled for this Saturday.....after many
schedule changes.....
Instance 776 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
Does anyone know how to reset the service indicator of a BMW after changing
the oil yourself?
Also, I have about 3,000 miles on my 525i and so far only one of the five
yellow service indicators went out. That means I don't need oil service until
it reach approximatly 15,000 miles which doesn't make sense to me. Any idea?
PS of cause I did my first oil change at 1,200 miles
Instance 777 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
After a tip from Gary Crum (crum@fcom.cc.utah.edu) I got on the Phone
with "Pontiac Systems" or "Pontaic Customer Service" or whatever, and
inquired about a rumoured Production Hold on the Formula Firebird and
Trans Am. BTW, Talking with the dealer I bought the car from got me
nowhere. After being routed to a "Firebird Specialist", I was able
to confirm that this is in fact the case.
At first, there was some problem with the 3:23 performance axle ratio.
She wouldn't go into any details, so I don't know if there were some
shipped that had problems, or if production was held up because they
simply didn't have the proper parts from the supplier. As I say, she
was pretty vague on that, so if anyone else knows anything about this,
feel free to respond. Supposedly, this problem is now solved.
Second, there is a definate shortage of parts that is somehow related
to the six-speed Manual transmission. So as of this posting, there is
a production hold on these cars. She claimed part of the delay was
not wanting to use inferior quality parts for the car, and therefore
having to wait for the right high quality parts... I'm not positive
that this applies to the Camaro as well, but I'm guessing it would.
Can anyone else shed some light on this?
Chris S.
--
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chris Silvester | "Any man capable of getting himself elected President
chriss@sam.amgen.com | should by no means be allowed to do the job"
chriss@netcom.com | - Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
Instance 778 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
To anyone with experience about Honda Civic (EX or DX) or Saturn SL1:
I would be interested in knowing how reliable these cars are, how expensive
they are to own and operate (parts, maintenance, gas, insurance), if the
dealers are good, and if they actually live up to their economy image.
Another question: what would I expect to pay for a Civic EX coupe with
automatic, air, and an AM/FM radio?
Mail to the address below or post to this group.
Thanks,
Rob
Instance 779 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
I'm glad this forum came up. I've been pricing insurance lately and had considered GEICO. But no more!! Any company with practices like theirs can
E.S.A.D.!! I'll stay with Liberty mutual.
Steve Nicholas
Wells Computer Center - Georgia State University
oprsfnx@gsusgi1.gsu.edu
Instance 780 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 1.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 0.00
Does anyone know what the domestic content is of any of these:
Geo Prizm, Eagle Talon, Ford Probe
?
All are made in the US, but I have been told they contain mostly
foreign parts. Please follow up directly to me, I'll post the
findings to the net if there is interest.
Thanks!
Tim Newman
Instance 781 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 1.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 0.00
I bought a set of ARE's a few months back and decided to add locks
so that I could keep my new rims. I haven't had a balance problem
yet so I assume that it might be just particular to your type of
stock nuts. My rims were balanced with new BFG T/A's at a speed
shop to the finest setting on their bal. machine, so that helps too.
Instance 782 - True class 1 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
And I lived out there too. It was a nice sleepy farm valley until
the Butler family decided to stick up all sorts of really tacky
High RIse office buildings and ruin my view of the sky.
I guess i should have sued somebody :-;
Instance 783 - True class 1 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
The AIAA San Gabriel Valley Section is sponsoring the following lecture
on Mars exploration at the Jet Propulsion Lab. Admission is free and open to
the public.
The Next Frontier:
The Challenge of Mars Exploration
DATE: May 6, 1993
TIME: 6:00PM - 8:30 PM
LOCATION: Von Karman Auditorium
Jet Propulsion Lab
4800 Oak Grove Drive
Pasadena, California
The following five speakers will be featured:
A Science Fiction Perspective
Tom McDonaugh
Science Fiction Writer
Mars Observer
Dr. Arden Albee
Project Scientist, Mars Observer - JPL
Mars '94
Dr. Arthur L. Lane
Instrument Manager, Mars '94 - JPL
Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR)
Richard Cook
Mission Designer - JPL
Manned Mission to Mars
Dr. Robert Zubrin
Senior Engineer, Martin Marietta Astronautics
Instance 784 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 1.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 0.00
Enough, already. Let's take this discussion to some other newsgroup
that's more appropriate. Most of us are tired of it and would like to
get back to old cars, IMHO.
Instance 785 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
I had a similar experience. We had a written quote which had been mailed
to us from the salesman at one of these "no-haggle" Toyota dealers for
a Camry XLE w/ABS, leather, etc. The price seemed fair, but when we
went in to take them up on their offer, they "discovered" that certain
extra cost items hadn't been included in their original written quote.
It would have totaled an extra $1100 and, in spite of the fact that we
had a written quote, they said there was nothing they could do.
Bottom line, quotes from salemen are worthless and it appears to me that
the Toyota dealers think they've got such a superior auto that they
don't have to deal. We walked, went out and bought a new LH car
(Eagle Vision TSI) and I don't regret it one bit!
Instance 786 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 1.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 0.00
You are sure that what you call a 200SX we call a 240? Just curious..
We also have a nissan predacessor (sp) to the 240 called a 200, which
came in turbo and nonturbo. But i don't think we've ever had a 240
turbo...just curious...(BTW, I'm in the US, if that matters..)
Instance 787 - True class 1 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
Forwarded from Neal Ausman, Galileo Mission Director
GALILEO
MISSION DIRECTOR STATUS REPORT
POST-LAUNCH
April 23 - 29, 1993
SPACECRAFT
1. On April 22 and 23, delta Differenced One-way Range (DOR) passes were
performed over DSS-14/63 (Goldstone/Madrid 70 meter antennas) and DSS-14/43
(Goldstone/Canberra 70 meter antennas), respectively. Initial results
indicate the delta DOR pass on April 22 was unsuccessful due to ground
station hardware problems but the one on April 23 was successfully performed.
2. On April 23, a cruise science Memory Readout (MRO) was performed for the
Magnetometer (MAG) instrument. Analysis indicates the data was received
properly.
3. On April 23, the spare power relay contacts were commanded closed via the
spacecraft stored sequence. These relays were commanded closed by the CDS
(Command Data Subsystem) prior to launch and were again commanded closed to
preclude the possibility at Jupiter of the PPS relays/wiring being a
source of internal electrostatic charge (IESD).
4. On April 26, cruise science Memory Readouts (MRO) were performed for the
Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EUV), Dust Detector (DDS), and Magnetometer
(MAG) instruments. Preliminary analysis indicates the data was received
properly.
5. During the period from April 26 to April 27, a navigation cycle was
performed. This navigation cycle provided near-continuous acquisition of
two-way doppler and ranging data during three consecutive passes of the
spacecraft over DSS-63, DSS-14, and DSS-43.
6. On April 26, real-time commands were sent to test slew the Radio Relay
Antenna (RRA) in preparation for the mini-sequence slew test on April 28.
The RRA was slewed from approximately 3.5 degrees from stow to approximately
20.3 degrees. Preliminary analysis indicated the antenna slewed to about 18
degrees which was well within the predicted range. The RRA was commanded back
to approximately 15.2 degrees from stow. Preliminary analysis indicated the
antenna reached about 15.8 degrees also well within the predicted range. The
RRA motor temperature was at 1 degree C at the start of the activity and had
increased to 1.6 degrees C at its completion.
After verifying proper RRA slewing, the RRA slew test mini-sequence was
uplinked to the spacecraft for execution on April 28. Upon successful uplink,
a Delayed Action Command (DAC) was sent which will reposition the stator on
May 4 to its initial pre-test position. Also, a DAC was sent to turn the
Two-Way Noncoherent (TWNC) on April 28 prior to the start of the RRA slew test
mini-sequence.
7. On April 27, a NO-OP command was sent to reset the command loss timer to
264 hours, its planned value during this mission phase.
8. On April 28, the RRA slew test executed nominally. The spacecraft under
stored sequence control performed six RRA slews starting at about 16 degrees
from stow and going to 53 degrees, back to 25 degrees, then to 51 degrees,
back to 22 degrees, then to 48 degrees and then back to 21 degrees. All of
the slews were well within the predicted range. The RRA motor temperature was
at 2.3 degrees C at the start of the activity and had increased to 4.4
degrees C at its completion. After completion of the RRA slews, real-time
commands were sent to reconfigure back to the pre-test configuration.
9. The AC/DC bus imbalance measurements have not exhibited significant change
(greater than 25 DN) throughout this period. The AC measurement reads 17 DN
(3.9 volts). The DC measurement reads 134 DN (15.7 volts). These
measurements are consistent with the model developed by the AC/DC special
anomaly team.
10. The Spacecraft status as of April 29, 1993, is as follows:
a) System Power Margin - 75 watts
b) Spin Configuration - Dual-Spin
c) Spin Rate/Sensor - 3.15rpm/Star Scanner
d) Spacecraft Attitude is approximately 23 degrees
off-sun (lagging) and 4 degrees off-earth (leading)
e) Downlink telemetry rate/antenna- 40bps(coded)/LGA-1
f) General Thermal Control - all temperatures within
acceptable range
g) RPM Tank Pressures - all within acceptable range
h) Orbiter Science- Instruments powered on are the PWS,
EUV, UVS, EPD, MAG, HIC, and DDS
i) Probe/RRH - powered off, temperatures within
acceptable range
j) CMD Loss Timer Setting - 264 hours
Time To Initiation - 203 hours
GDS (Ground Data Systems):
1. The first Galileo-GDS test of the MGDS V18.0 Command System (CMD) took
place April 27, 1993 with DSS-61 (Madrid 34 meter antenna). The test went
well and demonstrated that the new command system interfaced with the new DSN
(Deep Space Network) Group 5 Command Processor Assembly (CPA). The test was
successful and the next test for V18.0 CMD is scheduled for May 1, 1993 with
DSS-15 (Goldstone 34 meter antenna).
2. The April System Engineers Monthly Report(SEMR)/Ground System Development
Office (GSDO) MMR was conducted Thursday, April 29. A review of current
Project and Institutional (DSN and MOSO) system status was conducted. On-going
cruise development plus the GSDO Phase 1 and 2 delivery schedules, past months
accomplishments and potential problem areas were discussed. No significant
schedule changes or significant problems were reported.
TRAJECTORY
As of noon Thursday, April 29, 1993, the Galileo Spacecraft trajectory
status was as follows:
Distance from Earth 187,745,300 km (1.26 AU)
Distance from Sun 296,335,800 km (1.98 AU)
Heliocentric Speed 89,100 km per hour
Distance from Jupiter 522,015,800 km
Round Trip Light Time 20 minutes, 58 seconds
SPECIAL TOPIC
Instance 788 - True class 1 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 1.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 0.00
Davis Nicoll sez;
I'd buy that for two reasons. The tubes for TV's and radios (if you can
still find them) are usually 3x or more expensive than comparable transistors.
Also, ask any electric-guitar enthusiast which type of amp they prefer, and
they'll tell you tube-type, since tubes have lower distortion and noise
than transistors. 'Course, most of your electric guitar types just say
"Tubes sound better, dude." :-)
Also, transistors have the advantage in both waste-heat and energy-use,
mainly because of the heaters on the cathodes of the tubes.
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \\ As the radius of vision increases,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \\ the circumference of mystery grows.
Instance 789 - True class 0 =====================================
Class 0 (rec.autos) score: 0.00
Class 1 (sci.space) score: 1.00
GK>Occasionally, I have trouble shifting into reverse. The shifter
GK>refuses to enter the gate, and I often grind the synchros trying to
GK>get it into gear. I'll be watching this carefully in the next couple
GK>of months.
Enter 1st, wait 2-3 seconds and then go into reverse. They use the same
synchros, and you'll never (at least I haven't) ground-em-to-fit when using
this technique.
Exercise (easy)¶
Change the cell above in order to write for each instance whether the classifier estimate is correct or not.
In [34]:
for i in range(len(ds_te.data)):
print(f"Instance {i} - True class {y_te[i]} =====================================")
if(yscores_te[i,0] > yscores_te[i,1]):
if(y_te[i] == 0):
print("Corretto")
else:
print("scorretto")
else:
if(y_te[i] == 1):
print("Corretto")
else:
print("scorretto")
Instance 0 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 1 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 2 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 3 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 4 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 5 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 6 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 7 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 8 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 9 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 10 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 11 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 12 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 13 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 14 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 15 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 16 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 17 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 18 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 19 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 20 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 21 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 22 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 23 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 24 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 25 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 26 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 27 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 28 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 29 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 30 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 31 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 32 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 33 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 34 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 35 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 36 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 37 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 38 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 39 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 40 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 41 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 42 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 43 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 44 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 45 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 46 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 47 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 48 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 49 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 50 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 51 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 52 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 53 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 54 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 55 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 56 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 57 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 58 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 59 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 60 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 61 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 62 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 63 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 64 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 65 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 66 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 67 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 68 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 69 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 70 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 71 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 72 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 73 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 74 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 75 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 76 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 77 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 78 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 79 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 80 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 81 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 82 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 83 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 84 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 85 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 86 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 87 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 88 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 89 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 90 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 91 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 92 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 93 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 94 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 95 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 96 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 97 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 98 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 99 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 100 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 101 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 102 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 103 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 104 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 105 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 106 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 107 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 108 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 109 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 110 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 111 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 112 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 113 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 114 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 115 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 116 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 117 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 118 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 119 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 120 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 121 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 122 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 123 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 124 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 125 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 126 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 127 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 128 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 129 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 130 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 131 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 132 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 133 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 134 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 135 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 136 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 137 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 138 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 139 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 140 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 141 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 142 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 143 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 144 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 145 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 146 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 147 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 148 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 149 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 150 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 151 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 152 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 153 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 154 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 155 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 156 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 157 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 158 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 159 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 160 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 161 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 162 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 163 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 164 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 165 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 166 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 167 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 168 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 169 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 170 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 171 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 172 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 173 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 174 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 175 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 176 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 177 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 178 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 179 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 180 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 181 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 182 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 183 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 184 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 185 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 186 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 187 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 188 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 189 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 190 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 191 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 192 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 193 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 194 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 195 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 196 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 197 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 198 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 199 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 200 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 201 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 202 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 203 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 204 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 205 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 206 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 207 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 208 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 209 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 210 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 211 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 212 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 213 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 214 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 215 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 216 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 217 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 218 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 219 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 220 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 221 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 222 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 223 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 224 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 225 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 226 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 227 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 228 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 229 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 230 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 231 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 232 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 233 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 234 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 235 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 236 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 237 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 238 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 239 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 240 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 241 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 242 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 243 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 244 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 245 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 246 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 247 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 248 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 249 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 250 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 251 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 252 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 253 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 254 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 255 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 256 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 257 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 258 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 259 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 260 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 261 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 262 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 263 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 264 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 265 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 266 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 267 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 268 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 269 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 270 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 271 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 272 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 273 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 274 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 275 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 276 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 277 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 278 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 279 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 280 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 281 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 282 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 283 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 284 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 285 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 286 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 287 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 288 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 289 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 290 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 291 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 292 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 293 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 294 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 295 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 296 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 297 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 298 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 299 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 300 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 301 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 302 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 303 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 304 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 305 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 306 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 307 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 308 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 309 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 310 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 311 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 312 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 313 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 314 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 315 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 316 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 317 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 318 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 319 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 320 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 321 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 322 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 323 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 324 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 325 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 326 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 327 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 328 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 329 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 330 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 331 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 332 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 333 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 334 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 335 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 336 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 337 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 338 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 339 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 340 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 341 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 342 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 343 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 344 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 345 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 346 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 347 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 348 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 349 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 350 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 351 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 352 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 353 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 354 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 355 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 356 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 357 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 358 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 359 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 360 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 361 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 362 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 363 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 364 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 365 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 366 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 367 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 368 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 369 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 370 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 371 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 372 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 373 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 374 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 375 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 376 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 377 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 378 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 379 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 380 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 381 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 382 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 383 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 384 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 385 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 386 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 387 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 388 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 389 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 390 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 391 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 392 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 393 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 394 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 395 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 396 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 397 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 398 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 399 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 400 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 401 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 402 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 403 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 404 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 405 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 406 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 407 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 408 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 409 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 410 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 411 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 412 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 413 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 414 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 415 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 416 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 417 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 418 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 419 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 420 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 421 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 422 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 423 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 424 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 425 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 426 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 427 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 428 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 429 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 430 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 431 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 432 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 433 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 434 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 435 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 436 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 437 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 438 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 439 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 440 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 441 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 442 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 443 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 444 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 445 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 446 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 447 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 448 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 449 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 450 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 451 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 452 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 453 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 454 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 455 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 456 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 457 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 458 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 459 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 460 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 461 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 462 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 463 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 464 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 465 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 466 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 467 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 468 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 469 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 470 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 471 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 472 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 473 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 474 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 475 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 476 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 477 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 478 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 479 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 480 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 481 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 482 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 483 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 484 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 485 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 486 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 487 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 488 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 489 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 490 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 491 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 492 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 493 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 494 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 495 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 496 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 497 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 498 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 499 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 500 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 501 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 502 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 503 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 504 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 505 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 506 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 507 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 508 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 509 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 510 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 511 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 512 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 513 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 514 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 515 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 516 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 517 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 518 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 519 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 520 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 521 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 522 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 523 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 524 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 525 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 526 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 527 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 528 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 529 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 530 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 531 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 532 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 533 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 534 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 535 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 536 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 537 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 538 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 539 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 540 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 541 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 542 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 543 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 544 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 545 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 546 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 547 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 548 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 549 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 550 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 551 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 552 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 553 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 554 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 555 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 556 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 557 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 558 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 559 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 560 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 561 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 562 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 563 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 564 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 565 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 566 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 567 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 568 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 569 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 570 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 571 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 572 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 573 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 574 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 575 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 576 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 577 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 578 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 579 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 580 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 581 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 582 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 583 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 584 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 585 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 586 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 587 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 588 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 589 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 590 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 591 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 592 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 593 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 594 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 595 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 596 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 597 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 598 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 599 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 600 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 601 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 602 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 603 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 604 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 605 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 606 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 607 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 608 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 609 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 610 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 611 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 612 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 613 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 614 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 615 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 616 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 617 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 618 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 619 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 620 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 621 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 622 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 623 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 624 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 625 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 626 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 627 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 628 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 629 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 630 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 631 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 632 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 633 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 634 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 635 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 636 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 637 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 638 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 639 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 640 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 641 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 642 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 643 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 644 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 645 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 646 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 647 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 648 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 649 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 650 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 651 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 652 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 653 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 654 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 655 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 656 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 657 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 658 - 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True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 785 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto Instance 786 - True class 0 ===================================== Corretto Instance 787 - True class 1 ===================================== Corretto Instance 788 - True class 1 ===================================== scorretto Instance 789 - True class 0 ===================================== scorretto
Exercise (easy)¶
Display only the messages that were classified wrong
In [35]:
for i in range(len(ds_te.data)):
print(f"Instance {i} - True class {y_te[i]} =====================================")
if(yscores_te[i,0] > yscores_te[i,1]):
if(y_te[i] != 0):
print(ds_te.data[i])
else:
if(y_te[i] != 1):
print(ds_te.data[i])
Instance 0 - True class 0 =====================================
Instance 1 - True class 0 =====================================
xIf you put a locking lugnut on your tires, do you need to have your
xtires rebalanced??
x
xJohn Mas
x
xE-Mail Address :: MAS@SKCLA.MONSANTO.COM
Since the wheel/tire is balanced off the car i.e. the lugnuts are
not normally involved, how would they do that? I would think that
since the lugs are so close to the center of rotation any slight
difference in weight between a normal lugnut and a locking one would
not have any noticable effect on the balance. I could be wrong, it *is*
Friday afternoon.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Mack Costello <mcostell@oasys.dt.navy.mil> Code 65.1 (formerly 1720.1)
David Taylor Model Basin, Carderock Division Hq. NSWC ___/-\____
Bethesda, MD 20084-5000 Phone (301) 227-2431 (__________>|
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[discussion of pros and cons deleted]
Could someone give me the references to the LLNL proposal? I've been meaning
to track it down in conjuntion with something I'm working on. It's not
directly related to space stations, but I think many of the principles will
carry over.
Instance 4 - True class 1 =====================================
I think you're both right. Teflon was actually discovered by accident
before WWII. From what I've heard, they had some chemical (I assume it
was tetrafluoroethylene) in a tank and but the valve got gummed up.
Cutting it open revealed that it had polymerized.
The material was useful for seals, but it had a major problem for, say
the linings of vessels: it wouldn't stick to metal. What the space
program did was to find a way to get it to stick. Thus we had no-stick
frypans on the market in the late '60s.
Instance 5 - True class 0 =====================================
& >I'm not familiar with the trannies used in Winston Cup, but in the trans-am
& >cars I've played with the transmissions were the racing variety, with
& >dog clutches instead of sychros. In a transmission with dog clutches, the
& >gears are always engaged with each other and moving the dog clutches
& >engages the gears to the shafts. Motorcycle transmissions are the same way.
& >Shifting without the clutch on a transmission with syncros can and will cause
& >transmission damage, the only question being how long it takesto grenade
& >something (for the trans in my 87 Pulsar SE, it was about 3-5k miles, but
& >it had a weak tranny in the first place).
&
& just out of curiosity, how is this "dog clutch" any different from a synchro
& transmission. What you described SOUNDS the same to me. In fact, what little
& i've studied on trannies, the instructor referred to the synchros as "dogs"
& and said they were synonymous. The gears are always meshed in a synchronized
& gearbox, and you slip the synchro gears back and forth by shifting. Or at least,
& that is what i was taught. Explain, por favour?
Motorcycle transmissions don't have synchros. The engagment dogs are very
corse and sloppy. There are maybe 6-10 teeth (dogs) on the side of the
gears that engage the next gear over as the forks slide the gears back
and forth. To shift: start to apply pressure at the same time the
clutch is pulled (the clutch is a hand lever) and shift quickly. If
you try a slow lazy shift it will grind, you just have to pop it into
the next gear before it has a chance to grind. There isn't a neutral
between gears (obviously there is, but you can't select it with the
shifter) so double clutching is not a possibility. "speed shifting"
(which is what I have always heard "clutchless shifting" called) works
pretty well for upshifts with some practice, but I usually use the
clutch-especially for the lower gears.
I think auto (as in automobile) trannys are similar, except that the
engagment dogs are very fine, with no slop. And the addition of
syncho rings. The gear teeth are always engaged in auto transmissions
that are synchronized, but may not be in non-synchro gears (reverse
and sometimes first).
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I don't know about C-5's, but on C-130's which are regularly used
for Medium haul Personnel transport by the Army, only have a
funnel and a garden hose in the aft. The female personnel
hate long trips in the box cars.
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Well, I agree. I hope others chime in with suggestions on specific
technologies which could be applied towards the maintenance of an
Earth like atmosphere on a long-duration spacecraft.
Tim et al:
I think we should try looking at atmosphere first.
This seems to be the single most fundamental issue in keeping anyone alive.
We're all taught that when supporting a patient
you look for maintaining airway. So, in keeping with my trauma training
(and keeping my emergency medicine professor happy), I suggest that
we look at the issues surrounding a regenerable atmospheric circuit.
Howz that Tim?
Instance 11 - True class 1 =====================================
Is English (American, Canadian, etc.) common law recognized as
legally binding under international law? After all, we're talking about
something that by its very nature isn't limited to the territory of one
nation.
Instance 12 - True class 1 =====================================
If by chance you answered my request for NEO Asteroids in the last two days
please send them to me directly. I by mistake deleted instead of read
all the space-request messages .
Thanks and sorry.
Harry G. Osoff
Science & Technology Editor
Access News Network
Instance 13 - True class 0 =====================================
It is actually simple in principle. Porous adsorbents like zeolite and
activated carbon can adsorb gases evaporated from the adsorbate (water
or methanol, etc.) giving the cooling effect. Upon being heated, the
gas-saturated adsorbent bed will give off the gases which are then to be
condensed. This forms the adsorption refrigeration cycle. The only problem
is that the COP is very low (0.2 -0.6).
Max
Instance 14 - True class 0 =====================================
R. Goldstein (rdg@world.std.com) sez:
: As the subject says, I am moving from Mass. to Calif. and will be driving
: mostly on Interstate 80.
: Any advice from folks who have done it before?
- Plan your gas stops in major-city areas to avoid the 25 cent-per-gallon
"only gas station for 50 miles and you're an out-of-towner" surcharge.
- Prepare your car. Don't forget things like your fuel & air filters. If
you're loading your car up, consider putting your spare on TOP of your stuff
just in case of a flat. In my x-country trip, a tire disintegrated in the
California desert & it took me 20 minutes to unload all my stuff to get to
the tire.
- If you have a hatchback, cover all your stuff with a white bedsheet to help
keep the stuff and your car cool, as well as *possibly* avoiding theft.
- McDonalds have good, clean bathrooms.
- invest in a $30 CB & magnetic roof antenna. It may help if you're stranded,
and you can always ask people for places to stop for food, etc.
- Many times police like to hang out in the 1st 10 miles after you enter a
new state, to catch all the speeders who have "escaped" the previous state.
- Same as above; when you enter a 55mph city zone after hours and hours of
65mph rural interstate
-=$>Dave<$=-
Instance 15 - True class 0 =====================================
And here's my two cents:
The best convertible for the money, IMO, is the Miata. Yes, it's small, but
you're buying it as a second car, I hope, so you don't need the cargo room
of a big car. It's got enough power for fun, it's RWD like a sports car
ought to be (I'm gonna regret that :-{) and the top, while manual, operates
like a dream. 30 seconds and one hand to lower, and not much longer to raise.
The targa-type cars are nice, but they're not real convertibles.
--
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For some reasons we humans think that it is our place to control
everything. I doubt that space advertising is any worse than any other
kind advertising, but it will be a lot harder to escape, and is probably
the most blatant example yet of our disregard for the fact that we are
not in fact creaters of the universe. Annoying little species, aren't we?
Instance 17 - True class 1 =====================================
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I'm having an interesting problem with my girlfriend's car. Before
I delve into its innards, I thought I'd check "net.wisdom" on the
subject. :)
It's a 1985 Buick Skyhawk (I know...I know)
2.0l EFI 4-banger
auto
35k miles
When I drive tha car long enough to get it hot (especially at
highways speeds) the transmission has this nasty habit of
getting "stuck" in 3rd gear. As a result, when you stop for
a light the motor stalls. Putting the car in park, and waiting
for 30-60 seconds before restarting sometimes allows the transmission
to "reset" and go back into 1st. Otherwise, it just stalls when
put in drive.
My thoughts: Either it the 3rd gear band is binding and getting
stuck when it gets hot (not so likely) or perhaps the lock-up
converter is not disengaging properly (seems likely). The least
likely (keeping fingers crossed) is that some critical vacuum
hose has broken/cracked and this behaviour is due to lack of
vaccuum somewhere (as used to happen with old modulator valves).
My background is that my father owns a service station and
I worked there on and off from 10-19 years of age. Please
feel free to be as technical as you want. :)
I'd appreciate hearing any tips/suggestions/offers of free
beer. <grin>
Skoal,
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I also experience this kinda problem in my 89 BMW 318. During cold
start ups, the clutch seems to be sticky and everytime i drive out, for
about 5km, the clutch seems to stick onto somewhere that if i depress
the clutch, the whole chassis moves along. But after preheating, it
becomes smooth again. I think that your suggestion of being some
humudity is right but there should be some remedy. I also found out that
my clutch is already thin but still alright for a couple grand more!
Instance 27 - True class 1 =====================================
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Instance 29 - True class 0 =====================================
This is a tricky situation; if the previous owner didn't inform
the dealer of the odometer change, then the previous owner committed
fraud, and he may be liable. The dealer may also be liable; If the
previous owner notified the dealer, or if the previous owner had the
dash replaced at a dealer, or if the previous owner had the dash changed
legally, any records search on the car should turn up the fact that
the odometer had been altered. If a dealer changes the speedometer, he has
to report it (it goes into the car's service record with the manufacturer,
and on the title, if I remember correctly; the dealer told me that
the old mileage, etc. were sent to Ford when my T-Bird's speedo
was replaced). If the odometer can be set to the old mileage, it must
be; if it can't (eg, electrically-driven odometers) then the mileage
of the old odometer must be written on a permanent sticker which is
affixed to the door frame of the vehicle.
Either way, if the change had been done legally, then a records search
(which the dealer almost certainly did) should have turned it up.
Call your state's Department of Transportation/Public Safety/Motor
Vehicles--or your tag agent--to find out for certain what your
rights are. Your state's Attorney General will know for certain ;-)
James
Instance 30 - True class 1 =====================================
Instance 31 - True class 1 =====================================
Not to mention how those those liberal presidents, Nixon, Ford,
Reagan, Bush. did nothing to support true commercial space
activities.
Instance 32 - True class 0 =====================================
I was wondering what the country extension are.
Sometimes I just don't have a clue from where
some people are writing.
These are the extensions I know of
ch Switzerland
se Sweden
fi Finland
uk UK
Com US?
Edu US? (are both com and edu US?)
fr France
Please feel free to add to this list.
/ Markus
__________________________________________________________________________
_ _ _ ____ _________
/ | / | / | / / / / / / /
/ | / | /__| /___/ /--| / / /___ '75 Chevy Camaro 350/TH350
/ |/ | / | / | / | /___/ ____/ '87 Peugout 205 1.4/4-speed
Instance 33 - True class 1 =====================================
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I think you've got an off-by-one error in your memory. :-) MM bought the
satellite-building side of GE. E, not D. MM and GD are still competitors.
Better, yes, but we're not talking order of magnitude. (Especially if you
want to use Titan IV, which belongs to the USAF, not MM.)
Sure, you can get a heavylift launcher fairly cheap if you do it privately
rather than as a gummint project. But we're still talking about something
that will cost nine digits per launch, unless you can guarantee a large
market to justify volume production.
Instance 39 - True class 1 =====================================
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In some sense, I think that the folks who think the idea is wonderful, and the
folks who want to boycott anyone who has anything to do with this project are
both right.
That is, I think that space advertising is an interesting idea, and if someone
wants to try it out, more power to them. However, a company may discover that
the cost of launch is not the only cost of advertising, and a company who
gauged that ill will would lose them more revenue than the advertising would
gain might decide to bow out of the project.
I got incensed when I read that Carl Sagan called this idea an "abomination."
I don't think that word means what he thinks it does. Children starving in the
richest country in the world is an abomination; an ad agency is at worst just
in poor taste.
Instance 43 - True class 1 =====================================
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Hi,
I need your help with a problem I have with a 1989 Mitsubishi
Galant GS transmission. The car has a 5 speed manual tranmission.
Since the car was bought new, while shifting from 2nd to 3rd, unless
I do it SLOWLY and carefully, it makes a "popping" or "hitting" sound.
The dealer and Mitsubishi customer service (reached by an 800 #) say
this is NORMAL for the car. IS IT?
And about a year ago, at 35Kmiles, the stick shift handle got STUCK
while attempting to put it in reverse:
1- The shifter would not budge. The clutch had no effect.
2- The front tires would not budge, even when the clutch is
fully depressed.
3- If the clutch is released the engine would die.
4- Assuming that some gear was engaged while the shifter was
stuck, I could not make the car move. It acted as if
it were in Neutral(except for dying when clutch is released.)
5- I finally was able to release the shifter by having
someone rock the car back and forth (less than an inch),
while I depressed the clutch and jiggled the shifter.
6- The shifter acted normally after that.
When this happened, I took it to the dealer, they checked the
clutch, it was o.k. They checked the transmission, it was o.k.
I had the exact problem a couple of months ago, and again last
week. The dealer says there is nothing they can do because
Mitsubishi (the 800 #) says they have never heard of the
problem, and the dealer could not reproduce the problem while
they had the car.
In all three occurances, the car was parked head first in a garage,
and since the front wheels were stuck, the car could not be towed
to the dealer before releasing the shifter (hence temporarily
solving the problem). And the dealer, and Mitsubishi, refused to
send someone to check the car while it was stuck.
I KNOW there is smething wrong with the transmission (shifting
from 2nd to 3rd), and getting stuck at random, but I can't get
the dealer to fix it. I need your help with the mechanical problems,
and with how to handle Mitsubishi.
All hints and suggestions are greatly appreciated, and sorry to
bore you with the long post.
Instance 48 - True class 1 =====================================
Yesterday, I went to the Boeing shareholders meeting. It was a bit shorter
than I expected. Last year (when the stock was first down), they made a big
presentation on the 777, and other programs. This year, it was much more
bare-bones.
In any case, I wanted to ask a question that the board of directors would
hear, and so I got there early, and figured that If I didn't get to the mike,
maybe they would read mine off of a card, and so I wrote it down, and handed it
in.
After the meeting started, Mr. Shrontz said that he would only answer written
questions, in order to be fair to the people in the overflow room that only
had monitors downstairs. Naturally, I was crushed.
So, when question and answer time came, I was suprised to find my question
being read and answered. Admittedly near the end of the ones that he took.
Presumably getting there early, and getting the question in early made all
the difference.
So, on to the substance. The question was
Is Boeing looking at anything BEYOND the high speed Civil Transport, such
as a commercial space launch system, and if not, how will Boeing compete
with the reusable single stage to orbit technology presently being developed
by Mcdonnell Douglass?
Well, he read it without a hitch, and without editing, with impressed me,
then he answered it very quickly treating it as a two part question, last
part first.
This is to the best of my recollection what he said.
As far as single stage to orbit technology, we think that we have a better
answer in a two stage approach, and we are talking to some of our customers
about that. As far as commercialization, that is a long ways off. The High
speed Civil Transport is about as far out as our commercial planning goes at
this point.
So, this tells me that Boeing still considers space to be a non-commercial
arena, and for the most part this is true, however it also tells me that
they consider there to be enough money in building space launchers for them
to persue work on their own.
Now, I do have a friend on the spacelifter program at boeing. Actually,
this is a mis-nomer, as there is no spacelifter contract for the work that this
guy is doing, however, he is doing work in preparation of a proposal for space
lifter contracts. He won't tell me what he is doing, but maybe this is where
the TSTO action is taking place at boeing. At the very minimum, the chairman
of the board of boeing said that they have an approach in mind, and they are
trying to do something with it.
Anybody know anything further?
Is this really news?
Does this threaten further work on DC-? ?
Instance 49 - True class 0 =====================================
That would be the Opel GT, sold in this country from '69 to '73. It originally
had a 1100 cc engine, which was later replaced by the 1900 cc. It was based
on the old Kadett drive train and suspension, with leaf springs in the rear
and a single transverse leaf spring in the front. It looked good, but was
limited as a performer.
There has also been some discussion in this thread about the Manta and other
models. In 1971 Opel introduced a new line of models, the 1900 series, that
were also known as model numbers 51, 57, etc. These cars had the newer
1900cc engine and were available as two and four-door coupes, a station wagon,
and a "sport coupe", known in Europe as the Manta. At the same time, there
were two 30-series cars, which sold very few numbers, that also had the 1900
engine but the Kadett suspension. The sport coupe, (model 57) was also
available as the Rallye, (57R), with a blacked out hood, tach, and fog lights,
but was mechanically the same except for a numerically higher rear end ratio.
In 1973 the sport coupe was also named the Manta in the US. 1973 was the last
year for the GT in any country, both because of the US bumper height regulations
and the fact that FIAT exercised an option on the factory that Opel was leasing
to build the GTs.
The 1900 series continued in 1974 with minor body differences. In 1975, the
Manta, 1900 sedan (also called the Ascona) and the wagon were available with
Bosch electronic fuel injection. These cars also had larger brakes and
wider wheels. These cars were starting to compete with the 1975 Buick Century
low price leader of the time, and were the last Opels imported into the US.
From 1976 to 1979, cars that sported Buick/Opel badges were still sold by
the Buick dealers, but were rebadged Isuzu I-marks. The idea was to call them
Opels instead of changing the dealers' neon signs.
Various models of the 50-series cars dominated the Showroom Stock racing of the
70's in their class, and were known as serious 2002-competition.
Parts are still available from a number of sources.
(I still have a '73 manta and two '75 sedans and all the trick parts I could
collect in 20 years).
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Kidding, right?
Corvette, several MBZ's and BMW's, Mustang GT, etc., etc. There's a lot of
them. You from a European site?
-Kenny
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What are those other objects? UFOs????
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It's been suggested. (Specifically, lightning strikes between clouds
in the interstellar medium.)
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: >the Single Launch Core Station concept. A Shuttle external tank and solid
: >rocket boosters would be used to launch the station into orbit. Shuttle
: >main engines would be mounted to the tail of the station module for launch
: >and jettisoned after ET separation.
Karl Dishaw (0004244402@mcimail.com) replied:
: Why jettison the SSMEs? Why not hold on to them and have a shuttle
: bring them down to use as spares?
One performance reason comes to mind: if you jettison the SSME's, you
don't have to drag them with you when you perform your circularization
burn(s). On-orbit, SSME's are just dead weight, since we don't have an
SSME H2/O2 pressurization mechanism which works in zero-G. This means
that you can't use them for re-boost or anything else. Dead weight has
a couple of advantages, but more disadvantages.
Throw-away SSME's might let us use some of the old SSME's which are not-
quite-man-ratable. But I doubt we'd do that; the cost of a launch
failure is too high.
-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov (713) 483-4368
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I'm wondering if "vandalize" is the proper word to use in this situation. My
dictionary defines "vandalism" as "the willful or malicious destructuion of
public or private property, especially of anything beautiful or artisitc." I
would agree the sky is beautiful, but not that it is public or private property.
I personally prefer natural skies, far from city lights and sans aircraft.
However, there is also something to be said for being able to look up into the
sky and see a satellite. Many people get a real kick out of it, especially if
they haven't seen one before.
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I'm replying to someone who asked for information on space camp.
I have a brochure that has all different schedules. What age, what
level and what program do you want to know the schedule of? Most of the
missions are 5 to 8 days long. The address for Huntsville is:
Alabama Space Science
Exhibit Commission
U.S. Space and Rocket Center
One Tranquility Base, Huntsville, AL 35807
- Jennifer
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On the other hand, remember the old adage that a verbal agreement isn't worth
the paper it's printed on. Once you sign, you are going to have one hell of a
time proving fraud based on a comparison to what you thought you were going to
sign ...
Being in the right is one thing, proving it is another.
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That's assuming it could get built by them.
Of course, it would probably sport Cruise missile Racks,
Sidewinder Missile tubes, Bomb Points, extra drop tanks,
a Full ECM suite, Terrain following radar and stealth
materials.
IT might not fly, but a technology demonstrator does
not require actual flight.
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Getting wierd again?
Okay we have figure out that a mission specifically to Pluto is to large and to
expensive..
Okay what about launching one probe with multiple parts.. Kind of liek the old
MIRV principle of old Cold War Days.
Basically what I mean is design a mother ship that has piggy backed probes for
different missions,namely different planets. Each probe would be tied in with
the mother ship (or earth as the case may be).. This is good when and if we go
for Mars (the MArs mission can act as either Mother ship or relay point for the
probes.
Also the mother ship would be powered (if not the Mars Mission) by a normal
propulsion, but also a solar sail (main reason for solar sail race is to see
what can be done and autmoated?) the sail would get the probes to were they
needed.. I know the asteroid/meteor clouds (and such) might get in the way of a
Sail??
Main reasonf ro mother ship idea is to make it more economoical to send
multiple probes/mission/satellites/exploreres to different places and cut
costs..
The probes could do fly bys or ?? we shall see...
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flat = 180 deg V = horizonatlly opposed
Usually, it also equals "boxer," however, I think the term is
traditionally reserved for 8's and 12's (and firing order matters).
This was talked about here in r.a many months back; I can't remember
the consensus.
Examples:
Ferrari's 512TR is a flat 12 boxer.
Porsche's 911 is a flat 6.
Subaru's Impreza is a flat 4.
Regards,
Brian
bqueiser@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu
------------------------------------------------------------------------
I am the engineer, I can choose K.
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Basically the right question, although I was interested in cases closer
to home where the Sun is behind either a natural object or effective
shielding.
Good point (and thanks for the references).
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Well, it depends on what kind of locking lugnuts you have. My previous
car had locking lugnuts that weighed about 2.5oz. more than the others.
The locking lugnuts were factory equipment, and according to the factory
service manual, after tire balancing the technician/mechanic was
supposed to put a 1/2 oz. counterweight on the rim opposite the locking
nut. I always had vibration problems with those stupid lugnuts since no
one ever did the service correctly. I eventually got rid of the locking
lugnuts and replaced them with the standard lugnuts. Unfortunately, I
found out about the counterweighting technique 6 months after I got rid
of the locking nuts. :-(
My present car, a Saturn SC, has locking lugnuts that I bought at the
dealer and are made specifically for the Saturn. They have been made to
be exactly the same weight as the non-locking lugnuts (said so on the
package and I verified it myself). I haven't had any vibration problems
with the tires at all (due to the nuts) in 12,000 of ownership. I did
have some other vibration problems, but it was due to a poor job of tire
balancing.
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When I went thru all the spinning chair tests at JSC the PhD in charge
was Milt Reshke but the technician who strapped me in and, on occasion,
inserted the "probe" (needle) was named Bev Bloodworth.
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Markus, what is that we are noting about the spelling? That you aren't good at it? :^)
That Peugeot is OUT of N. America? What does this mean?
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I don't think that idea means what you think it does. Having everyone
on Earth subject to some ad agency's "poor taste" *is* an abomination.
(abomination : n. loathing; odious or degrading habit or act; an
object of disgust. (Oxford Concise Dictionary)) Maybe *you* don't mind
having every part of your life saturated with commercials, but many of
us loathe it. I'd rather not have the beauty of the night sky always marred
by a giant billboard, and I'll bet the idea is virtually sacrilegious
to an astronomer like Sagan.
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Hi everybody ...
Well I don't know if this is a known problem
to you in the big state but over here in Europe
it is in some places ...
It just happened to me and I payed A LOT to get my
new Honda Civic repaired.
A marten choose my car to stay one night in and this
damn little animal damaged almost everything which
was plastic/rubber ..
I never thought that these little #@%##@ could do that
much damage.
So to ALL you car owners out there :
Is there a GOOD known method of gettin' rid of this animal ???
except for waiting all night long beneath my car with a gun ???
HELP IN ANY FORM WOULD BE APPRECIATED VERY VERY MUCH !!!!
e-mail: scheer@faw.uni-ulm.de
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: > "hose" h-o-s-e
: Dork. d-o-r-k.
Oh, really?
Here's what you posted earlier in another thread. Before you thrash
others for making simple mistakes or flaunt your wonderful "vi skill",
think about how you make them feel as well as how you look (you spelled
it right). ;-}
For years you have assaulted others with offensive language, etc. From
the content of many of your posts, you appear to have a lot of useful
information to share with people, but it gets overshadowed when you come
across as an abusive smart-ass.
: In article <C5LoBL.DDw@mentor.cc.purdue.edu> marshatt@feserve.cc.purdue.edu (Z
: >
: > Remember roads in America are NOT designed for speeds above 80
meaning they
: >would be safe at 55-65. Roads like the Autobahn are smoother,
straiter,
: >wider and slightly banked.
: Well, that's news. Before 1975 the speed limit on Texas
highways
: was 75. The speed limit on the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) was 70.
There
: were no speed limits in Nevada or Montana.
: >east becoming hidden by trees after about 1,000 ft and continued to
the
: >left strait north. I wanted to turn north, checked the south lane,
rolled
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Speaking of which, a paper was out a few years ago about a
weather sat imaging a lunar eclipse -- are those images
uploaded anywhere? I could dig out the reference if there's interest.
Shag
--
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Just for the record, read your owner's manual before attempting a push start.
Most manufacturers today do not recommend this (I think the catalytic converter
is the primary reason - unburned gas goes down to it and may ignite when
the converter gets into its operating range).
The best reason for a manual? Because you like to drive one. I find that its
much easier to develop lazy habits in an auto trans car. Remember, pay
attention out there - stupidity behind the wheel has still taken more people
to the morgue than drunk driving. The problem is that we don't revoke peoples
license for stupidity.
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... So how about this? Give the winning group
(I can't see one company or corp doing it) a 10, 20, or 50 year
moratorium on taxes.
You are talking about the bozos who can't even manage in November to
keep promises about taxes made in October, and you expect them to make
(and keep!) a 50-year promise like that? Your faith in the political
system is much higher than mine. I wouldn't even begin to expect that
in Australia, and we don't have institutionalised corruption like you
do.
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I have to agree with Ward. The problem with your approach is they add
up what you can reasonably claim as 'spin-offs', add up what's been
spent on space, and then come back with something like, "You spent $X
billion for that? Wouldn't it be better just to spend the money on
direct research and forget all this space stuff? We could have got
all that stuff a *lot* cheaper that way. Space is wasteful and
inefficient."
Then they cancel your funding and spend it studying mating rituals of
New Guinea tribesmen or something.
--
"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
in the real world." -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
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Well, this isn't the right group for this, but I have to say that I don't
think violence is any more socially acceptable now, by any means. How
can you say that when we used to have of pistol-toting gunslingers as
heros, or even gangland thugs being considered romantic. Do you think
our great grandparent got yelled at by their parents for playing cowboys
and indians? I don't think so. That behavior was somewhat encouraged
back then, in fact.
I think the only difference between now and then is that nowadays, when
some teenager kills another one in a classroom in California, we here
about it in MA the same day. Back in the old days, they'd never hear
about something like that, period.
Sorry about posting to rec.autos, but this is where it came up...
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
___
/ _ \ '85 Mustang GT Bob Pitas
/ /USH 14.13 @ 99.8 bpita@ctp.com
/ /| \ Up at NED, Epping, NH (Cambridge, MA)
"" - Geddy Lee (in YYZ)
Disclaimer: These opinions are mine, obviously, since they end with my .sig!
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From the Pluto Fast Flyby Instrument definition research anouncemnet,
the instrument payload constraints are:
Mass allocation - 7 kilograms (15.4 lbs)
Power allocation - 6 watts
Required instruments:
Visible imaging system (1024x1024 CCD, 750 mm fl, f/10 optics)
IR mapping spectrometer (256x256 HgCdTe array, 0.3% energy resolution)
UV spectrometer (55-200 nm, 0.5 nm resolution)
Radio science (ultrastable oscilator incorporated in telecom system)
ultrastable means 10^-14.
This doesn't leave much room for payloads which are totally unrelated
to the mission of the spacecraft. In addition, the power will come
from a radioisotope thermal generator, and the whole space craft will
be about 2 feet in diameter, with no booms, which means there will be
strong gamma-lines from Pu-239 and associated schmutz in the
background, which tends to reduce sensitivity somewhat.
It would still be nice, and our group here at Goddard is looking
in to it.
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It is kind of absurd, isn't it? Some players even want more distortion,
especially the Hendrix fans :-) But there are a lot of them out there
that can only afford the amp, or who like playing music without distortion.
Then there are your hard-core Hendirx fans that want particular *types*
of distortion, i.e., they make it, not their amps.
I didn't see a thing about waste-heat from Babbage, and haven't seen one
of those mechanical TV's in a while, so it's anybodie's guess :-)
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \ They communicated with the communists,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \ and pacified the pacifists. -TimBuk3
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GK>I hear that tires for this car can get really expensive. I
GK>currently have Goodyear GT+4s that cost the previous owner $500
GK>for four.
Try Eagle GAs, wear better, cost less, lose little handling, and are
quieter. I'm going to switch to 225s in my next set, with new rims
(Fitti Twists) if I can afford 'em by the time my GAs wear out.
GK>is a whole new ritual for me with that fangled pedal! Also, I began
GK>to wonder how strong that brake really is. (Today, I backed out of
GK>parking spot today and started to drive away before I noticed
GK>the glowing brake light. Oops.)
Mine is strong enough to not let the car move when it's in, even if you're
giving it enough gas to normally move it in 1st. You might need a brake
adjustment.
GK>The driver's power window creaks when closed all the way. The same
GK>thing happens in my parents 1989 Mercury Sable. Oddly, all the
GK>other windows work smoothly.
Watch it closely, the glass actually flexes from the torque in the motor, it
seems stronger in the drivers window then the others.
GK>I'm liking the interior amenities more and more each day. The
GK>cupholders are great.
I've found the location (under the armrest in between the seats) to be a
pain, but like having them. They moved it into the dash (pop out) in the
'91 model year, MUCH better.
GK>I really feel like I don't deserve this car. I really can't
GK>believe that I could afford it. I got this car ten years
GK>ahead of schedule. :-)
I did the same thing. Got a black '89 with 65.5k miles on it for $8k
in July '92.
GK>I've put together the responses to my questions about the cars, as
GK>well as other posts with useful information on these cars. I'll be
GK>posting this in the form of a FAQ soon.
Grabbed it and archived it. Thanks!
GK>If anyone is interested in starting a mailing list, please speak up!
GK>I don't know if I have the resources here at Purdue to start one, but
GK>maybe someone out there does.
I'll be starting one this summer, one way or the other (current software
I use dosen't support mailing lists, but is on the RSN list - if not, I'm
going to upgrade to another package that DOES have it), that is, if nobody
else beats me to it. Will make an announcement here when it goes up.
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We used to have a tax in Greece named after the Queen's Mother. The Queen
left (Monarchy was abolished) but the tax stuck...
Similar single purpose taxes have stuck (i.e. to help the victims of
the earthquake of 19XX, build the Metro)
ObMoralConclusion: next time someone proposes a car tax or gasoline tax
promising it's temporary, it AIN'T.
Spiros
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Well, I seem to have struck an interesting discussion off. Given that I
am not an astrophysicist or nuclear physicist, i'll have to boil it
down a bit.
1) ALl the data on bursts to date, shows a smooth random distribution.
2) that means they aren't concentrated in galactic cores, our or someone
elses.
3) If the distribution is smooth, we are either seeing some ENORMOUSLY
large phenomena scattered at the edge of the universe said phenomena
being subject to debate almost as vioent as the phenomena
OR
we are seeing some phenomena out at like the Oort cloud, but then it needs
some potent little energy source, that isn't detectable by any other
current methods.
4) we know it's not real close, like slightly extra solar, because
we have no parallax measurements on the bursts.
5) the bursts seem to bright to be something like black hole quanta or
super string impacts or something like that.
So everyone is watching the data and arguing like mad in the meanwhile.
what i am wondering, is this in people's opinion, A NEW Physics problem.
Einstein got well known for solvingthe photoelectric effect.
Copernicus, started looking at irregularities in planetary motion.
Is this a big enough problem, to create a new area of physics?
just a little speculative thinking folks.
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Another factor against bringing the HST back to Earth is risk of contamination.
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Hello all,
I know that after market sunroofs may have left a bad taste in some of
your mouths, but I am really interested in finding a "good" brand if one
exists. Please let me know if you have heard of any makers with a good
reputation (few failures, no leaks, that sort of thing) and whether or
not you have had first hand experience with that manufacturer. Who is
generally regarded in the industry as the "best" (price no object) maker
of power sunroofs??
--Steve
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Hello netters,
I'm new to this board and I thought this might be the best place
for my post. I have a question regarding satellite technology seen
in the movie Patriot Games. In the movies, the CIA utilizes its
orbitting sats to pinpoint a specific terrorist camp in N Africa.
The photos taken by the sats are stunning! I know that sats are
capable of photographing the license plates of vehicles. My
question is this: The camp in question was taken out by the
British SAS. And while the SAS was in action, the CIA team was
watching in the warroom back in Langley, VA. The action of the SAS
was clear and appeared to be relayed via a sat. The action was at
night and the photography appeared to be an x-ray type. That is,
one could see the action within the tents/structures of the camp.
Does such techology exist and what is it's nature? i.e., UV, IR,
x-ray, etc.
PS Who wrote the book Patriot Games?
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No, no, no! The previous one was called "Smiley". 1992 QB1 = Smiley,
and 1993 FW = Karla.
Note that neither name is official. It seems the discoverers have an
aversion to the designation scheme.
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I used to drive a truck a few years back. I once rode with an old codger
that had been driving for about 30 yrs. The only time he would use the clutch
was to get the truck moving. He could shift that 13 speed lightning quick, up
or down, without the slightest rake of a gear. He was as smooth as silk. It was
the most amazing shifting demonstration I've ever seen! Having said all that I
still don't know why anyone would want to shift a synchronized tranny without a
clutch? Why do it?
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Could someone explain how to make sense of drag coefficients (i.e Cd) mentioned in magazines. I understand that lower numbers signify better aerodynamics but
what does this mean in the real world. Is there a way to calculate new top speeds(assuming the car is not rev limited at top speed) or mileage benefits if a identical car had the Cd reduced from .34 to .33.
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i think those with 1.6 MR2's would describe the engine as sweet if a
little loud, those with 2.2 MR2's i can't imagine any unbiased person
paying it any compliments. sounded like my ex-dormmate's rusty chevy
chevette. with the 1.6 i would want to redline it just for the music,
with the 2.2 i would short shift so that it would shut up.. the new
camry 2.2 features balance shafts. i guess since the mr2 is getting
the axe, it is too late for them to do anything about this..
it is no mystery that the turbo mr2 is "only" 2 liters.. the engineers
had enough integrity to prevent any further abuses. also, in europe
the MR2 Mk2 non-turbo was also "only" 2 liters.. as usual, the
undiscriminating american market (if it is japanese it *must* be good)
gets the dogs.. to be fair, we also got the turbo, which the europeans
did not.
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Henry, if I read you correctly, you may be asking "If I put a blackbody
in interstellar space ('disregarding the Sun and nearby large warm objects'),
what termperature will it reach in thermal equilibrium with the ambient
radiation field?"
If that's the case, let me point out that interstellar dust and
molecules provide many instances of things that are, well, not-too-far
from being blackbodies. Many different observations, including IRAS
and COBE, have determined that interstellar dust grain temperatures
can range from 40K to 150K. You might look in a conference proceedings
"Interstellar Processes", ed. D. J. Hollenbach and H. A. Thronson, Jr.,
published in 1987. Try the articles by Tielens et al., Seab, and
Black.
Inside the disk of the galaxy, the temperature varies quite a bit
from place to place (how close are you to the nearest OB association,
I would guess). Outside the galaxy, of course, things aren't so
varied.
I hope this is what you were looking for....
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My ex-husband & I used to own Borgwards. Haven't seen any for a long
time. They were really good cars. Does ayone out there know anything
about them now? I heard they were being made in Mexico, but of course
they wouldn't be the original German - if that's even true. When I've
been in Mexico I haven't seen any. We loved ours, even tho' they were
ugly - they had names - one was Humphrey Borgward.
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You mena in the same way french intelliegence agents steal
documents from US corporate executives?
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It seems that there are more and more "bands" available for
police radar each month. I have recently purchased (within
the last 8 months) the BEL 966STW. While it is not a perfect
detector by any means, it does do the job fairly well.
Now, however, I pick up a car magazine at the airport and
read about this Super Ka Wideband which is a superset of
the Ka Wideband that this latest generation of detectors
was touted as covering.
So now BEL has a NEW series of detectors out that cover all
the usual bands (X, K, Ka photo, Ka wideband) as well as the
new Super Ka wideband.
Just as there comes a point of diminishing returns when chasing
increased PC computing power with faster and faster CPUs (for
the average home consumer, at least), it seems that there is
now the same concern with radar detectors. Does it make sense
to upgrade just 8 months after purchasing my "new" detector?
Is Valentine upgrading their equipment? If so, it might be
worth it for me to upgrade to the Valentine. I was in the
market for a Valentine when I purchased the BEL but the
3-4 month waiting time was just too much for me since I had
inadequate protection with my Passport. Life was much simpler
when there was just X and K band and Escort has the best
equipment on the market and there was no need to continuously
shop for a new detector. I hope that the flood of new radar
bands ceases with this new Super Wideband business.
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The people involved in it have been building hardware rather than writing
press releases. This is not a high-manpower project; they don't *have*
spare people sitting around.
As I understand it, there has also been some feeling on the part of some
of the project management that publicity was not a good idea. A lot of
people have been working on changing this view, with some success.
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I would appreciate any thoughts on what makes a planet habitable for Humans.
I am making asumptions that life and a similar atmosphere evolve given a range
of physical aspects of the planet. The question is what physical aspects
simply disallow earth like conditions.
eg Temperature range of 280K to 315K (where temp is purely dependant on dist
from the sun and the suns temperature..)
Atmospheric presure ? - I know nothing of human tolerance
Planetary Mass ? - again gravity at surface is important, how much
can human bodies take day after day. Also how does the mass effect
atmosphere. I thinking of planets between .3 and 3 times mass of the
earth. I suppose density should be important as well.
Climate etc does not concern me, nor does axial tilt etc etc. Just the above
three factors and how they relate to one another.
Jonathan
--
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Are you guys talking about the Soviet "shuttle"? It's not "Soyuz",
it's called "Buran" which means "snow storm."
(At least that's what they call it on Russian TV).
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Only if he doesn't spend more than a billion dollars doing it, since the
prize is not going to be scaled up to match the level of effort. You can
spend a billion pretty quickly buying Titan launches.
What's more, if you buy Titans, the prize money is your entire return on
investment. If you develop a new launch system, it has other uses, and
the prize is just the icing on the cake.
I doubt very much that a billion-dollar prize is going to show enough
return to justify the investment if you are constrained to use current
US launchers. (There would surely be a buy-American clause in the rules
for such a prize, since it would pretty well have to be government-funded.)
You're going to *have* to invest your front money in building a new launch
system rather than pissing it away on existing ones. Being there first is
of no importance if you go bankrupt doing it.
I'm sure Spar would offer to develop such a lunar-tuned system and deliver
a couple of them to you for only a couple of hundred million dollars.
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"The Villager-Quest seem like the best of the Cravan/Voyager
copies to come along since the Mazda MPV."
I'll agree about villager but not MPV -- it's so small that I'd class
it as a SUV with an extra seat shoehorned in. To get any rear cargo
space, you shove the back seat up against the middle seat, eliminating
*all* leg room.
Back to the Villager ...
"Only the price is controversial."
And the use of attack belts instead of 3-point belts. That killed it
for me.
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I didn't exactly follow the "dragless" satellitte thread.
What is the point of it? are they used for laser geodesy missions?
triad seemed to be some sort of navy navigation bird, but why
be "dragless" why not just update orbital parameters?
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RADAR (Radio Association Defending Airwave Rights) says that Geico
insurance not only buy's Radar for police but also actively lobbies
states to promote making Radar Detectors illegal. I think the
buying part is a misuse of money but the Radar Detector part shows
how little they know about the issue. No study I am aware of has ever
concluded that detectors have a negative impact on safety or that
users have a higher average speed. Incompetence by Geico? I think
so.
Troy Wecker
troy@sequent.com
Sequent Computer Systems
Beaverton, OR
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Fine. I'll buy from George. GEORGEEE!!!!
That assumes I can't weasel out a cooperative venture of some sort (cut me a
break on the launcher, I'll cut you in on the proceeds if it works). Only the
government pays higher-than-list price.
Unless you're Martin Marietta, since (as I recall) they bought out the GD line
of aerospace products.
If MM/GD does it as an in-house project, their costs would look much better
than buying at "list price." Does anyone REALLY know the profit margins built
in to the Titan? C'mon. Allen is telling us how cheap we can get improved this
or that...
Oh please. How much of a profit do you want? Pulling $100-150 million after
all is said and done wouldn't be too shabby. Not to mention the other goodies
I'll collect in:
a) Movie & TV rights (say $100-150 million conservatively)
b) Advertising ("Look Mommie, they're drinking Coke!")
c) Intangibles (Name recognization, experience & data
acculumated)
If you want lean, fine. A $500 million prize would be more than adequate for a
prize.
Maybe Wales would be kind enough to define what a company would consider
a decent profit.
If you want R&D done, you'll have to write in R&D clauses. I suppose you could
make it a SBIR set-aside :)
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There are a number of Philosophical questions that I would like to ask:
1) If we encounter a life form during our space exploration, how do we
determine if we should capture it, imprison it, and then discect it?
2) If we encounter a civilization that is suffering economicly, will
we expend resources from earth to help them?
3) With all of the deseases we currently have that are deadly and undetectable,
what will be done to ensure that more new deadly deseases aren't brought
back, or that our deseases don't destroy life elsewhere?
--
Have a day,
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Bob: Excellent! To the point and correct! Spread the word.
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Wouldn't bother me. I'd laugh. It wouldn't work -- the surface of the
Moon is *already* pretty dark, and the contrast would be so poor you
couldn't possibly see it. The only reason the Moon looks bright is that
it's in bright sunlight against an otherwise-dark sky. Evidently Heinlein
didn't know that...
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I didn't think the bi-stem design was used so much for the retrieval as
for the ability to launch in a tight (size) STS envelope. This is my own
guess, based on similar designs flown on other large STS-launched s/c
(GRO, UARS). Also, there _might_ be some consideration given to mass
requirements (bi-stems weight less than conventional S/A). Finally,
the HST arrays _do_ have the ability to be detached--remember, they're
going to be replaced with new arrays.
However, as an ACS guy who's seen his branch management pull their
collective hair out over HST, I would voice a hearty 'yea' to using
conventional arrays over bi-stems, whenever possible. No half hertz
flexible modes, no thermal snap, no problem.
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: : I have 19 (2 MB worth!) uuencode'd GIF images contain charts outlining
: : one of the many alternative Space Station designs being considered in
: : Crystal City. [...]
: I just posted the GIF files out for anonymous FTP on server ics.uci.edu.
: You can retrieve them from:
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode01.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode02.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode03.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode04.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode05.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode06.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode07.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode08.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode09.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode10.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode11.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode12.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode13.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode14.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode15.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode16.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geode17.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geodeA.gif
: ics.uci.edu:incoming/geodeB.gif
: The last two are scanned color photos; the others are scanned briefing
: charts.
: These will be deleted by the ics.uci.edu system manager in a few days,
: so now's the time to grab them if you're interested. Sorry it took
: me so long to get these out, but I was trying for the Ames server,
: but it's out of space.
But now I need to clarify the situation. The "/incoming" directory on
ics.uci.edu does NOT allow you to do an "ls" command. The files are
there (I just checked on 04/28/93 at 9:35 CDT), and you can "get" them
(don't forget the "binary" mode!), but you can't "ls" in the
"/incoming" directory.
A further update: Mark's design made the cover of Space News this week
as one of the design alternatives which was rejected. But he's still
in there plugging. I wish him luck -- using ET's as the basis of a
Space Station has been a good idea for a long time.
May the best design win.
-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov (713) 483-4368
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Why bother with a new newsgroup? If you want to discuss the subject,
*start discussing it*. If there is enough traffic to annoy the rest of
us, we will let you know... and *then* it will be time for a new newsgroup.
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I want to thank all the people that responded to my post
a few weeks ago about buying an '86 Chev Nova with over
100,000 mi.
I decided to buy the car and have had it for about a month.
I replaced the front brake pads and changed the oil. So far
no problems have surfaced.
I received many suggestions and encouragement on this
purchase and figured a late "thank you" was better than none.
Thanks to all!
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I have often thought about, if its possible to have a powerfull laser
on earth, to light at the Moon, and show lasergraphics at the surface
so clearly that you can see it with your eyes when there is a new
moon.
How about a Coca Cola logo at the moon, easy way to target billions of
people.
Do you know if its possible?
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(in answer to Amruth Laxman
Apart from the fact that you get G in the pull-out, not the dive, that
figure is about right for sustained G, no protection.
The duration of G, it's rate of onset, body position and support aids are
all critical parts of the equation. I remember one note about instrumented
gridiron players recording peaks about 200G. Stapp, the aviation doctor,
either by accident or design, took a short-period 80G in a rocket-sled
decelleration, eye-balls-out against a standard (1950's) harness. It had
to be short, calculate the stopping time, even from 500 - 600mph at that
G. A bang-seat can get up to about 60 G, and you'd better be sitting
straight. Find the book by Martin-Bakers human guinea pig to hear how bad
it can get if the rate of onset is too high. A reclining position and a
good G-suit can keep a pilot functioning at around 12G.
A flotation tank should be a good bet, since you can treat the body as a
fluid, and high-pressure situations are not new. Anyone have any figures?
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Hi there, maybe you can help me...
I have an '88 Corolla with a 5 speed as the subject line says. The gearbox
seems excessivly clunky. I used to have an '85 Corolla, and it was also
somewhat clunky, but it had 30,000 more miles on it, and it wasn't nearly as
bad as this car! Is there fluid in the 5speed case? If there is, could it
just be low, or in need of a change? As I recall, only the autos have fluid.
Or am I just mistaken? Please no flames for owning an import. I also have
an old Dodge, but it's not in very good shape these days...
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Yeah, but I hate to follow them with the exhaust at ground level. Not all
diesels are well maintained, either, it seems they run for so long that
people keep them going long after the top end is worn out.
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I know this is kinda off the subject of sci.space, but not really, I want to
answer this for their, as well as everyone else's information. What these
people are proposing, by and large already exists and can be purchased today.
It is called labview by National Instruments. IT is a wonderful object
oriented graphical programming language. IT has been implemented on
both Mac's PC's and VME unix boxes. IT is fare superior to any programming
approach that I have ever seen and allowed us to decrease the software
development time for our shuttle payloads by 90 percent. This program is
not dependendant on specific hardware and already has exensive analysis
capability.
Why re-invent the wheel on a platform that may not exist? It is a great
idea but look out there at what is available today. The Hydrogen leak on
the Shuttle was found using this software. All SSME control and simulation
studies, along with the real testing at MSFC is handled with LabVIEW. There
are tons of applications, with the ability to create "virtual" instruments
that can accomplish any specific custom task the maker desires. With the
addition of IEEE-488 support, the computer becomes a virtual control station,
allowing the graphic representation of remote instrumentation. With serial
I/O support that instrument can be anywhere. The ground control software
for the main control of SEDSAT 1 will utilize this approach.
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Because some people like them (and some people actually need them).
Yeah, right. Real muscle cars had a manual transmission, and their
clutches aren't that heavy. Shelby-American used plenty of
high-powered, high-torque engines, and Carroll only put autos in
his cars because people wanted them. (Blasphemers! Heretics!
Burn them, burn them for defiling a Shelby with an auto! ;-)
Real Cobras (and they were the ultimate sports car at the
time) had big-block Fords which turned out prodigious amounts
of power and torque, and _none_ of them had automatics.
Yeah, if you call a gear shift in the middle of a curve "fun." :-)
I personally would _love_ to have a '66 Galaxie 500 7-Liter Coupe,
with a fire-breathing 427 and four-onna-floor (to go along side
my '66 Galaxie 500 pillarless hardtop with a fire-breathing 390
with three-onna-tree; I love the sound of dual exhaust in the
morning! :-). There's no comparison between a REAL American
Muscle Car and a car with a big engine and an automatic, IMHO.
James
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I'd hardly call the current Pluto Fast Flyby proposal "too large" (if the
new technology insertion currently taking place succeeds, the S/C mass will
drop to 110-120 kg) or "too expensive" ($400 million [FY92 $] for two S/C),
especially when compared to other NASA planetary missions.
This proposal would work only if your various targets are relaively nearby and
the require minimal delta-v from the mother ship. A mission to the main belt
might be one possibility for such a mission -- I recall a paper being presented
at an AIAA deisgn conference in Irvine in February where such a proposed
spacecraft was designed by some grad students at UT Austin (I think). Four
mini-spacecraft would detatch from the main S/C, each visiting a seperate
asteroid and then returning to the main S/C. After analysis, the main S/C
would then be targeted for the most "interesting" object for further study.
Now, if I could only *find* that paper... =)
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Analog SF magazine did an article on a similar subject quite a few
years ago. The question was, if an alien spacecraft landed in
Washington, D.C., what was the proper organization to deal with it: The
State Department (alien ambassadors), the Defense Department (alien
invaders), the Immigration and Naturalization Service (illegal aliens),
the Department of the Interior (new non-human species), etc. It was
very much a question of our perception of the aliens, not of anything
intrinsic in their nature. The bibliography for the article cited a
philosophical paper (the name and author of which I sadly forget; I
believe the author was Italian) on what constitutes a legal and/or moral
person, i.e., a being entitled to the rights normally accorded to a
person. The paper was quite interesting, as I recall.
I think you'd have to be very careful here if the answer is yes. The
human track record on helping those poor underpriveleged cultures (does
underpriveleged mean not having enough priveleges?) is terrible. The
usual result is the destruction or radical reorganization of the
culture. This may not always be wrong, but that's the way to bet.
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I've been in two _major_ auto accidents, both were multiple car. The worst
was a head-on three car collision (T intersection and one person ran a stop
sign). In both cases I was stopped and had no place to go (and I saw it
coming both times).
If you _really_ want to add safety to _any_ car, simply add a cage to the
car. They are available and cheap (about $500 in the USA). Add to that
four or five or six point belts and you will walk away from collisions that
were otherwise not survivable. but instead of people spending a little
extra money, we get legislation that says the gov't must mandate a minimal
level of protection for everyone.
One other significant factor in improving one's own safety is to get some
training. This will improve your safety more than any other single
investment will. Drive/ride defensively (and that does not mean you have
to be a doddering old stick in the mud). People here tend to enthuse about
autos more than the average (probably in the top 15th percentile in driving
ability), but still we sometimes overlook the obvious. I've been to two
driving schools, and three riding schools for my motorcycle. A very
worthwhile investment (and besides, it was a lot of fun too ;-).
Safety is what you make of it, just because a carmaker doesn't provide you
with an adequate level of protection doesn't mean you have to leave it go at
that.
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I understand the when one is in orbit, the inward force of gravity at
one's center of mass is exactly balanced by the outward centrifugal
force from the orbiting motion, resulting in weightlessness.
I want to know what weightlessness actually FEELS like. For example, is
there a constant sensation of falling? And what is the motion sickness
that some astronauts occasionally experience?
Please reply only if you are either a former or current astronaut, or
someone who has had this discussion first-hand with an astronaut.
Thanks!
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-> The current 4.9l V-8 will soldier on for about two years. A version
-> of the 32 valve modular V-8 in the Mark VIII could be offered then.
How unfortunate for anyone who loves the simplicity with which 302 and
351 Fords and 305 and 350 Chevys can be built up. Still, it will provide
a needed punch for the Ford to stay up with the new Firebird/Camaros. It
wouldn't surprise me if Ford called the engine a 5.0 litre in the
Mustang. (We all know that the current 5.0 is really 4.9 litres anyway)
-> Undisguised, the car looks OK, but not nearly as exciting as the new
-> Camaro/Firebird, IMO.
I must agree. I don't think I've seen anything as impressive looking as
the new Firebird since my friend back home sold his 1970 Formula 400
Firebird (for a paltry $2000, without even telling me. The bastard.)
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In the EC, the Corrado VR6 is rated as 'best handling car this side of a
968'. As it goes, I just read an article in 'Autocar & Motor' comparing the
VR6 to a Ford Probe (later to be launched in the UK).... The VR6 is more powerful (even more so coz its 2.9 instead of 2.8 in the EC) and more fun to drive
etc etc... but the Probe has a slightly smoother engine (thanx Mazda MX6!)...
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Except the drivers.
tom coradeschi <+> tcora@pica.army.mil
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Talk to Philip Greenspun. He took Ford to court recently and, despite much
manouvering and trickery on Ford's part, he won! Well, actually I think
Ford settled out of court on the provision he shut his mouth and stopped
causing them trouble. I love it when the little guy wins. I don't have
Philip's address anymore, but a "Philip, where are you" call may bring him
out of hiding.
Cheers,
Paul.
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We`ve had the the Great Western, the [ dunno ] and the Great Northern
postulated as Brunel`s masterpiece. Keep boxing the compass chaps, you`ll
get round to it eventually.
The Great Western was a highly successful transatlantic mail ship,
with hybrid sail and steam propulsion. The Great Eastern, which broke
the 'Little Giant' financially and otherwise, was a revolutionary leap
forward in ship design. A thirty thousand ton all steel vessel, with
primary steam propulsion, it was at the time easily the biggest ocean
going vessel ever built. Brunel took advantage of the fact that cargo
and / or fuel capacity rose with the cube of scale, while drag rose
with the square, so a really big ship could steam thousands of miles
without coaling.
Unfortunately, there was no real market for such a beast at the time,
and it was eventually sold off at scrap values. As another poster
said, it then went on to a successful career as a telegraph cable
laying ship. It was in fact the only ship of its day capable of laying
a transatlantic cable in one go, with the endurance and capacity to
carry the huge reel all the way, and the manoeuverabilty to dredge for
defective sections. See Arthur C Clarke`s book "How the World was One"
[ I think that`s right ]
If that`s how the Shuttle goes down in history, as a technical triumph
and a financial disaster for the builder, it would not be entirely
ignoble, but I doubt if history will be so charitable. Its true the
Shuttle can do things no other launch system can do, but are they
worth doing? With low cost access to space, you could have an
affordable space station for doing shuttle-like extended manned
missions. As it is, the shuttle is not so much a space-truck as a
space-RV, ( only not so cheap to run :-( )
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We were at a dealership today looking at buying a car and
the salesman was showing us something he was calling a
"buy back". Is that a car that was fleeted and then
given back for the new model the next year? If that
is so, how many miles is a good number to have on it
and are these types of cars generally a good buy?
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I haven't seen any mention of this in a while, so here goes...
When the Hubble Telescope was first deployed, one of its high gain antennas
was not able to be moved across its full range of motion. It was suspected
that it had been snagged on a cable or something. Operational procedures
were modified to work around the problem, and later problems have overshadowed
the HGA problem.
Is there any plan to look at the affected HGA during the HST repair mission,
to determine the cause of its limited range of motion? Is the affected HGA
still limited, or is it now capable of full range of motion?
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1989 Honda CRX DX, White w/Blue int.
Original owner, 59,500 miles, mostly highway.
Recent tune-up, new battery
Oil changed every 3000 miles
Kenwood high power cassette receiver, w/ 4 spkrs
$6800 or best reasonable offer
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When do the new M.benz "C" class cars come out?
The new nomenclature that MB has adopted will it only apply to the "c"
class cars or will it also apply to the current "s" class cars.
Does any one know what will replace the current 300 class since the "c"
class will be smaller and more in line with the current 190.
Another question, Is BMW realising a new body style on the current 7
series and 5 series. They seem to be a bit dated to me.
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The GS300 and SC300 have an inline 6.
Inline 4 is correct.
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Dale sez;
I don't buy it. If the things had no value at all, people wouldn't
spend money to make them. So their lack of value is just your
opinion, not an actual fact, which is neither a philisophical or
legal basis for prohibiting them.
On the other hand, I lived in OakBrook IL for a while, where zoning
laws prohibit billboards, as you mention above. I think it was a
fine law, despite it's contradictory basis.
I would guess that the best legal and moral basis for protest would
be violation of private property. "I bought this house, out in
the boondocks, specifically to enjoy my hobby, amateur astronomy. Now
this billboard has made that investment worthless, so I want the
price of the property, in damages." It wouldn't take too many
succesful cases like that to make bill-sats prohibitively expensive.
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \ They communicated with the communists,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \ and pacified the pacifists. -TimBuk3
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_The_ problem with Oort cloud sources is that absolutely
no plausible mechanism has been proposed. It would have
to involve new physics as far as I can tell. Closest to
"conventional" Oort sources is a model of B-field pinching
by comets, it's got too many holes in it to count, but at
least it was a good try...
So you have a plausible model for GRB's at astronomical distances?
I don't have any plausible models for GRBs at any distances ;-)
Recent observations have just about ruled out the merging neutron star
hypothesis, which had a lot of problems, anyhow. We have to look for
implausible models and what is fundamentally allowed independent of
models.
Hmm, the "superbowl" burst has been claimed in press releases
to cast doubt on the merging NS hypothesis, from what I've read
(and I haven't seen the papers, only the press) I'd say it is
consistent with some of the merging NS models
A paper on the possibility of GRB's in the Oort cloud just came
through the astrophysics abstract service. To get a copy of this
Here is the abstract of that paper.
...
indicator to these events all possible sources which are
isotropically distributed should remain under consideration. This is
why the Oort cloud of comets is kept on the list,
although there is no known mechanism for generating \GRBs
from cometary nuclei. Unlikely as it may seem, the possibility that \GRBs
originate in the solar cometary cloud
cannot be excluded until it is disproved.
This does not propose a _mechanism_ for GRBs in the Oort (and, no,
anti-matter annihilation does not fit the spectra at least as far
as I understand annihilation spectra...). Big difference.
That's ignoring the question of how you fit a distribution
to the Oort distribution when the Oort distribution is not well
known - in particular comet aphelia (which are not well known)
are not a good measure of the Oort cloud distribution...
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James Nicholl sez;
Jeff responds;
I wouldn't worry too much about it, Jeff. If you work for JPL, then your
job IS imaging things :-)
(I know, it was a just a typo, but I couldn't resist. At least, I hope it
was a typo, or my stupid joke is stupider than I intended :-)
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \\ As the radius of vision increases,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \\ the circumference of mystery grows.
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: I am curious about knowing which commericial cars today
: have v engines.
: V4 - I don't know of any.
: V6 - Legend, MR3? MR6?
: V8 - Don't know of any.
: V12 - Jaguar XJS
: Please add to the list.
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..
One thing to recall. Putting a satellite as high as possible is one thing.
Coming back to not only that altitude, but matching the position of it in
its orbit on a subsequent mission is another thing. Any misalignment of the
plane of the orbit during launch or being ahead or behind the target will
require more fuel to adjust. This was considered in the original deployment.
I agree though that the demands on the crew and complexity are stupendous.
One has to admire how much they are trying to do.
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i have no experience with State Farm, but i think it's important to
differentiate your experience from a typical "accident."
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I agree with Jeff's reply. I've never changed the brake fluid except when
having a brake job, which is usually at around 80,000 miles (alot of
freeway driving). However, I will start to do this as preventative
maintenance on my new car. Also, there are brake system flushing agents
that can be used but the problem is that if any of the agent is left in the
system, it can cause problems, so it's been recommended NOT to use them unless
you are 100% certain that you can remove all of the flushing agent. Just for
your info, I was quoted a price of: labor=$29.95 and fluid=$9.95 for
flushing the brake system; this in conjunction with a break job so I don't
know if it was more without the brake job. This is in the S.F Bay Area.
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Well, it's not that simple -- you're in Earth's magnetic field, and you
don't generate electricity -- but it can be done.
The way you power things is with electricity, so the answer to the first
question is definitely yes. (If you meant to say "propel" rather than
"power", the answer is "sort of".) Yes, you can use interaction with the
Earth's magnetic field to get electrical power, and there are potential
applications for this.
However, bear in mind that there is no free lunch. The energy isn't
coming from nowhere. What such systems do is convert some of the energy
of your orbital velocity into electrical energy. There are cases where
this is a useful tradeoff. Using power obtained in this way for propulsion
is useful only in special situations, however.
What you *can* do is get your power by some other means, e.g. solar arrays,
and run the interaction with the magnetic field in reverse, pumping energy
*into* the orbit rather than taking energy out of it.
If you want more information, trying looking up "electrodynamic propulsion",
"tether applications", and "magsails".
No. A "dragless" satellite does not magically have no drag; it burns fuel
constantly to fight drag, maintaining the exact orbit it would have *if*
there was no drag. This is why there are quotes around "dragless".
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This whole discussion is just a religous war. I'd rather have a '93 RX-7
than the Mustang 5.0L for 3 times the price. That's how you explain
Porsches selling. Some folks would rather have the Stang...
<shrug>
Sean
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just out of curiosity, how is this "dog clutch" any different from a synchro
transmission. What you described SOUNDS the same to me. In fact, what little
i've studied on trannies, the instructor referred to the synchros as "dogs"
and said they were synonymous. The gears are always meshed in a synchronized
gearbox, and you slip the synchro gears back and forth by shifting. Or at least,
that is what i was taught. Explain, por favour?
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The other week I saw a TV program about the american space industry and NASA.
It said that in the 60's they developed a rocket that used ions or nuclear
particles for propolsion.
The government however, didn't give them $1billion for the developement
of a full scale rocket.
Did anybody see this program?
If not, has anybody heard of the particle propolsion system?
Thanx. 8-)
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I have manual transmission 5 speed. It difficult to engage gear. Does xmission oil change improve this situation?
What do you think about the most favorable xmission oil change period?
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The variance from perfect sphericity in a model of the earth small enough
to fit into your home would probably be imperceptible.
Any globe you can buy will be close enough.
--
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which flat 4 engines have I4 style cranks?
i am 99.99% sure that subaru (and porsche) use the boxer configuration
and not the inline 4 crank that you analyzed and compared. would you
care to re-evaluate the other case of a flat four? i think that this
configuration is perfectly balanced as far as primary, secondary
forces and couples are concerned. i have an article in front of me
that says so.
the flat four is also shorter than an inline 4, so even if it is mounted
longitudinally it will not take up lots of length.. and a longitudinal
placement is easier for a 4 wheel drive drivetrain.
i think that subaru's ads hold water. in practice, their flat fours
are noticeably smoother than inline 4s and completely buzz free,
though some may not like its peculiar note. but as alfa has shown, a
boxer four can produce a spine tingling scream that only the likes of
recent hondas can approach.
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A young French skeptic, who reads (skeptically) the UFO review OVNI
Presence (O.P.), sent me the following excerpt from an August 92
issue of this review (R.G. = Robert Galley, French minister of
defense in 1974, answering about the Belgian UFO wave):
"O.P. : Can you conceive that the U.S. could allow themselves to send
their most modern crafts over foreign territory, with the Belgian
hierarchy ignoring that ?"
"R.G. : Absolutely ! The best proof which I can give is that, some time
ago, without informing the French authorities, the U.S. based in
Germany sent a plane to make photos of Pierrelatte (*). We followed
this plane, and, after its landing on the Ramstein airport, Colonel X
got back the shots of Pierrelatte. The U.S. had not informed us..."
(*) There is an important military plant of enrichment of uranium at
Pierrelatte (Drome).
What kind of plane could it be ? Surely not an SR-71, which our planes
could not follow (and still can't)...
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Yeah, People act really shocked about violence, as though it were new
to our species...
What about the holocaust? The crusades? The Salem witch trials? The
religious persecutions of the middle-ages?
What about violent acts carried out in the name of religion all over
the world? What about the early Christians put to death by the Romans?
The Jews persecuted by Christians?
There are a lot more humans today than there have ever been. I do not
know the stats, but there are far more people on the planet than there
were 2 or 3 hundred years ago! The per capita acts of violence are
probably not significantly different than they were a hundred or a
thousand years ago!
There is nothing new about violence.
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I am curious about knowing which commericial cars today
have v engines.
V4 - I don't know of any.
V6 - Legend, MR3? MR6?
V8 - Don't know of any.
V12 - Jaguar XJS
Please add to the list.
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gimme a break! you KNOW chevy'd screw that up just like that almost great
truck with the "big phat 454". Have you ever seen the mufflers on that
thing??it's amazing it moves....(which isn't to say it's not a good idea,
but i'm quite sure chevy'd screw it up the same way)
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:>... Also, as implied by other posters, why
:>do you need to boost the orbit on this mission anyway? ...
:You don't *need* to, but it's desirable. HST, like all satellites in
:low Earth orbit, is gradually losing altitude due to air drag. It was
:deployed in the highest orbit the shuttle could reach, for that reason.
:It needs occasional reboosting or it will eventually reenter. (It has
:no propulsion system of its own.)
Has any thought been given as to how they are going to boost the HST yet?
Give it a push? I can see the push start cartoons now :-).
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If you're doing large-scale satellite servicing, being able to do it in
a pressurized hangar makes considerable sense. The question is whether
anyone is going to be doing large-scale satellite servicing in the near
future, to the point of justifying development of such a thing.
You'd almost certainly use air. Given that you have to pressurize with
*something*, safety considerations strongly suggest making it breathable
(even if the servicing crew is using oxygen masks for normal breathing,
to avoid needing a ventilation system, it's nice if the hangar atmosphere
is breathable in a pinch -- it makes mask functioning much less critical).
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This was on "That's Incredible" several years ago. The volume of liquid
the rat had to breath was considerably smaller than what a human would have
to breath, so maybe it is possible for a rat but not a human.
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Would someone please send me a list of the historic space flights? I
am not looking for a list of all flights, just the ones in which something
monumental happened. Or better yet, is there an ftp site with the list of all
shuttle flights?
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#> I heard the diesels are considered cleaner-burning than
#> gas engines because the emit less of: Carbon Monoxide,
#> Hydrocarbons, and Oxides of Nitrogen. (CO, HC, NOX).
#>
#> But they can put out a lot of particulate matter. I heard
#> something about legislation being discussed to "clean up
#> diesel emissions". Is there anything in the works to
#> install "scrubbers" for diesels? How about the feasibility
#> of installing them on trucks and cars? Would it be any
#> different than a catylitic converter? I'd assume easier,
#> since we're removing particulate matter instead of converting
#> gasses. Let's hear people's opinions...
#>
#
#VW and Mercedes have tinkered with particulate traps. Also, VW
#uses a kind of turbocharger on their Jetta ECOdiesel that helps
#reduce particulates as well, although I don't know the
#mechanics of it.
#
#Many diesel cars,busses, and trucks in Europe are now being
#equipped with catalysts and traps in an effort to clean up
#diesel emissions, already well below legal limits anyway.
#
#It's a shame GM had to soil the diesel's reputation in
#passenger cars and prevent further resource devotion to
#research into making this outstandingly efficient engine even
#further ahead of gas engines in emissions.
#
#erik
I sure don't know what and how they measure in regards to diesel
motors in cars, trucks, and busses, but I think they are probably
measuring the wrong pollutants, or at the wrong time, or both.
I certainly find it offensive to drive behind a diesel bus or
diesel truck and some diesel cars. They stink! And it's always
roll-up-the-windows panic time when one comes by or ducks in front
of me when I am driving with my family.
I don't think the combustion mixture is kept under very good
control in diesel engines, and that's why they stink. So the
invisible, unsmellable pollutants are reduced in diesels. Yeah,
well so what!? Someone forgot about the visible, stinky kind, and,
as far as I am concerned, those kind are just as bad.
I am all for de-stinking the diesel vehicles. It'll keep the
traffic signs cleaner, too.
Fred W. Bach , Operations Group | Internet: music@erich.triumf.ca
TRIUMF (TRI-University Meson Facility) | Voice: 604-222-1047 loc 327/278
4004 WESBROOK MALL, UBC CAMPUS | FAX: 604-222-1074
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., CANADA V6T 2A3
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V16 anyone? Anyone heard of a Cizata V16T ??? Its mainly sold in the middle
east where they dont have as strict a legislation as in the USA and EC....
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[re: voyages of discovery...]
Could you give examples of privately funded ones?
If you believe 1492 (the film), Columbus had substantial private
funds. When Columbus asked the merchant why he put the money in, the
guy said (slightly paraphrased) , "There is Faith, Hope and Charity.
But greater than these is Banking."
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--
Are the any Opel GT's out there? I'm wondering if there are enough to
starting a mail list...
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Matthew R. Singer MIT Lincoln Laboratory
(617) 981-3771 244 Wood Street
singer@ll.mit.edu Lexington, MA 02173
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This presupposes that no supersonic ramjet aircraft/spacecraft can be reliable
or low-cost. This is unproven.
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And I thought the nutters were the ones throwing the bricks from the
bridge.......
An institution?
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Save youself the cash. Take it from a BMW mechanic. Idiot lights are for just that. Buy yourself a ballpoint pen and write it down yourself. Change your oil every 3000 mi. and you will be just fine.
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Often Shuttle lifts satellites with upper stages. Yet we still consider it
payload. Ten Saturn flights over about 4 years delivered to LEO roughly the
same as 50 shuttle flights over 10 years.
They where pretty much the same in terms of cost/pound. A resurected
Saturn would cost only $2,000 per pound (if development costs are ignored)
which is five times cheaper than Shuttle.
Allen
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What??? I heard there was a new engine slated for the mustang...something
like 280hp (ok, it was from one of their other lines...)...
--
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Well, we already suffer from street hoardings. If you don't
watch TV, you are free of commercials there, but if you want
to go from A to B you cannot escape beer ads.
I think the right time to stop this proposal is now.
If this idea goes through, it's the thin end of the wedge. Soon
companies will be doing larger, and more permanant, billboards in the
sky. I wouldn't want a world a few decades from now when the sky
looks like Las Vegas. That would _really_ make me sad.
Coca Cola company will want to paint the moon red and white. (Well,
if not this moon, then a moon of Jupiter). Microscum will want to
name a galaxy `Microscum Galaxy'. Where do we draw the line?
Historically mankind is not very good at drawing fine lines.
I'm normally extremely enthusiastic about all forms of resource
allocation for space research; I think it's the most important
investment possible for mankind in the long run. But this is not
the way to get the money.
-ans.
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I know this is the wrong place to post this, but I couldn't find any
relevant newsgroups in my area.
For those of you who are from PA, where is VASCAR (where the cops
measure your speed from the time it takes you to cross the distance
between two white lines on the road, right?) most commonly used? I'm
especially interested in the Pittsburgh area (specific locations, prior
experiences, if possible). For those PA and non-PA, if they use VASCAR
in your state, is it most common in rural, city, highway areas, etc.
What I'm interested in mainly is where I can speed with the least risk
of being caught. You can always detect radar, but there's no way to
fight VASCAR unless you know where all the white lines are.
Thanks a lot,
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i of course car safety is important.. I for one used to think that these
guys are going way OTT with their airtbags (sorry del button dont work) and
side impact bars and crash zones and (the list goes on) just tpo make the
car heavbier (and all its penalties) ... bur recently I had a little accident (on
my bike) and not as bad as John's ..... but after the accident - it made me
realizer I should have worn a helmet (my mom always insistede I should... I was
more concerned about my hair style).....
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You'll find that in Allen, C.W., "Astrophysical Quantities", Athlone
Press, Dover, NH, 3rd edition, pp. 268-269 (1973). To the accuracy it can
be calculated (see specific references in Allen about how it is
calculated), the temperature is 3 degrees K.
Lots of people have remarked on this temperature. The first may have
been in Eddington's book, "Internal Constitution of Stars", Ch. 13 (1926;
reprinted 1986), where he gives the "temperature of space" as 3 degrees.
The source of this temperature is the radiation of starlight.
To the accuracy of measurement, it's the same temperature. Some of us
think this may not be a coincidence. -|Tom|-
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Astronomy & Space magazine's UK telephone newsline carries the times to
see the Russian Space Station Mir which will be visible every EVENING (some
time between 9 o'clock and midnight) from April 27 to May 7. It's about as
bright as Jupiter at its best. There are two cosmonuats on board.
For the time to watch, tel. 0891-88-19-50 (48p/min peak 36p/min all other
times, but prediction is at start of the weekly message so it only costs a
few pence).
E-mail reports of sightings would be appreciated: give lat/long and UT (a
few seconds accuracy if possible) when it passes ABOVE or BELOW any bright
star (say brighter than mag. 3), planet or Moon.
With Moon in evening sky also, note that from somewhere in U.K. Mir will
pass in front of the Moon each night! Please alert local clubs to the
telephone newsline, and general public as Mir can cause quite a stir!
-Tony Ryan, "Astronomy & Space", new International magazine, available from:
Astronomy Ireland, P.O.Box 2888, Dublin 1, Ireland.
6 issues (one year sub.): UK 10.00 pounds, US$20 surface (add US$8 airmail).
ACCESS/VISA/MASTERCARD accepted (give number, expiration date, name&address).
(WORLD'S LARGEST ASTRO. SOC. per capita - unless you know better? 0.033%)
Tel: 0891-88-1950 (UK/N.Ireland) 1550-111-442 (Eire). Cost up to 48p per min
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First off, the correct spelling of Nissan's luxury automobile division
is "Infiniti" not "Infinity." I would also like to clear up the question
of what kind of engines power Lexus and Infiniti automobiles, since a
person had remarked in earlier posts that most Lexus and Infiniti models
had V6 engines, while at the same time saying that several of each
manufacturer used V8 engines.
Lexus:
LS400- V8
GS300- V6
ES300- V6
SC400- V8
SC300- V6
Infiniti:
Q45- V8
J30- V6
G20- inline 4 (I must admit that I cannot remeber for sure here)
I hope this helps.
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Better still, years ago they demonstrated a cold air system which only used
"air". It was called a Rovax. The unit worked very well, the short coming
was the seal technology. Where is it today?
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[deleted]
Not to flame (REALLY), but thats an abominable viewpoint (while were
on the subject of abominations). If we followed the "redistiribution
of wealth" (and by the way, ist that what Clinto and the Democrats are
trying to do...), EVERYONE would starve in short order. Not only is
it impossoble to organize a fair distribution that depends on every
(wo)man's altruism (can you say black market under communisim
anyone?), but the current methods of resource production are entirely
energy dependant. There are not enough sources of cheap capital
(aside from human capital) to allow us to stop looking at space a an
excellent source of materials and realestate. More directly, perhaps
you mioght consider the fact that BILLIONS are spent by TV companies,
and their sponsors, (ABC, NBC, CBS...) on the SUPERBOWL, the OLYMPICS,
and even on monday night baseball games. Perhaps we should boycott
those games? If DC-X and company get finished, and there is a market
for it, those "abominable" space will probably be much more cost
effective for the companies, and those starving children. More people
buy products, the company hires more workers, end result fewer
children die of starvation.
--
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I have this same alarm installed in my Syclone. It works great. The shock
sensor is very sensitive, but much more practical than the motion sensor I have
on my other car. It doesn't trigger if the car is rocked gently by the wind,
but any kind of shock sets it off. Even kicking the tire sets it off. It
works great.
The shock sensor is adjustable and there are two cycles on it. You can adjust
it to be sensitive enough that there is no way you could open the hood without
setting off the alarm. Although, I know that you cannot pop the hood on the
Syclone without setting off my alarm now, and yet I have had zero (none!) false
alarms with this system. The alarm tells you when you disarm it whether it has
been activated in your absence. I have been able to trace every alarm to it's
cause and it was not a false alarm.
I guess it would be possible depending on the vehicle. My Syclone is so tight
in the engine compartment that it would be tough to do this. There are
supplemental power supplies you can put on with this Viper alarm, but I don't
have one. I really think that if someone wants my car that bad, the alarm
won't keep them from it, even with a supplemental power supply.
This is primarily for convertibles. I have a convertible and have looked at
this feature in detail. Alpine actually makes a better radar unit if you want
to get one of these. It has zones in it that can be shut down independently so
that if one side of your car has pedestrian traffic or something else that
would trigger an alarm, it shuts down the zone, or rather, pulls it in tighter.
I don't see the real benefit to these unless you have a convertible that you
leave the top down on.
Avoid the voice alarm that can be added to the radar package. It talks to
people as they walk by. I saw one installed on a Lotus Esprit. The kids would
taunt it seeing how close they could get before it 'warned' them to get back.
The owner finally disabled it, which defeats the purpose in my mind.
I am real happy with my Viper. One other feature I really like is you can tune
it to your preferences. You can have it arm passively or not. You can disable
the chirp for arming/disarming. You can have it lock/unlock the doors when the
alarm is armed/disarmed.
I like these features. I hate the chirp when the alarm arms/disarms, so mine
flashes the lights only. I like the door lock feature, although I have to be
careful to take my keys with me because it doesn't know if you have left your
keys in the car when it passively arms and locks the doors. But, if you are
meticulous about taking your keys with you, it takes care of the rest.
I looked seriously at the Alpine system too. It is a real nice system, but
more money and it has a motion sensor standard instead of the shock sensor.
The shock sensor is better....and the Viper shock sensor is better (2 cycle)
than the optional Alpine one, IMHO. I think the Viper gives you a lot of good
value for the money. But it isn't absolutely tamperproof. No system is.
Except maybe the one that James Bond had on his Lotus in For Your Eyes Only.
Anyone know where we can get one of those installed? Maybe that was what they
had in the van in the World Trade Center, huh?>
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and didn't you also say that it was easier to add masses than to
add balance shafts? the sad truth is that some makers don't
bother to put balance shafts on their big shaky 4's..
how about:
1 3
__ __
| | | |
__| | | | __
| | | |
|__| |__|
2 4
if this is ridiculous, kindly explain why.. it's been more than 10 years
since i studied this stuff. :-)
the point that they are trying to make is that while everybody settles
for the orthodox inline 4, they are using a horizontally opposed 4,
which is unique in that market segment. and porsche also uses a flat
six in their 911, so what's the problem? i don't see any claim that
their engine is as good as a porsche's.. they are simply pointing out
that they use the same configuration as a porsche.. if you want to
nitpick ad campaigns, i think there are far more blatant excesses than
this.
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I don't have any written data but I know what I have experienced. I use
S-50 in everything including my lawnmowers. In my car it smoothed the idle
and reduced the operating temp by 5 degrees. I havent used it long enough
to test for wear, but some people I know have.
A farmer that lives near by used to have to overhaul his big deisel tractors
at least every other year if not every year. Since he has been using S-50
he has went 5 years without an overhaul.
Also a friend at a machine shop has in the past rebuilt engines with 200K
miles on them because the coustomer thought it was time. These coustomers
had ran S-50 since almost new. It was found when measuring the internals
of the engine that they showed only about the amount of wear that would be
expected of 30K miles not 200K.
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I once had a sparking problem with my '65 Mustang, and simply changing
the spark plug wires fixed it.
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So you think a 93 Mustang Cobra can match the performance of a new Z28??
Interesting belief!
Craig
(who neither owns, nor wants to own any GM or Ford product)
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Does anyone know what kind of car Mad Max used in "Road Warrior"?
They called it "the last of the V-8 Interceptors..."
I couldnt tell what it was, it was so chopped up.
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I would also be interested in finding out about the '94 Talon,
and I suspect that many other people would be interested too,
so let's get some responses on the net.
The question again:
Does anyone have any info on the 1994 Eagle Talon / Mitsubishi
Eclipse / Plymouth Laser?
I know that the old Talon was based on the Mitsubishi Galant,
and that in Japan, a 240 hp twin-turbo V6 1994 Galant has been
released.
So anyway, any info on the '94 Talon would be appreciated.
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Hello out there,
If your familiar with the COMET program then this concerns you.
COMET is scheduled to be launched from Wallops Island sometime in June.
Does anyone know if an official launch date has been set?
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Can taking the car to a car wash hurt the car's finish?
And if so, is it better to hand wash it about once a month, or just take it
to the car wash anyway?
Are detailing places worth the money? if i do a good, careful job on washing
and waxing, is a detail place going to be worth it?
reply to my email address: pfk1@crux1.cit.cornell.edu
pk4
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[Useless road design, speed rate discussion deleted.]
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Dear gentlemen!
The firm called "INTERBUSINESS,LTD" offers quite inexpensive
method to determine ore & oil locations all over the world.
In this method used data got from space satellites. Being
in your office and using theese data you can get a good statis-
tical prognosis of locations mentioned above.
This prognosis could be done for any part of the world!
If you're interested in details please send E-mail:
svn@aoibs.msk.su
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Is this still in print or available (other than on loan)? I remember
reading this many years ago and it's still the best thing I remember
in this vein.
--
"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
in the real world." -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
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I don't think touting contributions is a good idea. World War II produced
many many beneficial spinoffs. Eg. Radar, jet aeroplanes, rocket technology.
I don't think anyone would argue that World War II was, in and of itself,
a good thing.
If you want people to back the space program it must be a good thing in
and of itself.
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> > What evidence indicates that Gamma Ray bursters are very far away?
> >Given the enormous power, i was just wondering, what if they are
> >quantum black holes or something like that fairly close by?
> >Why would they have to be at galactic ranges?
. . . David gives good explaination of the deductions from the isotropic,
'edged' distribution, to whit, they are either part of the Universe or
part of the Oort cloud.
Why couldn't they be Earth centred, with the edge occuring at the edge
of the gravisphere? I know there isn't any mechanism for them, but there
isn't a mechanism for the others either.
What on Earth is the "gravisphere"?
Anyway, before it's decay the Pioneer Venus Orbiter
had a gamma ray detector, as does Ulysses, they
detect the brightest bursts that the Earth orbit detectors
do, so the bursts are at least at Oort cloud distances.
In principle four detectors spaced out by a few AU would
see parallax if the bursts are of solar system origin.
_The_ problem with Oort cloud sources is that absolutely
no plausible mechanism has been proposed. It would have
to involve new physics as far as I can tell. Closest to
"conventional" Oort sources is a model of B-field pinching
by comets, it's got too many holes in it to count, but at
least it was a good try...
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According to my *Glossary of Astronomy and Astrophysics*:
"parsec (abbreviation for parallax second) The distance at which
one astronomical unit subtends an angle of 1 second of arc. 1 pc =
206,265 AU = 3.086 X 10^13 km = 3.26 lt-yr."
George
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gee.... is it 1999 already?
Yes, it will still be on the fox program chasis, anything that will be different
on the new car as far as mechanical's is unknown. The suspension will most
likely be changed, as well as the drive drain. From what has been printed on
it, there is no clear idea of what will be done, as some say it will have
the modular V8 and others the current small block... just have to wait and see
Also is far as styling goes from what I seen is good, a return to tradition.
C scoop on the sides and roof line much like a '65 or '66 fastback.
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exit
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I am the original owner of the seats and the original poster.
I take VERY serious offence in your statement.
I see a lot of computers advertized on the net, and my friend just had been
releived of his machine = all the net-computer ads are for stolen computers?
Where did you learn logic?
As for the seats, they were replaced by a much harder (literally) Celica GTS
seats due to my back problem. That is why I had to reuse the MR2 brackets
and that's why the MR2 seats I sell are attached to Celica brackets.
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A mileage chart should be available in the book. It usually goes by
the class of car you own and year. Usually you will end up adding a few
hundred dollars to the retail price or subtracting it... Consumer
Reports also has a number you can call and get a quote for your area.
A friend of mine used it, and was quite happy with the service. I
believe it cost about $10.00.
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Did youy guys know that it is LEGAL to own a radar detector but is ILLEGAL
to use it! Isn't that a bit like owning a gun but not being allowed to use it?
My mate just switches his off whenever the cops are around.
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Heck, some of his ships were loaners. One was owned by a Basque...
(you know, one of those groups that probably crossed the Atlantic
_before_ Columbus came along).
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You guys are correct. The Bricklin was produced in Canada.
The National Museum of Science and Technology here in Ottawa
has one, and sometimes they put it on display. Most of the time,
it stays in storage because the museum doesn't have much room.
It's a big deal for a car to be Canadian and that's why they
have it. If anybody's a fan, they also have a nice green '73
Riviera that looks like it just came out of the showroom.
--
MIKE HARKER
OTTAWA, ONTARIO, CANADA
VOICE: 613-823-6757
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[deleted]
[deleted]
Ok, so those scientists can get around the atmosphere with fancy
computer algorythims, but have you looked ad the Hubble results, the
defects of the mirror are partially correctable with software (see
those jupiter pictures for results), but is the effects are completely
reversable, why is there going to be a shuttle mission to fix it?
The way I see it (and please, astromomers give me a swift net-kick in
the butt if i'm out of the ball park), the astromers are making the
best of limited possiblities, there's only one hubble, and the shuttle
makes another in the near future a non-thought. Perhaps those self
same billboards could have small optical receptors of a limited kind
mounted on the reverse sides of the mirror's (if that is what is used)
and then the whole thing becomes a giant array telescope...
--
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Why don't you activist guys cut misc.invest out of this thread?
They didn't offer any shares for sale yet...
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For the information of those not "lucky" enough to live in the city of
Austin, TX, if an auto a/c system is checked and found to have leaks,
it must be repaired at that time, or evacuated. This is an ordinance
unique (I think) to the city of Austin.
Freon is subject to increasing taxes, but $12 is about 2X cost here.
Recovered freon is not required to be "purchased" from the car it is
withdrawn from. As a matter of practice, some shops here are charging
a recycling fee that is less than the cost of the freon removed if it
is reintroduced to the system.
Just another quality service from an _Enviornmentally Conscious_ city.
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Original to: wats@scicom.AlphaCDC.COM
G'day wats@scicom.AlphaCDC.COM
20 Apr 93 18:17, wats@scicom.AlphaCDC.COM wrote to All:
wAC> wats@scicom.AlphaCDC.COM (Bruce Watson), via Kralizec 3:713/602
wAC> The Apollo program cost something like $25 billion at a time when
wAC> the value of a dollar was worth more than it is now. No one would
wAC> take the offer.
If we assume 6% inflation since 1969, that $25B would be worth about $100B
GD reckon a moon mission today could cost only $10B. Thats a factor of ten
reduction in cost. It might be possible to reduce that number futher by
using a few shortcuts ( Russian rockets?). Asuming it gets built, I think
the Delta Clipper could very well achive the goal.
ta
Ralph
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Review of 1989 Ford Taurus SHO -- By Gene Kim
=============================================
Background:
Last week, I bought a 1989 Ford Taurus SHO, moving up from driving
a 1987 Toyota Celica ST and a 1975 Oldsmobile Cutlass. I have been
interested in buying a SHO for about five months and have been combing
the classifieds in Denver and Chicago every week. I bought a
remarkably clean maroon/red SHO with 92K miles on it for $6800.
As far as I can tell, this is about $2000 under Blue Book and I still
have another 8000 miles before the Extended Service Plan runs out.
As one should with any pre-1991 SHOs, I made sure that the car was
already refit with the upgraded clutch and pressure plate, as well as
having been recalled for upgraded rotors and seatbelt attachments.
However, my SHO does not have the newer rod shifter -- I understand I
can get this for $230 from any Ford service center. In addition, the
car received the full tune-up at 60K miles, receiving new platinum
plugs and valve adjustment.
For a car with 92K miles on it, the car was virtually immaculate.
The clearcoat paint job was devoid of any large chips or dents,
although the front air-dam/molding was covered with lots of small
scratches -- not surprising since most of the miles were spent on the
highway.
Having driven a smaller two-door coupe for so long, I was a bit
concerned about whether I could get used to driving a larger car. To
my surprise, the size of the car doesn't bother me at all -- it seems
just as nimble as my Celica! (No comparisons with my Oldsmobile. :-)
Visibility from the driver's seat is excellent, helped mostly by of
the small the quarter-windows, aft of the back-seat door windows and
in front of the C-pillar and rear window. Parallel parking is a bit
more difficult, but other than that, I love the size.
In fact, I'm starting to appreciate the large trunk as I pack up
for a 14-hour drive to Washington, DC for the summer. More on the
ride later in this review.
Engine:
As with anyone even slightly interested in SHOs, I was very
interested in the 24-valve 3.0L Yamaha "Shogun" engine. I was not
disappointed. Base performance of the engine under 4000 rpms is
good. You can even do reasonable launches from second gear, although
I don't make a practice of this. The engine revs smoothly and eagerly
-- tooling around town does not require many shifts. This is good
since the shifter is definitely one of the weakest points of the car.
(More on this later.)
While the performance of the engine under 4000 rpms may be
unremarkable, it undergoes a Jekyll/Hyde transformation once you hit
higher revs. At 4500 rpms, a butterfly valve opens and you can
literally hear and feel the geometry of the engine changing as twelve
more valves open up. The engine soars to its 7000 rpm redline, and
you are treated to, in my opinion, the sweetest sounding V6 around.
The engine inexplicably sounds OVERJOYED to be at 6500 rpm!
I've noticed that when I drive around town, I constantly watch the
tach to see how far below 4000 rpm I am. To go from 2000 rpm to 4000,
you may have to punch the accelerator -- while torque is more than
adequate, it doesn't come fully online until those other 12 valves
are used.
Transmission:
When _Car and Driver_ first reviewed the car in 1988, they
marvelled at how Ford had put such a wimpy clutch and balky shifter
into the car. I remember driving a friend's parent's SHO in 1990, and
remember thinking about whether I had the leg strength to drive the
car in traffic -- the clutch was that stiff. That was back then.
The entire clutch assembly on my SHO has been replaced under a
Ford recall in 1991. The clutch on the SHO feels no stiffer than the
one on my Toyota Celica. In fact, the friction point seems a bit
larger and more forgiving.
When playing with the shifter with the car parked, the shifter
felt very reasonable. The 1-2 and 3-4 gates were where you'd expect
it to be, and the shifting action was smooth. On the road, it's
much the same -- but you have to shift SLOWLY! Make no mistake, it's
a clumsy shifter.
When hurrying shifts, like when I was initially trying to impress
friends, I consistently miss the 1-2 shift, often grope clumsily for
the 2-3 shift, and sometimes even muff the 3-4 shift. I find this
pretty amazing in a car like this.
It also took me several days to realize that you get the smoothest
shifts when you take your time. Seems obvious, but compared to my
Toyota and my friend's Honda, this seems atrocious and clumsy.
Someone on rec.autos noted that CRXs should blow SHOs off-the-line
because of the incredibly clumsy shifter.
I now shift much more sedately, and the shifter seems more
reasonable. When you play within these bounds, the shifter works
smoothly with no surprises. I don't know whether the rod shifter
upgrade would help at all.
Along these same lines, I initially had trouble shifting gears
smoothly. Again, slowing down the shifts and taking more care to
match revs when letting out the clutch helped immensely. This took
several days for me to get the hang of. (I think some of my problems
were because I've never had a car with enough power to balk at bad
shifts in higher gears.)
Occasionally, I have trouble shifting into reverse. The shifter
refuses to enter the gate, and I often grind the synchros trying to
get it into gear. I'll be watching this carefully in the next couple
of months.
A quirk: When I upshift and the engine drops back to 1000-2500
rpm, I hear a whirring and then a grinding noise coming from the the
engine compartment. Not terribly loud, but the passenger can
definitely hear it. I asked about it when I was looking at the car,
as do all my passengers. Apparently, this is a definitely a "SHO
sound" and is the gearbox -- apparently called "gear rollover".
Replies to my queries on rec.autos are at the end of this review.
Exterior:
As I mentioned before, I am astounded by how well the body of this
SHO has stood up. Paint chipping on the front bumper and grille are
virtually non-existent. Looking at how older Tauri sometimes
don't age so gracefully, I wonder what the guys at Ford did
differently to the SHO bodies.
The body, in my opinion, is extremely attractive with matching
color body moldings than the stock Tauri. For some odd reason, the
SHO seems different enough from vanilla Tauri to get stares at
stoplights -- of course, this could be my overactive imagination.
:-) SHOs get fog lights, a more open grille, a completely
monochromatic exterior, and a deeper ground skirt in the back with
"SHO" stenciled in relief. I've seen a couple SHOs whose owners have
colored these in with florescent colors or in black. Yuck.
I don't think the car is flashy. I like it that way. I feel
almost anonymous with all those Tauri out there, but different and
distinctive enough to those of us who care. :-)
Interior:
The interior is what really makes me feel like I don't deserve the
car. The seats are grey leather, the steering wheel and shifter are
covered with black leather, and the entire instrument panel is done in
a black/grey/metallic scheme.
The instrumentation is stock Taurus, except for the 140 mph speedo
and 8000 rpm tach. You get a center console with two cupholders, a
large compartment under the radio (great for a CD player), an armrest
that contains yet another compartment, three appropriately sized coin
holders for tollways (I think), and a compartment for holding
cassette tapes. There's map-holders in the doors, and an oddly small
glove compartment.
I spilled a whole can of Coke in the cupholder and was delighted
to find that the entire rubber holder can be removed and washed in a
sink. Hey, I'm really impressed with the ergonomics and
thoughtfulness that went into its design. And it's a 1989, before the
interior was upgraded!
The backseat is bigger than any car I've had. Why do they need so
much space? :-) (No smart-ass comments, please. :-)
The driver and passenger seat have lumbar and side bolsters. From
what I hear, it's not uncommon for the side bolsters to show wear.
Mine is no exception. The left side bolster on the driver's has
cracked and I'm not convinced the right bolster is inflating all the
way.
A big surprise for me: I forgot that SHOs don't have a normal
hand parking brake. Instead, they have the regular parking brake that
you press with your left foot. Too bad. Again, I'm getting used to
it, but it seems a bit anachronistic to me.
Ride:
The suspension is nice and stiff. Too stiff? It's stiffer than
any car I've had. A friend's new 1993 Toyota Celica ST seems tauter
and is still able to soak up bumps better. The SHO seems stiffer with
less ability to soak up bumps. Driving over railroad tracks is a
noisy and jarring affair. On the other hand, taking turns feels
wonderful because the body is so rigid and doesn't flex at all -- I
listened for that before I bought the car.
On the highway, the ride is great. When I drove the car from
Chicago back to Purdue, I had trouble keeping under 85 mph, let alone
from trying to see what 100 mph really feels like. It's a relatively
quiet ride, but the sunroof rattles. I've tried to find out what
exactly makes all the noise up there, but it seems to be the window
that rests on the rails. No easy way to get rid of it, I think.
Over the past three days, I've oscillated between thinking the
suspension is wonderful and perfect and thinking that the ride is way
too rough. (Not for me, mind you. But I wonder whether I would
advise my dad to buy one for himself.) But, I've discovered, as with
the shifter, if you take your time with shifts, you'll have no reason
to complain. Let me explain...
The ride is worst when turning and applying lots of power to the
wheels. I feel the wheels scrabbling for traction and torque steer
making the car skitter left and right. After I understood this, I
avoid the limits of traction -- and I'm a happy camper again.
It's not body rigidity, but the composure of the car.
As if matching the suspension, the steering feel is quite heavy.
My first impression of driving my SHO was how hard you had to turn the
wheel at highway speeds. It tracks straight as an arrow, but when
driving around a parking lot, the high-effort steering didn't seem so
useful. However, it's reasonable, but it doesn't communicate the road
to the driver as well as a 1993 Ford Probe GT. IMHO, it's much better
than the steering on my Celica ST.
I wonder how bad this car is during winter?
Miscellaneous notes:
GRIPES:
The rattles from the sunroof is intermittent -- some days it rattles
loudly, other days I look up wondering where all the noise went.
Activating the sunroof is sometimes very noisy -- loud squealing as
it retracts on its rails. I wonder if there is a quick fix for this.
Again, other days it completely disappears. (Function of humidity?)
Once I made the connection between the sometimes awful feeling suspension
and torque steer, I've never complained about ride.
I wish the seats had more support under the thighs. Also, I wish the
side bolsters would close more tightly.
I hear that tires for this car can get really expensive. I
currently have Goodyear GT+4s that cost the previous owner $500
for four.
I used to hate the Ford stereo systems -- whose idea was it
to use a volume *paddle*? Now, to my amazement, I don't
really mind... and sometimes think it's an okay idea!!!
Pretty ridiculous, though.
Getting up to 4000 rpm sometimes seems to be a chore. But,
this is no big deal. There is more than enough torque
down low.
I often goof up the shifting when driving with friends. It
took me a couple of days before I could really shift
smoothly from 2nd to 3rd gear. (Hard to believe, isn't it?)
My car has almost 93,000 miles on it. My parents noted that
it is almost impossible to find a low-mileage SHO.
Astute observation, IMHO. I wonder how long I can make
my SHO last -- I just bought a book titled "Drive It Forever"
for tips in this department. :-)
The goofy parking brake pedal still throws me for a loop. I once
parked the car in gear, and then accidentally let out the clutch
after I started it. The car jolted forward, and bounced off
the car in front of me -- no paint damage at all, but starting the car
is a whole new ritual for me with that fangled pedal! Also, I began
to wonder how strong that brake really is. (Today, I backed out of
parking spot today and started to drive away before I noticed
the glowing brake light. Oops.)
The driver's power window creaks when closed all the way. The same
thing happens in my parents 1989 Mercury Sable. Oddly, all the
other windows work smoothly.
LIKES:
I'm liking the interior amenities more and more each day. The
cupholders are great.
I didn't expect to use the keyless entry buttons so much, but
it really is handy. You can lock all the doors by
pressing the 7/8 and 9/10 buttons together! Neat! And
you can never lock yourself out of the car.
I really feel like I don't deserve this car. I really can't
believe that I could afford it. I got this car ten years
ahead of schedule. :-)
I love this car so much that I've been telling my parents to
look into buying one. I love this car so much that I
wrote this 13K file -- I meant to write a couple of lines
and ended up with this.
If there were a J.D. Powers Survey for used car owners, I would have
an opportunity to express my incredible satisfaction of owning this
car. I don't like thinking about getting another car, but at this
point in time, I'm sure I'd buy another SHO. For under $7000, you
can't beat it. (Next time with an airbag and ABS, though.)
Insurance-wise, this car is also a big win. I pay the same premiums
as on my 1987 Toyota Celica -- despite that it has nearly twice
the horsepower.
Other Odds and Ends:
Much to my amazement, there is no SHO mailing list anywhere.
Maybe because the _SHO Registry_ publication has filled this void. I
haven't joined yet, but I've noticed that queries about SHOs still
appear on rec.autos about once a month. Owners of SHOs are always
quick to respond, and are very vocal fans of the cars. (Maybe some
of the most vocal on rec.autos. :-)
I've put together the responses to my questions about the cars, as
well as other posts with useful information on these cars. I'll be
posting this in the form of a FAQ soon.
If anyone is interested in starting a mailing list, please speak up!
I don't know if I have the resources here at Purdue to start one, but
maybe someone out there does.
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Next GPS launch is scheduled for June 24th.
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Right? What right? And don't you mean something more like: It so
typical that the wants of the minority can obstruct the wants of the
majority, no matter how ridiculous those minority wants might be or
what benefits those majority wants might have?
[My sole connection with the project is that I spent a lot of time in
classes at the University of Colorado.]
--
"Insisting on perfect safety is for people who don't have the balls to live
in the real world." -- Mary Shafer, NASA Ames Dryden
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Forwarded from the Mars Observer Project
MARS OBSERVER STATUS REPORT
April 30, 1993
11:30 AM PDT
DSS-65 (Madrid 34 meter antenna) did not acquire the expected Mars Observer
Spacecraft signal at the scheduled beginning of track yesterday morning (4/29)
at approximately 6:00 AM. Indications were that the spacecraft had entered a
Fault Protection mode sometime between that time and receipt of normal
telemetry at the end of the previous station pass (DSS-15 - Goldstone 34
meter antenna) at approximately 8:00 PM the evening before. Entry into
Contingency Mode was verified when signal was reacquired and telemetry
indicated that the spacecraft was sun coning. After subsystem engineers
reported all systems performing nominally, fault protection telemetry modes
were reconfigured and memory readouts of command system Audit Queue and
AACS (Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem) Starex performed. These
readouts verified that Contingency Mode entry occurred shortly after 1:30 AM
yesterday, 4/29/93. Preliminary indications are that a Sun Ephemeris Check
failure triggered fault protection. However, the Flight Team will be
determining the precise cause over the next few days.
As of last evening, the spacecraft had been commanded back to Inertial
Reference and was stable in that mode. The Flight Team is planning to
command the spacecraft back to Array Normal Spin state today.
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All consipiracy theories aside, (they are watching though :-)), will NASA
try to image the Cydonia region of Mars where the "Face
" is? If they can image it with the High resolution camera, it would
settle the FACE question once and for all. I mean, with a camera that
will have a pixel resolution of about 6 feet, we'd know whether all this
stuff is real or imagination.
Come on JPL and NASA folks, try to image it and settle this thing.
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What fraction of the NASA workforce is civil servant
as opposed to contractor and what are the rules on
reduction in work force for civil servants?
eg, if say the shuttle program is terminated, how
much is payroll reduced and how?
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Ahh Broncos. Well personally, I have a '78. The blue book is just
a hair over 3 grand. I bought it for 2500 and then bought new tires 650
front end rebuild 350, carb rebuild 130. Then i did the unthinkable
and blew the engine (not bronco specific, unmaintained engine with 168,000)
2400 more bucks there, now it is in nice condition, well after new seats out
of a t-bird, radio, 2 amps, speakers, alarm, well the radio and amps were
free and i bought the speakers used for 40 bucks, and the other speakers
i took out of my old jeep (Sell a Jeep for a bronco you might ask,
but it was a Wagoneer). Its a lovely specimen, solid front and rear
axels, ford 9" and a dana 44 up front. Watch the rear axel wrap, i
busted off my u-bolts ONCE, i added traction shocks after that and
haven't had a problem since. Also the bottom of the doors tend to
rot, bottom of the tailgates likes to rust right up to the new ones
that might be in your budget. The post 80 broncos have that sickly
TTB front end and little stamped and folded steel radius arms were
as the 78-79 have nice big cast iron longer radius arms(ie more prspective
wheel travel). The only rust i have is on my doors and a few
dings in the sheet metal. I don't know when the removeable tops were
discontinued but they are fun. I just ordered a full convertable top
for 400$ for mine(credit card). Don't ever break the window if you
have the double laminated bronzed privacy glass in your cap it is over
400 bucks to replace. My bronco also does pretty good offroad,
i haven't bottomed out my suspension, YET, and have crossed over
3 foot deep of water with no problems, handles rocks like a charm too.
One problem is it is WIDE and you sometimes can't follow a CJ or a
Toyota, between two rocks or trees, and your grandmother will have
a hard time getting up into it.
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Habital planets are also dependent on what kind of plant life can be grown..
and such.. Length of growing season (that is if you want something more than
VAT food, argh, Id ratehr eat an MRE for along period of time).
I know in Fairbanks (Furbanks to some) the winter can get to -60 or so F, but
in the summer can get to +90 and such.. I know of worse places..
Incans and Sherpa and other low pressure atmosphere and such are a limit in
human adaptability(someone mentioend that Incan woman must come to lower
elevations to have babies brought to term? true?) I remember a book by
Pourrnelle I think that delt with a planet was lower density air..
I wonder what the limit on the other end of atmospheres?
I am limiting to human needs and stresses and not alien possibilties..
Thou aliens might be more adapted to a totally alien to human environment, such
as the upper atmosphere of Jupiter or??
Almost makes bio-engineered life easy...
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Well ...
Have a look at a new journal: Journal of Experimental Mathematics
It has several Fields medallists on its editorial board.
You want to knwo more?
Try Klaus Peters in Boston or David Epstein at Warwick .
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An aquaintence has a 87 Accord. The driver's side headrest was
accidentally put in backwards and has jammed. According to the
dealer, the only way to get it out is to spend several hours
disassembling the seat. This is the second time I have heard of this
happening, and I wonder whether there's an easier way to get the
headrest back out. Has anyone else ever dealt with this problem?
Your advice would be appreciated!
Please email, and I will summarize if there is interest.
--
_ dan@dyndata.com
/ \_ Dan Everhart uunet!{camco,fluke}!dyndata!dan
\_/ \____________________________ 206-743-6982, 742-8604 (fax)
/ \_/ 7107 179th St SW
\_/ Dynamic Data & Electronics Edmonds, WA 98026, USA
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As I recall from reading posts here a while back, Rovax (Rovacs?) died
because it was larger and noisier than the competing cheap R12 systems
of it day. Probably a case of bad timing. I think the system would
have a better chance today now that R12 systems are on death row, but
investors may be hard to come by a second time.
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The Civic does still come in a 4 door model. My wife and I looked
quite seriously at the 626, Prizm (Corolla), and Civic, as well as
some other cars. Our impressions: all three seemed well built and had
the features we wanted - these are similar to the features you want
except for cruise control, and we want a manual transmission and are
considering anti-lock brakes. I also hate automatic seatbelts and we
both think having an airbag is a plus. In general, comfort and
performance were both significant.
Some specific +'s and -'s are listed below.
Mazda 626
+ very comfortable and roomy
+ can theoretically get ABS on DX model, though in practice this is
hard to find
+ base price for base model includes numerous little things like:
tach, variable speed wipers, rear defroster, 60/40 split folding rear seat
- more expensive than many other cars listed below
Honda Civic
+ DX gets significantly better mileage than other cars listed here
+ comfortable front seat
+ adjustable seat belt mounting
- no ABS without EX model (includes $1000's of other things like a sunroof)
Geo Prizm/Toyota Corolla
- seats not very comfortable to us (your mileage may vary)
+ adjustable seat belt mounting
+ can get ABS without lots of other extras
Saturn
+ SL2 was quite comfortable, though SL1 less so
- motorized attack belts
Dodge Spirit
no real outstanding +'s, but seemed generally ok
- rear seat does not fold down
Chevy Corsica
+ comes with ABS standard
- lower "would you buy that car again" and safety ratings in
Consumer Reports (than first 3 cars above)
- suspension didn't feel as stiff as the others (this would be a +
for some)
The Honda Accord and Toyota Camry were both more expensive than the
626, and in our minds, not significantly better.
We probably gave disproportionately low consideration to the "big 3",
due (a) to my wife's family's general dislike of Chrysler products,
(b) some unimpressive GM products owned by my parents and a housemate
of mine (c) the Taurus comes with automatic transmission, I find the
seat of the Tempo very uncomfortable, and the escort has attack belts
and no air bag.
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Reboost may not be a problem, if they have enough fuel. If they don't do a
reboost this time, they will definitely have to do one on the next servicing
mission. But try to land a shuttle with that big huge telescope in the
back and you could have problems. The shuttle just isn't designed to land
with that much weight in the payload.
of course that is a concern too, and the loss of science during the time
that it is on the ground. plus a fear that if it comes down, some
big-wig might not allow it to go back up. but the main concern, I
believe is the danger of the landing. Just to add another bad vibe,
they also increase the risk of damaging an instrument. Finally,
this is a chance for NASA astronanuts to prove they could build and
service a space station. Hubble was designed for in flight servicing.
bringing the telescope down, to my understanding, was considered
even very recently, but all these factors contribute to the
decision to do it the way it was planned in the beginning.
ROB
--
===========================================================================
===========================================================================
Disclaimer-type-thingie>>>>> These opinions are mine! Unless of course
they fall under the standard intellectual property guidelines.
But with my intellect, I doubt it. Besides, if it was useful
intellectual property, do you think I would type it in here?
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I don't know what you mean by 'edged', but surely there are two other
possibilities for an isotropic distribution: near interstellar (up to
~100 pc, i.e. within the disc), or the Galaxy's corona?
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Does anybody have any information on the second generation Broncos? (I'm
not talking about Bronco II's, I'm referring to the Broncos that began
production in 1978 based on the F-150 chassis I believe)
I need to know what to look for, can the tops be removed from all
models, how easily can that be done. Also, what kind of price range
should I be looking at? (i.e. what is blue book) I'm in college right
now, and would like a Jeep. Unfortunately, I've got a bit of a ride to
school, and I need to carry a lot of junk to and from the dormitory in
the spring/fall. I think that the Bronco (with the removable fiberglass)
would be a better (read "bigger") choice than a CJ-5 or CJ-7.
Even better: anybody in the Maryland/Virginia area interested in selling
one?
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Also,if they did come from the Oort cloud we would expect to
see the same from other stars Oort Clouds.
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A bright light phenomenon was observed in the Eastern Finland
on April 21. At 00.25 UT two people saw a bright, luminous
pillar-shaped phenomenon in the low eastern horizont near
Mikkeli. The head of the pillar was circular. The lower part
was a little winding. It was like a monster they told. They
were little frightened. Soon the yellowish pillar became
enlarged. A bright spot like the Sun was appeared in the middle
of the phenomenon. At last the light landed behind the nearby
forest. Now there was only luminous trails in the sky which were
visible till morning sunrise.
The same phenomenon was observed also by Jaakko Kokkonen in
Lappeenranta. At 00.26 UT he saw a luminous yellowish trail in
the low northeastern horizont. The altitude of the trail was
only about 3-4 degrees. Soon the trail began to grow taller.
A loop was appeared in the head of the trail. It was like a
spoon. This lasted only 10 seconds. Now the altitude was about
five degress above horizont. He noted a bright spot at the
upper stage of loop. The spot was at magnitude -2. The loop
became enlarged and the spot was now visible in the middle of
the loop. A cartwheel-shaped trail was appeared round the bright
spot. After a minute the spot disappeared and only fuzzy trails
were only visible in the low horizont. Luminous trails were still
visible at 01.45 UT in the morning sky.
The phenomenon was caused by a Russian rocket. I don't know if
there were satellite launches in Plesetsk Cosmodrome near
Arkhangelsk, but this may be a rocket experiment too. Since 1969
we have observed over 80 rocket phenomena in Finland. Most of
these are rocket experiments (military missile tests?), barium
experiments and other chemical releases. During these years we
have observed 17 satellite launches.
Leo Wikholm
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I believe the interstates were origionally funded as part of a national
defense plan etc. The requirements were to move heavy army trucks at
70mph.
Still its amazing in Germany you can have cars traveling 155 mph and 65 mph
on the same 3 to 4 lane road. Around Washington DC they can't keep traffic
flowing at 55.
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[i agree wholeheartedly!!]
not sure about there in CA, but here in US, the manuals are quite often the
standard equipment. Of course, FINDING a car with one might be hard, but
if you read the sticker on the window, there is usally an additional 2k or
so tacked on for that lousy tranny. So you actually ARE paying more, just
that it's sometimes hard to find one that is equipped "standard". (this
applies to MOST cars, but not to the luxoyachts..eg caddilac, licolns, etc..)
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In a word, yes.
1989 Bonnevilles prices (avg. retail):
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Climbers regard 8000 metres and up as "The Death Zone". Even on 100% Oxygen,
you are slowly dying. At 8848m (Everest), most climbers spend only a short
period of time before descending. I've been above 8000 once. Descending as
little as 300m feels like walking into a jungle, the air is so thick. Everest
in winter without oxygen, no support party (Alpine style). That is the
"ultimate challenge" (or is it solo?)
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I can vouch for this method in my 1990 SHO. This is the only sure way of
putting in the reverse without any problem _every_ time.
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I've heard *unconfirmed* rumours that there is a new Integra being released
for '94.
Does anybody have any info on this?
The local sales people know as much as I can throw them.
--Parms.
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Well, an LT1 Blazer wouldn't come close to a GMC Typhoon in speed, I think its
too heavy. As it is right now, the normal 210HP 5.7 engine has plenty of
power for a full size Blazer. Of course, I'm not saying GM shouldn't put the
LT1 in it :). It seems like they have a real winner with that engine. Why
spend so much more money into getting a 32 valve DOHC V8 when you can take
an LT1? It even seems to get pretty good gas MPG (for a 5.7, that is.)
[talking about Impala SS]
Yeah, it's a flat black, lowered 4 door Caprice riding on 17" aluminum rims and
Eagle GS-C tires. The rest of the car is basically a Caprice LTZ (read:
plush police package) with 300 horsepower.
I heard that Chevy is resurrecting the Monte Carlo but that's going to get
their 3.4 DOHC V6 and not the LT1.
--
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Andrew Krenz -- uznerk@mcl.ucsb.edu | krenz@engrhub.ucsb.edu
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Hello, All!
I apologize, I haven't published my astro FTP list since March.
Now I haven't tested all the sites included into the list. I
would notified all the people, you have stored some older issues
of my, there are now lots of changes. Many sites have gone away:
They either do not exist any more or all the astro stuff have
removed.
The job keep this list is very hard, so all the notes and informat-
ion of changes, new sites, new contents etc. is welcome.
I would thank all the net people who give me information for the
newest version.
regards,
Veikko Makela
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Turbo boost is necessary if a turboed car.
Fuel reserve warning.
Coolant level warning.
It would also be nice to have a gauge that would cycle across the different
sensors in the FI system such as O2 sensor, altitude, Air Flow...
I'd love to get Tranny and diff.
Brake temp would be great...
And a BIG ASS tach. :)
Sean
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TRry the SKywatch project in Arizona.
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--
The GT was based on the Kadette chassis. It was built model years 1969-1973.
The Manta came out in the 1974 model year and was a 4 seat coupe.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Matthew R. Singer MIT Lincoln Laboratory
(617) 981-3771 244 Wood Street
singer@ll.mit.edu Lexington, MA 02173
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Having recently purchased a 93 Probe with clear-coat paint, I
would like to give it a good wax job. What is the Best type of
wax to use for this type of finish? Is paste or liquid better?
I would be waxing it by hand, and buffing it by hand, I guess
using cheesecloth to buff it (anything better you would suggest?).
I've heard comments here before about things like Turtle Wax
and Raindance not being very good, so I'm wondering what is
recommended for a quality finish.
Thanks in advance.
Bill
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Why not design the solar arrays to be detachable. if the shuttle is going
to retunr the HST, what bother are some arrays. just fit them with a quick release.
one space walk, or use the second canadarm to remove the arrays.
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Ron> Viper also sells some fancy field disturbance sensor that
Ron> supposedly detects people approcahing the car....
Ron
If your Viper system were tuned like a neighbor's is you wouldn't get
any sleep because of the damn thing waking every one in the neighborhood
up.
We all used to try to ignore the alarm, but have now made a pact to
bombard the house with night-time visits and phone calls when ever we
are awakened because some thunder storm passed over the next county
or a stray dog looked at the car.
Car alarms are a serious pain-in-the-ass!
-ks
p.s. Real men don't have car radios since the exhaust is too loud to
hear it anyway <GRIN>!
--
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Germans are just more organised; you can't blitz all of Europe in a
matter of , what, 9 months, unless you're pretty organised. If we tried
that, there'd just be a whole bunch of tanks backed up at the border,
waiting for some jerk in the right lane trying to get over to make a
left turn.
"This, of course, caused Germany to invade Belgium. One of the important
lessons of history is that anything, including late afternoon
thundershowers, will cause Germany to invade Belgium."
--Dave Barry
Happy Motoring!
JMR
'93 SL2, blue-green
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hahahahahahahahahahaha - thanks for that, I haven't laughed so much in
ages!
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We want to give lawyers something to do in the 21st cen., don't we?
Oh I bet you do. They are probably just better at it than our crooks. :-)
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From article <1993Apr21.190251.14371@sequent.com>, by troy@sequent.com (Troy Wecker):
.
.
.
.
.
.
It sounds like your analysis is based on hypothesis and not
actually using the Valentine-1. I'd like to give some feedback based on
real life experince. I keep the Valentine-1 in advanced logic mode
and it rarely lights up as a Christmas tree. The only time it does
is when I am in the middle of a major shopping area and then it makes
sense that is does since there are >= 8 sources coming from many different
directions. I have found the Valentine-1 to be consistent in its
reporting of bogeys regardless of any moving cars in the area.
I have found the directional indication to be very useful. In one case
there was two radar traps set up within one mile of each other. As I
passed the first radar trap, the direction indication changed. Then
the detector was set off again pointing in the forward direction. With
other radar detectors I would have assumed that this was due to a reflection.
But with the Valentine-1 I knew there was a high probability that there
was another trap. And there was!
On other occasions, the directional helped discern a false alarm from
a true alarm. For example, as I pass a source, the direction indicator
changes. The directional also allows me to focus my attention as to where
the signal might be coming from instead of having to look all over the
place. When a car is approaching me from the rear with a detector
that leaks, I can tell that the signal is coming from the rear and as the
car passes me I can verify the source. With other detectors, I would
have been unable to do this and would have had to assume that there was a radar
trap when there was none.
I've had the Valentine-1 for several months now and find its added features
to be useful and not gimmicks.
-Barry
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Cool off! These people have as much right to be here as you do.
(BTW, is this the kind of friendly, helpful service we should
expect from Cray?)
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Much of Cook's later exploration was privately funded, by Joseph Banks
among others (eg in Resolution & the earlier Endeavour). Colnett's voyage
to the Galapagos was substantially privately funded by the owners of
British whaling vessels. Chancellor and Willoughby were privately funded
by London merchant companies in their voyages to Muscovy. The list is
almost endless. Those doing the funding were about eighty percent
motivated by potential profit, ten percent by potential glory and ten
percent by the desire to advance the sum of human knowledge.
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I was at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Museum the other day and one of
their VERY early winners was 4 valves per cylinder (and either front
wheel drive or all wheel drive, I think front wheel drive) and that
was in 1914!
Spiros
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I just entered the market for a Radar Detector and am looking for
any & all advice/recommendations/warnings/etc from anyone in
this group.
Email is preferred.
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Geico supports (reads gives to police) Laser Radars. They have been known
to be very picky. No sports cars. No radar detectors (although Maryland
insurance board over rules this consistantly). No turbos.
Basically it seems if you need to use your insurance ever they don't want
you. They once told me they wouldn't insure me (perfect record) because of
my corvette even though it would be insured by another specialty insurance.
"We must insure all the cars". I think this rep didn't know what she was
talking about.
Geico is cheap. But if you ever file a claim be prepared to be dropped. I
think in most areas two tickets will do it.
Geico will never see a dime from me If I can help it.
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Low oil pressure, usually. Could be your oil pump, or...
checked your oil lately???
MC
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Batse alone isn't always used to determine position. WHen a
particularly bright burst occurs, There are a couple of other detectors that
catch it going off. Pioneer 10 or 11 is the one I'm getting at here. This
puppy is far enough away, that if a bright burst happens nearby, the huge
annulus created by it will hopefully intersect the line or general circle given
by BATSE, and we can get a moderately accurate position. Say oh, 2 or 3
degrees. That is the closest anyone has ever gotten with it.
Actually, my advisor, another classmate of mine, and me were talking
the other day about putting just one detector on one of the Pluto satellites.
THen we realized that the satellite alone is only carrying something like 200
pounds of eq. Well, a BATSE detector needs lead shielding to protect it, and 1
alone weighs about 200 pounds itself.
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Geico has purchased radar guns in several states, I know they have done
it here in CT.
I have also heard horror stories about people that have been insured by Geico
for years and then had 1 accident and were immediately dropped. And once
you've been dropped by any insruance company you become labled a high
risk, and end up forking out 3 or 4 times what you should be for insurance.
My suggestion, stay where you are, or shop around but STAY AWAY from Geico!
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: >Why not build a inflatable space dock.
: If you're doing large-scale satellite servicing, being able to do it in
: a pressurized hangar makes considerable sense. The question is whether
: anyone is going to be doing large-scale satellite servicing in the near
: future, to the point of justifying development of such a thing.
That's a mighty fine idea. But since you asked "Why not," I'll
respond.
Putting aside the application of such a space dock, there are other
factors to consider than just pressurized volume. Temperature control
is difficult in space, and your inflatable hangar will have to
incorporate thermal insulation (maybe a double-walled inflatable).
Micrometeoroid protection and radiation protection are also required.
Don't think this will be a clear plastic bubble; it's more likely
to look like a big white ball made out of the same kind of multi-layer
fabric that soft-torso space suits are made out of today.
Because almost all manned space vessels (Skylab, Mir, Salyut) used
their pressurization for increased structural rigidity, even though
they had (have) metal skins, they still kind of qualify as inflatable.
The inflation process would have to be carefully controlled. The
space environment reduces ductility in exposed materials (due to
temperature extremes, monotomic Oxygen impingement, and radiation
effects on materials), so your "fabric" may not retain any flexibility
for long. (This may not matter.) Even after inflation, pressure
changes in the hangar may cause flexing in the fabric, which could
lead to holes and tears as ductility decreases.
These are some of the technical difficulties which the LLNL proposal
for an inflatable space station dealt with to varying degrees of
success.
-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov (713) 483-4368
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I didn't want to quote all the stuff that's been said recently, I
just wanted to add a point.
The whole question of "a right to a dark sky" revolves around the
definition of a right. Moral rights and natural rights are all well and
good, but as far as I can see, a right is whatever you or someone
representing you can enforce. In most civilizations, the government or
the church (or both) defines what the rights of the citizens are, and
then enforces those rights for them. Here in the U.S., the constitution
provides a "Bill of Rights" from which most if not all legal rights are
considered to derive. I'm sure that most other countries have
comparable documents. If you can persuade a court that you have a right
to a dark sky derived in some manner from the Bill of Rights (in the
U.S.), you can prevent (maybe) these billboards from being launched. To
keep anyone in the world from launching then gets into international law
and the International Court of Justice (correct name?) in the Hague,
something I know little about.
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Actually, that'd be 155 mph and 60 mph (the legal speed limit for trucks)
in *two* lanes, each direction. It's a hell of a rush when those trucks fly
by. (or was that me flying by them? Who cares, the rush is really something
else, and so is the draft)
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Indirect compared to what? Did Voyager 2 traverse a substantially greater
distance than, say, a Hohmann orbit? I've never heard Voyager's path
described as "indirect" before...
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I've found mine ('93 Probe GT) to do quite well.
[window problem deleted, artical has been trimmed]
I've not had any of the air or leakage problems that have been reported but
do get the squeal that Bill describes. I live in Seattle so the wet weather
may be a factor.
If I recall correctly I got two keys.
This is true. I'm wondering if this may be a safety concern. IE, if people
pound on the place where the airbag lives...
No opinion.
The 5 speed is much more fun. We opted for the automatic for a number of
reasons but it's still fun, and in some ways more practical.
Ditto.
I too would suspect that this may be true.
Yes!
Ditto.
Agree. Check it out. I don't mind it but would say that if it was much
stiffer it might be a problem. (How about the '93 R1 RX-7 for suspension?!)
True.
I've had this problem and read about it. (or at least I assume the one
I had was the one I read about :-). In any case what happened was the
weld between the muffler and the pipe feeding it (ok, so I'm not a mechanic)
broke. In my case the dealer welded it, ordered replacement parts and
put them on when they got them. I suspect this is some sort of 1) design
flaw, or 2) production flaw. In any case I have an earlier model and would
expect it to be worked out on newer ones. In any case it is a warrantee
repair. (or they get the keys back!)
I second this. There seems to be some things that slipped through but the
car seems very sound. While not perfection (what is) you get an awful
lot for your money.
BTW, Bill has a Probe mailing list. You might want to subscribe to it if
you are interested in more detail. Try request-ford-probe@world.std.com
(did I get that right? never can remember if the request goes on the
front or the back :-)
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[Space ad proposed]
This is undoubtedly the sickest thing to come down the marketing pipe
in years, and the best reason for resurrecting the "Star Wars" killer
satellite system.
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Either I've just fallen for this, or you guys
are _really_ paranoid!
You're actually worried about somebody stealing
your oil?
C'mon, you think a vandal'll do that?!
That's absolutely ridiculous!
Besides, how hard is it to get under the car to
change the oil?
I can say from experience on the cars that I've driven and
changed the oil on, my Mazda 323 is pretty much a pain, but
once you've done it once, you don't forget how, and it
gets easier.
I can't imagine any other cars are much worse than mine.
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The forces and accelerations involved in doing a little bit of orbital
maneuvering with HST aboard are much smaller than those involved in
reentry, landing, and re-launch. The OMS engines aren't very powerful;
they don't have to be.
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You don't *need* to, but it's desirable. HST, like all satellites in
low Earth orbit, is gradually losing altitude due to air drag. It was
deployed in the highest orbit the shuttle could reach, for that reason.
It needs occasional reboosting or it will eventually reenter. (It has
no propulsion system of its own.) This is an excellent opportunity,
given that there may not be another visit for several years.
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Why can't an aircraft be designed so that the pilot can always be
maintained in a upright position, perpendicular to the plane of
acceleration? With the visual helmets now being used that display
some of the flight parameters and with a keyboard and manuvering
equipment moving with the pilot, a pilot may be able to function at
accelerations in excess of 12G. Is anyone currently pursuing this
area or is there a reason why this is impossible at the present time?
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
I am sure your numbers are far better then mine. As i said above,
i don't have exact numbers.
How different would the contamination threat of a small manuevering tug
be from that of the Shuttle and it's OMS engines??????
I know that no small manuevering tug exists, but maybe one could
soup up a Bus 1. Does anyone out there have the de-clasified
specs on hte BUS 1? would it be able to provide enough control
force to balance the HST, and still have the rocket thrust
to hurl her into a decent high orbit?
Sorry, that should be intrument pointing.
Plus, if the second box gets fritzy, you could be in shitter ville
real fast.
The problem is no-one seems to have the exact numbers. When the mission
was planned originally at 3 spacewalks, and 3 astronauts, there was
enormous concern over the mass margins for the flight. THey
have now planned for 5 EVA's, an 11 day mission and have 2 reserve
EVA's and an emergency EVA. Obviously that is coming from somewhere.
My guess is the OMS burn fuel, or re-boost margin.
I just figured, if GOldin wants to really, prove out faster, cheaper
better, have some of the whiz kids slap together an expendable
space manuevering tug out of a BUs1, and use that for the re-boost.
it has to be better then using the Discovery as a tow truck.
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This is not quite right. The differential arrival time techinique
requires interplanetary baselines to get good positions. The
differential arrival at the eight detectors differ by 10's of nanoseconds.
This is smaller than BATSE's microsecond timing capabilities.
BATSE, Ulysses, and Mars Obsverver are used for this technique.
Each BATSE detector does not have a full sky field of view.
The sensitivity of each detector decreases with increasing
angle of incidence. The burst position on the sky is determined by
comparing the count rates in different detectors.
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who cares about typos of these meaningless, synthetic names? if the
cars were named after a person, e.g. honda, i'd be more respectful.
wrong! the GS300 and SC300 use straight sixes, while the ES300 uses a
V6. only a giant like toyota can afford to have both a V6 and inline
6 in its lineup, but that won't last for long.
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In the past few years I have owned 3 Mustang GTs and now own a 91 T-Bird SC.
They all have had this problem. There was a recall on the T-bird for the brake
problem. The Ford dealer replaced the rotors and pads but the rotors warp
after about 10K miles. Between this problem and the fit and finish problems on
the T-Bird I'll never buy a Ford again.
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Before we get into another discussion on the relative merits of a car alarm,
let's go on the assumption that one is desired. The question then remains,
which one? I've owned a Hornet, and was satisfied, but not enough to get
another for my new car. The Alpine has been highly recommended, but what about
Clifford and VSE's Derringer 2? Any others? I want all of the standard stuff;
door lock interface, starter kill, light flash, LED, valet mode, passive/active,
shock/motion sensor, etc... Thanks for the advice!
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The "artist renderings" that I've seen of the HST reboost still have
the arrays fully extended, with a cradle holding HST at a ~30 degree
angle to the Shuttle. I think the rendering was conceived before the
array replacemnet was approved, so I'm not sure if the current reboost
will occur with the arrays deployed or not. However, it doesn't
appear that an array retraction was necessary for reboost.
Thanks for the input on GRO's S/A design constraints. That would
explain the similar design on UARS.
Heck, the MMS project used to design _missions_ with servicing in mind.
The XTE spacecraft was originally designed as an on-orbit replacement
for the instrument module on EUVE. That way, you get two instruments
for the price of one spacecraft bus (the Explorer Platform). A
second on-orbit replacement was also considered, with the FUSE telescope.
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Well, you can just about set your watch by Honda releasing new models every
4 years and an upgrade half way through the cars life. The local acura
dealership tells me that the new Integra will be out very soon, i.e. May/June.
Its hard to find specific details as the Integra has been deleted from
most of the rest of the world - I have seen them in Canada and Australia
as well as the U.S. but it was discontinued after the first generation
in Europe. Normally you can see new Japanese models appear in Europe
or Japan first and extrapolate from there. C+D reported that the engine
would be a carryover I think.
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I'm worried by the concern about it though, for a number of reasons
that have nothing to do with Space Advertising (which for a number of
reasons is probably doomed to fail on financial grounds).
(And I've been reading and (and writing) this thread since way
back when it was only on sci.space).
For starters, I don't think the piece of light-pollution apparatus
would be as bright as the full moon. _That_ seems to me to be a bit
of propaganda on the part of opponents, or wishful thinking on the
part of proponents.
Second, this charge of ruining the night sky permanently has been
levelled against other projects, that either 1) don't increace light
pollution significantly, or 2) increace light pollution only over the
target area.
You may or may not recognize #1 as being Solar Power Sattelites.
I think it was Josh Hopkins who actually did the math, showing that
SPS's weren't that bright after all, ending some two months of frenzied
opposition on the part of dark-sky activists and various other types.
#2 is mainly projects like the orbiting mirror the CIS tested
recently. While slightly more worrisome, I'd like to point out that
any significant scattering of light outside the target area for one of
these mirrors would be wasted as far as the project would be
concerned, and something any project like that would work against
anyway. And given some of the likely targets, I don't think there's
going to be much of an outcry from the inhabitants. There is too much
dark sky in the northern CIS during the winter, and I doubt you'll find
many activists in Murmansk demanding the "natural" sky back. If anything,
he'll probably be inside, stripped buck naked in front of the UV lamp,
making sure he'll get enough vitamin D for the "day."
The mirror experiments aren't something they're doing for crass
advertising. They think that if they can build one, it'll be one of
those things people in the affected areas will think they couldn't
have lived without before. And I doubt anyone's going to really be
able to convince them to stop.
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Having read in the past about the fail-safe mechanisms on spacecraft, I had
assumed that the Command Loss Timer had that sort of function. However I
always find disturbing the oxymoron of a "NO-OP" command that does something.
If the command changes the behavior or status of the spacecraft it is not
a "NO-OP" command.
Of course this terminology comes from a Jet Propulsion Laboratory which has
nothing to do with jet propulsion.
--
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That has sort of happened for real. Back in the 1920's travellers
in the Sudan would find strange cigar shaped designs on native huts.
When asked the locals would say it was a picture of the great omen
that appeared in the sky. This was LZ 53 a zepplin flying from Bulgaria
to German East Africa with supplies in 1917 (and back since it was fooled
by the British secret service.)
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The Space Calendar is updated monthly and the latest copy is available
at ames.arc.nasa.gov in the /pub/SPACE/FAQ. Please send any updates or
corrections to Ron Baalke (baalke@kelvin.jpl.nasa.gov). Note that launch
dates are subject to change.
The following person made contributions to this month's calendar:
o Dennis Newkirk - Soyuz TM-18 Launch Date (Dec 1993).
=========================
SPACE CALENDAR
April 27, 1993
=========================
* indicates change from last month's calendar
April 1993
* Apr 29 - Astra 1C Ariane Launch
May 1993
May ?? - Advanced Photovoltaic Electronics Experiment (APEX) Pegasus Launch
May ?? - Radcal Scout Launch
May ?? - GPS/PMQ Delta II Launch
* May ?? - Commercial Experiment Transporter (COMET) Conestoga Launch
* May 01 - Astronomy Day
* May 01-2 - Iapetus/Saturn Eclipse
May 04 - Galileo Enters Asteroid Belt Again
May 04 - Eta Aquarid Meteor Shower (Maximum: 21:00 UT, Solar Lon: 44.5 deg)
* May 13 - Air Force Titan 4 Launch
* May 18 - STS-57, Endeavour, European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA-1R)
* May 20 - 15th Anniversary, Pioneer Venus Orbiter Launch
May 21 - Partial Solar Eclipse, Visible from North America & Northern Europe
May 25 - Magellan, Aerobraking Begins
June 1993
Jun ?? - Temisat Meteor 2 Launch
Jun ?? - UHF-2 Atlas Launch
Jun ?? - NOAA-I Atlas Launch
Jun ?? - First Test Flight of the Delta Clipper (DC-X), Unmanned
Jun ?? - Hispasat 1B & Insat 2B Ariane Launch
Jun 04 - Lunar Eclipse, Visible from North America
Jun 14 - Sakigake, 2nd Earth Flyby (Japan)
Jun 22 - 15th Anniversary of Charon Discovery (Pluto's Moon) by Christy
Jun 30 - STS-51, Discovery, Advanced Communications Technology Satellite
July 1993
Jul ?? - MSTI-II Scout Launch
Jul ?? - Galaxy 4 Ariane Launch
Jul 01 - Soyuz Launch (Soviet)
Jul 08 - Soyuz Launch (Soviet)
Jul 14 - Soyuz TM-16 Landing (Soviet)
* Jul 20-21 - Iapetus/Saturn Eclipse
Jul 21 - Soyuz TM-17 Landing (Soviet)
Jul 28 - S. Delta Aquarid Meteor Shower (Maximum: 19:00 UT,
Solar Longitude 125.8 degrees)
Jul 29 - NASA's 35th Birthday
August 1993
Aug ?? - ETS-VI (Engineering Test Satellite) H2 Launch (Japan)
Aug ?? - GEOS-J Launch
Aug ?? - Landsat 6 Launch
Aug ?? - ORBCOM FDM Pegasus Launch
* Aug 08 - 15th Anniversary, Pioneer Venus 2 Launch (Atmospheric Probes)
Aug 09 - Mars Observer, 4th Trajectory Correction Maneuver (TCM-4)
Aug 12 - N. Delta Aquarids Meteor Shower (Maximum: 07:00 UT,
Solar Longitude 139.7 degrees)
Aug 12 - Perseid Meteor Shower (Maximum: 15:00 UT,
Solar Longitude 140.1 degrees)
Aug 24 - Mars Observer, Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI)
Aug 25 - STS-58, Columbia, Spacelab Life Sciences (SLS-2)
Aug 28 - Galileo, Asteroid Ida Flyby
September 1993
Sep ?? - SPOT-3 Ariane Launch
Sep ?? - Tubsat Launch
Sep ?? - Seastar Pegasus Launch
October 1993
Oct ?? - Intelsat 7 F1 Ariane Launch
Oct ?? - SLV-1 Pegasus Launch
Oct ?? - Telstar 4 Atlas Launch
Oct 01 - SeaWIFS Launch
Oct 22 - Orionid Meteor Shower (Maximum: 00:00 UT, Solar Longitude
208.7 degrees)
November 1993
Nov ?? - Solidaridad/MOP-3 Ariane Launch
Nov 03 - 20th Anniversary, Mariner 10 Launch (Mercury & Venus Flyby Mission)
Nov 03 - S. Taurid Meteor Shower
Nov 04 - Galileo Exits Asteroid Belt
Nov 06 - Mercury Transits Across the Sun, Visible from Asia, Australia, and
the South Pacific
* Nov 08 - Mars Observer, Mapping Orbit Established
Nov 10 - STS-60, Discovery, SPACEHAB-2
Nov 13 - Partial Solar Eclipse, Visible from Southern Hemisphere
Nov 15 - Wilhelm Herschel's 255th Birthday
Nov 17 - Leonids Meteor Shower (Maximum: 13:00 UT, Solar Longitude
235.3 degrees)
* Nov 22 - Mars Observer, Mapping Begins
Nov 28-29 - Total Lunar Eclipse, Visible from North America & South America
December 1993
Dec ?? - GOES-I Atlas Launch
Dec ?? - NATO 4B Delta Launch
Dec ?? - TOMS Pegasus Launch
Dec ?? - DirectTv 1 & Thiacom 1 Ariane Launch
Dec ?? - ISTP Wind Delta-2 Launch
Dec ?? - STEP-2 Pegasus Launch
* Dec ?? - Soyuz TM-18 Launch (Soviet)
Dec 02 - STS-61, Endeavour, Hubble Space Telescope Repair
Dec 04 - SPEKTR-R Launch (Soviet)
* Dec 05 - 20th Anniversary, Pioneer 10 Jupiter Flyby
Dec 08 - Mars Observer, Mars Equinox
Dec 14 - Geminids Meteor Shower (Maximum: 00:00 UT,
Solar Longitude 262.1 degrees)
Dec 20 - Mars Observer, Solar Conjunction Begins
Dec 23 - Ursids Meteor Shower (Maximum: 01:00 UT,
Solar Longitude 271.3 degrees)
January 1994
Jan 03 - Mars Observer, End of Solar Conjunction
Jan 24 - Clementine Titan IIG Launch (Lunar Orbiter, Asteroid Flyby Mission)
February 1994
Feb ?? - SFU Launch
Feb ?? - GMS-5 Launch
Feb 05 - 20th Anniversary, Mariner 10 Venus Flyby
Feb 08 - STS-62, Columbia, U.S. Microgravity Payload (USMP-2)
Feb 15 - Galileo's 430th Birthday
Feb 21 - Clementine, Lunar Orbit Insertion
Feb 25 - 25th Anniversary, Mariner 6 Launch (Mars Flyby Mission)
March 1994
Mar ?? - TC-2C Launch
Mar 05 - 15th Anniversary, Voyager 1 Jupiter flyby
Mar 14 - Albert Einstein's 115th Birthday
Mar 27 - 25th Anniversary, Mariner 7 Launch (Mars Flyby Mission)
Mar 29 - 20th Anniversary, Mariner 10, 1st Mercury Flyby
* Mar 31 - Galaxy 1R Delta 2 Launch
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Even better. Make up pete conrad in a Martian Suit,
and have him get ou;t and throw a football
to the refs.
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Being wierd again, so be warned:
Is there a plan to put a satellite around each planet in the solar system to
keep watch? I help it better to ask questions before I spout an opinion.
How about a mission (unmanned) to Pluto to stay in orbit and record things
around and near and on Pluto.. I know it is a strange idea, but why not??
It could do some scanning of not only Pluto, but also of the solar system,
objects near and aaroundpluto, as well as SETI and looking at the galaxy
without having much of the solar system to worry about..
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Robert MacElwaine sez (again!);
OK, I got it. Actually, these message of MacElwaine's are coded messages.
Read only the caps, and it all comes clear!:
Maybe it's a message telling us what actually happened to the legendary
Larson. Perhaps it's a warning that one should not expend too much
effort trying to counter MacElwaine's postings. Who can be sure? :-)
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \ They communicated with the communists,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \ and pacified the pacifists. -TimBuk3
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Limited Tort Option will lower your rates. If you choose it, you can't
sue others for pain & suffering, but you still can sue for economic loss.
So you can sue for your wrecked car and for medical bills, but you can't
sue for $1000000 for pain and suffering.
At least, that's how I understand it.
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. . . David gives good explaination of the deductions from the isotropic,
'edged' distribution, to whit, they are either part of the Universe or
part of the Oort cloud.
Why couldn't they be Earth centred, with the edge occuring at the edge
of the gravisphere? I know there isn't any mechanism for them, but there
isn't a mechanism for the others either.
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-| I am taking a course entitled "Exploring Science Using Internet".
-| For our final project, we are to find a compendium of Internet resources
-| dealing with a science-related topic. I chose Astronomy. Anyway, I was
-| wondering if anyone out there knew of any interesting resources on Internet
-| that provide information on Astronomy, space, NASA, or anything like that.
-|
-| THANKS!
-|
-| KEITH MALINOWSKI
-| STK1203@VAX003.Stockton.EDU
-| P.O. Box 2472
-| Stockton State College
-| Pomona, New Jersey 08240
Try doing a keyword search under Gopher using Veronica or accessing a
World Wide Web server. Also finger yanoff@csd4.csd.uwm.edu for a list
of Internet resources which includes 2-3 sites with Space-specific
information. I am sure Ron Baalke will have told you about what is
available at JPL etc..
best regards
Ata <(|)>.
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s:
Ahhh yes, Andrew, we meet again...
...no, not 'stealing' the oil, just draining it as to leave me stranded.
Let me guess, you're from Hudson Ohio??
Get out and see the world.
"IF" I were the vandal, and I really hated someone, maybe someone who knew
something about cars, of course I would look for ANY types of valves I could
undo. Especially, special oil drain plugs, and radiator petcocks.
As well as putting bad things in the gas...
While I would never vandalize someone's car, IF I were to, it would probably
be the 'time bomb' approach, and I'm sure I'm not the only one who thinks
that way...
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Or how about:
"End light pollution now!!"
Your banner would have no effect on its subject, but my banner would.
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Thanx Craig.... in addition to Craigs coments - and to clear up any
further confusion.... the 200SX (of USA) was reffered to as a Silvia Turbo
in the UK.... performance figures of UK 200SX are:
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We've been progressing towards that goal for 30 years now. We precede
any orbiting mission with flyby missions. Of course, it gets harder to
do as we work our way farther away from Earth. We're just starting to
work out to the outer planets: Galileo will orbit Jupiter, and Cassini around
Saturn.
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Greetings automobile enthusiasts. Can anyone tell me if there is
a mail order company that sells BMW parts discounted... cheaper than
the dealerships.
Sorry if it's a FAQ. email replies very much appreciated.
Thanks,
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How hard or easy would it be to have a combo mission such as a solar sail on
the way out to the outer planets, but once in near to orbit to use more normal
means..
Seems that everyone talks about using one system and one system only per
mission, why not have more than one propulsion system? Or did I miss
something.. ?? or did it die in committee?
==
Michael Adams, nsmca@acad3.alaska.edu -- I'm not high, just jacked
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I went to a place called American Car Care Centers to check my car for A/C
leak. After "checking", I was told that there is a leak in the compressor
seal. At the end, in addition to the labor for the check, I was charged 12
dollars for a pound of freon, although they evacuated my A/C afterwards
because of the leak. First, is it fair for him to charge me for a pound of
freon ($12 plus tax) ? Second, what can I do about this if this is unfair ?
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The aperture door will be shut during reboost. Using the shuttle
means that there will be someone nearby to pry the door open again
if it should stick.
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-> 4) Are there any fairly cheap (<$150 or so) ways to increase the
-> performance on this car? Unfortunately, a Taurus is not exactly a
-> muscle car, so I'm looking for ways to increase the performance.
There is a company in Florida that sells computer chips that supposedly
get a few HP and Torque out of the 3.0. Don't have the address, but saw
the ad in Hot Rod and some other car magazines. Also, you could open up
the exhaust (get an exhaust with a larger i.d.)
Hope this helps. If you find anything else, let me know. I've got a 1990
Taurus L.
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Do you know of the world-wide-web? This is a global hypertext (well,
hypermedia) network running on the internet. One of the nice things
about it is that is understands and incorporates virtually all of the
other systems being used, like WAIS, Gopher, FTP, Archie, etc. It
is usually quite easy to add existing resources to the web.
If you'd like to explore, I'd suggest getting the XMosaic program,
written at the NCSA. It's an X-windows web browser, and is pretty
slick. It can understand and cope with more than text: gif, jpeg, mpeg,
audio, etc. There are other browsers, including a text-mode browser
for people stuck on a text terminal, but I'm most familliar with mosaic.
Under the page "The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Subject Catalogue"
(this is available under the Documents menu in mosaic, or by any
browser via the URL
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html )
there is a subject "Space Science." Currently this points to a
page under construction, with only the NASA JPL FTP archive. I've
volunteered to take over this page, and in fact I have a replacement
with all sorts of information pointers (mostly gleaned from the
sci.space FAQ). As soon as the overworked "Subject Catalogue"
maintainer switches the "Space Science" pointer, it'll be visible.
I'll post a short note when this happens.
--
Frederick G. M. Roeber | CERN -- European Center for Nuclear Research
e-mail: roeber@cern.ch or roeber@caltech.edu | work: +41 22 767 31 80
r-mail: CERN/PPE, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland | home: +33 50 20 82 99
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fc> Exactly what fraction of current research is done on the big,
fc> visable light telescopes? From what I've seen, 10% or less
fc> (down from amlost 100% 25 years ago.) That sounds like "dying"
fc> to me...
That doesn't seem like a fair comparison. Infrared astronomy
didn't really get started until something like 25 yrs. ago; it
didn't explode until IRAS in 1983. Gamma-ray (and I think
X-ray) observations didn't really get started until the '70s.
I believe the same is true of ultraviolet observations in
general, and I know that extreme UV (short of 1000 Angstroms)
observations, until the EUVE (launched last year) had almost
no history except a few observations on Skylab in the '70s.
Twenty-five years ago, the vast majority of astronomers only
had access to optical or radio instruments. Now, with far more
instruments available, growth in some of these new fields has
resulted in optical work representing a smaller fraction of
total astronomical work.
fc> That would be true, if adaptive optics worked well in the visable.
fc> But take a look at the papers on the subject: They refer to anything
fc> up to 100 microns as "visable". I don't know about you, but most
fc> people have trouble seeing beyond 7 microns or so... There are
fc> reasons to think adaptive optics will not work at shorter
fc> wavelengths without truely radical improvements in technology.
Hmm, some of the folks in this department planning on using
adaptive optics at the 5 m at Palomar for near-infrared
observations (1 and 2 microns) might be surprised to hear this.
And isn't the NTT already pushing toward 0.1 arcsecond resolution,
from a ground-based site (remember 0.1 arcseconds was one of the
selling points of HST).
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Just a quick note on the nwe shape MR2s in the UK....
When they first came out here, there were 3 models. The base model had an
auto box and engine from the CAMRY 2.0 !!! Well I recentyl found out that this
model is no longer profitable for Toyota and have since scraped it. I've also
noticed that auto MR2s have depreciated a lot more than the next model up...
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I don't think a reboost exercise is analogous to a shuttle landing/launch
in terms of stresses/misalignments/etc. I would think of the reboost as
a gentile push, where a landing, then launch as two JOLTS which would
put more mechanical stress on the instruments. Additionally, there might
be a concern about landing loads to the shuttle in the event of a laden
landing. Finally, probably some thought went into possible contamination
problems if the instruments came back to earth.
Of course, the cost of two shuttle launches _is_ a good reason to avoid
something that might be done in one shuttle launch. Here's hoping
Cepi's gang gets the job done right the first time.
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My Nissan Quest has been doing 20mpg city, though its first few tanks
were more like 17mpg. The V6 and AT are remarkably smooth.
---
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Johnny P. Stephens | Sig file upgrade on backorder. Will be
Distance Learning Technology | here "any day now."
Arizona State University | Opinions expressed are mine.
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well, IMHO (and i am just a nobody net.user) henry spencer is to
sci.* as kibo is to alt.* and rec.*....
....but i could be wrong...(did anybody mention the illuminati)
kitten
--
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On the subject of the upcoming new Mustang:
The car magazines have printed a lot of information about the new Mustang
and the consensus about what to believe in my "car circle" is that the
suspension pieces and tuning will be almost identical to the current
Cobra, but on a stiffer body structure which will improve its behavior.
After the MN12 (Thunderbird) cost and weight debacle, Ford decided
independent rear suspension with rear wheel drive won't be tried again in
a volume car.
The current 4.9l V-8 will soldier on for about two years. A version of
the 32 valve modular V-8 in the Mark VIII could be offered then. Ford
is spending big money tooling up for 2.5l and 3.5l V-6 engines which will
power most of their cars in the immediate future, and therefore probably
do not consider volume production of 300 hp V-8 engines a priority.
Undisguised, the car looks OK, but not nearly as exciting as the new
Camaro/Firebird, IMO.
I suspect Ford will produce their car with higher quality than GM will
achieve with the Camaro/ Firebird. The way GM loses money, the temptation
to "just get them out the door" for the sake of positive cash flow will be
great once demand really takes off.
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Supernovae put out 10^53 or 10^54 (i forget which, but it's only an
order of magnitude...). Not in gamma rays, though. You'd hafta get
all of that into gammas if they were at 9 Mpc, but if a decent fraction
of the SN output was in gammas it could reasonably be extragalactic
(but closer than 9 Mpc). I dunno SN theory so well, but I can't think
of how to get many gammas out. Maybe I should look it up.
Big radio galaxies can put out 10^46 erg/s *continually*. That's just
in the radio... there are a lot of gammas around them, too, but "bursts"?
Nah.
Neither of these should be taken as explanations... just trying to show
that those energies *are* produced by things we know about.
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[...]
This reminds me... my fuzzy brain recalls that somebody was thinking
of reviving the San Marco launch platform off the coast of Kenya,
where the Copernicus satellite was launched around 1972. Is this
true, or am I imagining it? Possibly it's connected with one of the
Italian programs to revive the Scout in a new version.
That old platform must be getting pretty rusty, and there ain't a lot
of infrastructure to go with it...
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Astronomy & Space magazine's UK telephone newsline carries the times to
see the Russian Space Station Mir which will be visible every EVENING (some
time between 9 o'clock and midnight) from April 27 to May 7. It's about as
bright as Jupiter at its best. There are two cosmonuats on board.
For the time to watch, tel. 0891-88-19-50 (48p/min peak 36p/min all other
times, but prediction is at start of the weekly message so it only costs a
few pence).
E-mail reports of sightings would be appreciated: give lat/long and UT (a
few seconds accuracy if possible) when it passes ABOVE or BELOW any bright
star (say brighter than mag. 3), planet or Moon.
With Moon in evening sky also, note that from somewhere in U.K. Mir will
pass in front of the Moon each night! Please alert local clubs to the
telephone newsline, and general public as Mir can cause quite a stir!
-Tony Ryan, "Astronomy & Space", new International magazine, available from:
Astronomy Ireland, P.O.Box 2888, Dublin 1, Ireland.
6 issues (one year sub.): UK 10.00 pounds, US$20 surface (add US$8 airmail).
ACCESS/VISA/MASTERCARD accepted (give number, expiration date, name&address).
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[well, actually, he didn't, but we'll pretend the real author of this
query has his name tacked in here....:-)]
while it's being mentioned, i personally prefer the moonroof/sunroof/t-top/
targa thing as well. I simply don't like cloth tops, nor the extra insurance,
nor the S**** color matching alot of companies do. If i chose a convertible,
it'd be:
a) Mazda RX7 II. I just like the way they look. It'd have to be in black,
with color matched black top(they look good!)
b) VW cabriolet. They do a suberb job of matching colors too. Also, last year
for them! {***COLLECTOR'S ITEM****}
c) mustang GT droptop...they look ok too.
i know this doesn't help, but i thought i'd do it anyway...:-)
good luck to your wife.(and you :-)
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Of course,
How many government projects after Using PERT, GANT, C.P.M.s
Process flow diagrams, Level 5 software projects.... actually
come in on schedule and under Cost. I know the GAO determined
that 80% of all NASA projects miss their budgets due to failing
to adequately measure engineering developement costs.
Me, I am allin favor of Government R&D. I thought Bell Labs was one of the best
to do research. I don't think the government should pour money
into any one sector, but should engage in projects which naturally
push the state of the art.
THings like High tech construction projects, apollo was worth it for the doing. Running hte national labs. The SSC is grossly overweight, but
is a reasonable project at a lower cost.
Unfortunately support for solo investigators is direly neglected.
Maybe what they should do, is throw out much of the process and just tell
new PH'ds, you get a 1 time grant of $50,000.00 If you produce, you
can qualify for other grants. If you don't you never get in again.
THis way young people get a shot at reserach, and older stale
scientists don't dominate the process.
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I know its semantics, but the "no-op" _doesn't_ do anything. The
Command Loss Timer is simply looking for a command, any command. A
"no-op" is simply a spacecraft command that drops bits into the big
bit bucket in the sky. "No-op" also get used as timekeepers to provide
millisecond delays between command sequences (used on the thruster preps
on GRO, er, Compton) and to verify command links at the beginning of
TDRS events. All in all, a rather useful command. And, an intelligent
FDC test on Galileo (the Command Loss Timer).
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Why jettison the SSMEs? Why not hold on to them and have a shuttle
bring them down to use as spares?
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Hi fellow auto enthusiasts!
Does anyone have any info on the new 4 valve per cylinder diesels Mercedes
is working on? Any specs on outputs, engine size, will they be direct or
indirect injection?, etc. would be welcome. From what I hear these should
be out late this year, next year??
Thank you in advance for your replies!
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Or the price tag of the RX7 vs. a Mustang? Part of the definition of
a Mustang is that it should be affordable by the masses. Of course
Ford knows youre argument, THEY OWN A BIG PIECE OF MAZDA! Take a good
look at a Mach III, now an RX7, hhhmmmmm...
That is a tragedy, but I don't think new Camaros or the new Mustangs will.
-Steve
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I like this statement, though for my own reasons. Cost comparisons depend
a lot on whether the two options are similar, and *then* it becomes very
revealing to consider what their differences are. Can Soyuz launch the
Long Exposure Facility? Course not. Will the Shuttle take my television
relay to LEO by year's end? Almost certainly not, but the Russians are
pretty good about making space accessible on a tight schedule.
Comparing S and SS points up that there are TWO active space
launcher-and-work-platform resources, with similarities and differences.
Where they are in direct competition, we may get to see some market
economics come into play.
tombaker
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How big of a lightning rod, would you need for protection?
and would you need jupiter as a ground plane.
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The Bricklin was a car manufactured by a company started by Malcolm
Bricklin, who, I believe, was Canadian. He was the first one to import
Subarus, and later was responsible for importing Yugos, I believe.
Anyway, he had this idea that what would really sell would be a sports
car, but one incorporating a bunch of innovative safety features. The
Bricklin was built to be that queerest of beasts, the safety sports car.
If any of you remember the early 70s movement among car makers to
design "experimental" safety cars, you will recognize the general
appearance of the Bricklin - big 'ol bumpers, etc. Anyone recall other
safety features? The engine was an american v-8, Ford I think is right.
Personally, I kinda like the way they look, and if I remember from the
old magazine articles, the performance was only half-bad. The choice of
colors, though, tended towards the 1970s lime green - yech - but highly
visible, I suppose.
The Delorean, on the other hand, was a dog - nice looking (IMO) but no
motor at all.
Dan
dh3q@andrew.cmu.edu
Carnegie Mellon University
Applied History
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I know that alot of how people think and act in a long distance space project
would be much like old tiem explorers, sailors, hunters and such who spent alot
of time alone, isolated, and alone or in minimal surroundings and sopcial
contacts.. Such as the old arctic and antarctic expeditions and such..
I vote for a later on sci.space.medicine or similar newsgroup fro the
discussion of long term missions into space and there affects on humans and
such..
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How about the discussion of the STS Tether experiment. Ran forward,
it would suck energy from the Earth's magnetic field, while trivially
slowing the Shuttle. It could also have run backward -- if they ran
electricity through the tether the other way, it would have trivially
propelled the Shuttle faster.
But an even better example comes to mind. There's this electronics guy,
someone like Craig Anderton or Don Lancaster. Ten years ago he wrote about
an invention of his. He could take a light-detector, run current through
it at about a hundred times its rating, and it would glow. He got legal
rights to this design of a combination "fiber optic emitter/receiver". This
turned out to be the basic unit of ATT's (I think) plan to bring Brazil's
communications system into the 21st century. (The article was mostly about
his legal wranglings with the company that eventually got him well-compensated
for his invention.)
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For sale:
1981 Oldsmobile Omega four door. Gray, power windows, power steering,
power brakes, remote trunk release. Starts reliably and runs well,
but needs some work. $400 obo.
For details, email or (708)864-0526.
--
Michael A. Atkinson | There is no try, there is only Dew.
asbestos@nwu.edu |
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: THe limit on space-walking is a function of suit supplies (MASS)
: and Orbiter Duration.
: In order to perform the re-boost of the HST, the OMS engines
: will be fired for a long period. Now the shuttle is a heavy
: thing. THe HST isn't light either. THe amount of OMS fuel
: needed to fly both up is substantial. a small booster
: carried up and used to boost HST on it's own will weigh significantly
: less then the OMS fuel required to Boost both HST and SHUttle,
: for a given orbital change.
: From what i understand, the mass margins on the HST missions are
: tight enough they can't even carry extra Suits or MMU's.
: pat
I haven't seen any specifics on the HST repair mission, but I can't see why
the mass margins are tight. What are they carrying up? Replacement components
(WFPC II, COSTAR, gyros, solar panels, and probably a few others), all sorts of
tools, EVA equipment, and as much OMS fuel and consumables as they can. This
should be lighter than the original HST deployment mission, which achieved the
highest altitude for a shuttle mission to date. And HST is now in a lower
orbit.
Seems like the limiting factors would be crew fatigue and mission complexity.
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If everything I've read is correct, Ford is doing nothing but "re-
skinning" the existing Mustang, with MINOR suspension modifications.
And the pictures I've seen indicate they didn't do a very good job
of it.
The "new" mustang, is nothing but a re-cycle of a 20 year old car.
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This is a good question. There are major blind spots in our understanding
of what makes the earth habitable. For example, why does the earth's
atmosphere have the concentration of oxygen it does? The naive
answer is "photosynthesis", but this is clearly incomplete. Photosynthesis
by itself can't make the atmosphere oxygenated, as the oxygen produced
is consumed when the plants decay or are eaten. What is needed
is photosynthesis plus some mechanism to sequester some fraction of
the resulting reduced material.
On earth, this mechanism is burial in seafloor sediments of organic
matter, mostly from oceanic sources. However, this burial requires
continental sediments (in the deep ocean, the burial rate is so slow
that most material is consumed before it can be sequestered).
This suggests that a planet without large oceans, or a planet without
continents undergoing weathering, will have a hard time accumulating
an oxygen atmosphere. In particular, an all-ocean planet may have a
hard time supporting an oxygen atmosphere.
There is also the problem of why the oxygen in the earth's atmosphere
has been relatively stable over geological time, for a period at least
2 orders of magnitude longer than the decay time of atmospheric O2 to
weathering in the absence of replenishment. No convincing feedback
mechanism has been identified. Perhaps the reason is the weak
anthropic principle: if during the last 500 MYr or so, the oxygen
level had dropped too low, we wouldn't be here to be wondering about
it.
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Oil Pressure, Oil Temperature
Coolant Temperature
Manifold Vacuum
Ammeter, Voltmeter
Fuel Pressure [maybe] (Problematic, since you either need an electronic
sensor/gauge pair or you have to mount the damn thing outside the car)
In addition, it'd be nice to have a big red idiot light 'Check Guages'
connected to Oil pressure, Oil Temp, Coolant Temp, Ammeter &
Voltmeter. With heaps of guages, it's hard to look at them all all
the time. In the case of oil pressure, for example, you want to know
right away if your oil pump goes bad, unlike coolant temperature, a
minute or two of 0 oil pressure would be A Very Bad Thing(tm).
Adam
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From: "Phil G. Fraering" <pgf@srl03.cacs.usl.edu>
>> Finally: this isn't the Bronze Age, [..]
>> please try to remember that there are more human activities than
>> those practiced by the Warrior Caste, the Farming Caste, and the
>> Priesthood.
F Baube responds;
Right, the Profiting Caste is blessed by God, and may
freely blare its presence in the evening twilight ..
Steinn Sez;
>The Priesthood has never quite forgiven
>the merchants (aka Profiting Caste [sic])
>for their rise to power, has it?
If we are looking for evidence of belessed-by-God-ness, I'd say the ability
to blare lights all over the evening sky is about the best evidence you
could ever hope to get. No wonder the preistly classes are upset :-)
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \\ As the radius of vision increases,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \\ the circumference of mystery grows.
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Ejon Matejevic who was a full professor at Clarkson University, last
I heard, developed the process for sticking Teflon to metals.
I don't think it was a NASA project, cuz i heard he held the patent
on it, and had made quite a bundle off it.
Anyone from Clarkson know the Exact story. I never wanted to ask
him myself.
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Not only the Sonett (correct spelling), but the 95 wagon and 96 sedan
used a 1500 cc or 1700 cc V-4 from Ford of Germany. This particular
motor had a 60 degree vee angle, a balance shaft and siamesed exhaust
ports. This motor was later stretched into the V-6 commonly seen in the
Capri.
The V-4 could make pretty reasonable power for its size. But in the
Saab, it made too much torque for the transmission, which had been
designed for a 3-cylinder 2-stroke.
-- Chuck Fry, former Sonett III owner
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Of course, they then turn up the REverb, the Gain, add in the analog
delay line and the Fuzz box. I'd think they wouldn't notice the
distortion. Oh I forgot the phase shifters.
Ah, but how do they compare to Mechanical systems :-)
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There is a known problem with the seals on the taillights of <93 probes.
Complain loudly to your dealer and get them to install new seals. It is
a known problem, present on most (if not all) pre-93 Probes, so you
shouldn't have to pay them to fix it. In my case, they fixed it on
my extended warranty (I just had to pay a $50 deductable) (the
work was valued at something like $185 with labor and parts). Having
removed the tail lamps myself on other occasions, I think their estimate
was fair.
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Eve'.
I am looking to buy 4 new p195-50r15 tires.. (R or HR). I don't
have much to spend, but I would like a tire that will LAST. Does
anyone have any experience with the following brands?
Riken
Falken
BFG
General
There are others, but these I can find here for under $70.. Like
I said, I am mostly interested in threadwear then speed, since I
hardly get to drive them over 80 or 90 mph. Also, is it true that
"noone will give you warranty on such tires", according to
a tire dealer?
Finally, do HR tires last longer than R tires (threadwear again),
or is that strictly a speed factor?
Thanks for any replies..
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A question for any high-mileage Audi owners out there: I am
interested in buying a 1989 Audi 5000S for $5500 Cdn. The
reason the car is selling for so little is that is has
155000 km on it (just under 100000 mi.). The car's owner
claims the car is in good condition. My question is: how
reliable are Audi 5000s with mileage that high? Would it
be worthwhile for me to buy the car? Any problem areas that
I should look out for?
Any help would be greatly appreciated. Post responses and/or
e-mail me.
Thanks
Steve Hui
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As Herny pointed out, you have to develop the thruster.
Also, while much lighter, you still have to lift the mass of
the thruster to orbit, and then the thruster lifts its own
weight into a higher orbit. And you take up room in the payload
bay.
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1. Please take this out of sci.space.
2. Ayn Rand was not only born in Russia, but educated there. A lot
of her philosophy reflects not only a European education but a
reaction against certian events in Russia while she lived there.
I've heard that to the extent there is a division of modern philosophy
between the "Continental" and British/American schools, Rand belongs in
the former in terms of methodology et al, even though she was trying to
say things that would belong in the latter school.
I.e. she was trapped in the language of Kant and Hegel, even though
she was trying to say (at times) much different things.
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I don't know. Does anyone in NASA land know how much fuel is
budgeted for the altitude change?
Henry, any figures on the mass (full) for the EDO pallet plus
it's dry weight? How about for the dry mass of Bus-1? it was
being de-classified as i checked last.
Also, I need.
1) current orbital parameters of HST
2) projected orbital parameters after re-boost.
3) Discovery's DRY weight
4) HST's Dry weight.
So how long do they need to train? a year? 2 years? somehow
I think 2-3 moths should be adequate.
Also because they significantly lacked on-orbit EVA experience.
The HST is designed for on-orbit servicing. it should be a lot easier.
There comes a time in every project, to kill the management.
They can if neccessary, re-schedule the HST mission. December is
not a drop dead date, unlike say the LDEF retrieval mission.
I suspect, the BUS-1, may not have enough basic thrust for the HST
re-boost. it mayu need bigger tanks, or bigger thrusters.
My understanding is the Second HST servicing mission is not
a contingency. My understanding is the mission needs both
a new FOC and work on the electrical system, plus
another re-boost.
Somehow, i think the cost of an expendable SMT will be less then
$500 million.
and the extra stuff is real cheap. NASA has lots of suits, MMU's,
and the EDO pallets are re-usable. Oh, one double magnum of champagne,
now there's a couple hundred bucks.
That door has cycled, X times already. Once after massive G loading.
I somehow think they can work ou;reliability methods to ensure the
door works.
Also, please tell me how some sort of sublimated material like
CO2, or H2O would manage to contaminate the mirror, anything
that goes to vapor state, shouldn't adhere to the mirror.
somehow, the door, problem can be worked. maybe they can put a one
time spring on it.
what do they do now, if the door hangs up. that door is part
of a intrument safing mechanism. if it hangs up tomorrow, it'll
be 8 months until someone gets up there witha crowbar to fix it.
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I would gladly spend twice the money for insurance, rather than using
Geico. Not only do they supply radar guns to the police they also want
to make radar detectors illegal. They also ask if you have a detector
(probably to put you in a high risk group or just refuse to insure you).
I know a few people who were droped by geico due to an accident that
was not their fault.
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Well, here goes.
The first item of business is to establish the importance space life
sciences in the whole of scheme of humankind. I mean compared
to football and baseball, the average joe schmoe doesn't seem interested
or even curious about spaceflight. I think that this forum can
make a major change in that lack of insight and education.
All of us, in our own way, can contribute to a comprehensive document
which can be released to the general public around the world. The
document would scientifically analyze the technical aspects of long
term human habitation in space.
I believe that if any long-term space exploration program is to
succeed we need to basically learn how to engineer our own microworld
(i.e. the spacecraft). Only through the careful analyses of engineering,
chemical, biological, and medical factors will a good ecosystem be created
to facilitate human life on a long-duration flight.
So, I would like to see posts of opinions regarding the most objective
methods to analyze the accepted scientific literature for technologies
which can be applied to long-duration spaceflight. Such a detailed
literature search would be of interest to ourselves as space advocates
and clearly important to existing space programs.
In essence, we would be dividing the space life science issues into
various technical problems which could be solved with various technologies.
This database of acceptable solutions to various problems could form the
basis of detailed discussions involving people from the bionet, isunet,
and any other source!
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Cool!
I think you mean Moon.
(Sorry, I had to.) ; )
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STK1203@VAX003.STOCKTON.EDU Pontificated:
One of the sci.space FAQ postings deal with this. It's archived
somewhere. Perhaps someone can post where it is (I don'
remember).
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..
As Ben says - this re-boost idea is all news to us here. Do you know
something we don't? Please supply a source - it would be nice for
the schedulers of observations to know where the thing is going to
be. These altitude numbers are also way off.
My best source has:
"Minimum ST ALTITUDE in the PMDB is: 573 Kilometers"
"Maximum ST ALTITUDE in the PMDB is: 603 Kilometers"
"Delta ST ALTITUDE in the PMDB is: 3 Kilometers"
(PMDB is Proposal Management Data Base - used to schedule observations.)
..
Could you supply some calculations? You might check some recent
postings that explained that 'a small booster' as suggested does
not now exist, so comparing the mass of something that doesn't
exist to the mass of the OMS fuel seems impossible. The contamination
threat also remains.
..
Longer drag life I can understand, but could you explain the
antenna pointing?
Tell me about it. Although the arrays can be (and are) moved perfectly
well utilizing the second electronics box. Getting them both working
is much desireable so as to reclaim redundancy.
I don't mean to jump on you - helpful suggestions are always welcome
and we all know the more ideas the better, but I do want the true
situation to be described clearly and correctly, lest some get
confused.
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Re; Response from CoB of Boeing on SSTO ...
Boeing has been looking at several TSTO vehicles and has carried
out extensive conceptual studies of advanced launch systems for some
time. A good reference on this might be: "Comparison of Propulsion
Options for Advanced Earth-To-Orbit (ETO) Applications (IAF-92-
0639)." by V.A. Weldon and L.E. Fink from Boeing. The paper
describes a propane-fueled TSTO launch system claimed to achieve
aircraft-like operational efficiencies without the problems
associated with liquid hydrogen fuel. Basically, it's a high-speed
airplane launching a Hermes-type spaceplane
The design (the concept is also called "Beta") as laid out in the
paper can launch at least 10,000 pounds into polar orbit, or 20,000
pounds to space station orbit including a crew of eight persons and
life support. System design reliability is .9995.
Beta is a 360-foot-long first stage powered by two large ramjets
and 12 high- speed civil transport (HSCT) turbofans. A 108-foot-
long reusable orbiter is trapeze-mounted in the belly of the first-
stage aircraft, which also could accommodate a longer and heavy
payload on an expendable second stage.
To launch the orbital vehicle, the first stage takes off like a
normal HSCT and accelerates to Mach 3. At that point the turbofans,
modified to burn catalyzed JP-7, would shut off and the ramjets,
would take over. At Mach 5.5 the orbiter or the ELV would swing
out, ignite and proceed to orbit. Both vehicles would land like
aircraft at the conclusion of their respective missions.
Estimated total weight of the combined configuration at takeoff
is about 1.5 M lbs, roughly equivalanet to a fully loaded An-225.
The orbiter stages weighs about 400,Klbs including 335 Klbs
of LOX and subcooled propane to power two 250 Klbs vacuum thrust
rocket engines. Propellants would be stored at 91 degrees Kelvin,
with the propane in a spherical tank mounted forward of the 15-by-
25-foot cargo bay and the two-seat orbiter crew station. LOX would
be stored aft. Weldon and Fink claim the key to this design's
success is the structurally efficient airframe and the compact
tankage allowed by the high-density supercooled hydrocarbon fuel.
The paper compares TSTO design to SSTO design. They conclude
while a SSTO has a slightly lower recurring cost, a TSTO is easier,
cheaper, and less risky to develop, simpler to build, has greater
safety and mission versatility and doesn't carry the hard-to-handle
and bulky hydrogen fuel. The conlcude "In conjunction with its major
use of airplane type engines and fuel, as well as its inherent self-
ferry capability, it is probably the system most likely to provide
as close to airline-like operations as possible with a practical
configuration, until a single stage airbreather/rocket concept can
be shown to be operationally viable."
Weldon and others at Boeing have been working on TSTO designs for
some time. I expect this, or a similar concept (perhaps the HTHL
SSTO they proposed for the SDIO SSTO first phase) is being re-
examined as a basis for a bid on the first phase of SpaceLifter.
Does it threaten DC-???. Possibly -- There is a set of on-going
studies trying straighten out the government's future space
transportation strategy. MDC and Boeing (as well as other firms)
are providing data to a joint study team back in DC. There are
various factions and options vying for attention -- including
shuttle upgrades, shuttle replacement (what was called the "4-2-3"
architecture), SpaceLifter, ELV upgrades, and various advanced
vehicles (ALES, Beta, DC-??, NASP, FSTS, SSTOs of several types,
etc.) NASA/DOD/DOT are trying to put together a coherent strategy
for future US gov't space transportation systems, and trying to
juggle near-term launch needs (like for DoD and NASA) against
medium-term needs (including commercial considerations), and against
the investment and risk of going to "leap frog" new technologies
like SDIO/SSTO and NASP and Beta.
It's a heck of a problem. The worst part of the problem isn't
that there aren't promising ideas and concepts -- there are dozens
of them -- but how they balance cost and risk versus real needs in
the near term. They should have a draft report in mid-June, with a
final report coming by the end of the fiscal year.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Wales Larrison Space Technology Investor
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Rich,
First of all you might want to join the VetteNet (vettes@chiller.compaq
.com) during your search/acquisition of the 67. $20k sounds about
right for a wrong engine, condition 3 car. This means that the car may
not have significant investment value but could be an excellent driver
and or hobby car. You will also want to get a copy of the Corvette
Black Book immediately. Don't leave home (to look at Vettes) without it.
Since you are contemplating spending >$20k, you might want to invest a
few hours in reading the "Corvette Buyer's Guide" and purchase Noland
Adams' tape "How to Buy a Corvette." The tape shows you how to check
for damage, etc.. There are many many factors that will affect the
value, road worthiness, and repair expense of your proposed 67. The
list is much too long to go into here. Join the VetteNet where
there are over 100 current Corvette owners (many with 60s vintage
vettes) that are available to help you. The pubs I mentioned above
are available from Mid-America Designs (800) 637-5533 and several
other Corvette parts sources. Good luck!!!
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Good for you. I am convinced that someone should start a boycott
against GEICO. Any takers?
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This is actually more like the stuff from Phase A and MOL....Phase B ended
with a "Power Tower" approach....
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I disagree. It think the average joe is interested/curious about spaceflight
but sees it as an elitist activity. Not one which he is ever going to
participate in.
Why is the general public going to be interested in the technical details
of long term space habitation? I like the idea of the study, but it should
be released to other scientists and engineers who will be able to use it.
If you want a general public document, you'll need a more general publication.
As one working on Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems, engineering
the microworld isn't the problem. The problem is understanding the basic
chemical, biological and medical factors to be able to engineer them
efficiently. For example, the only way we know how to produce food is from
plants and animals. Food synthesis is not very far advanced. So we have
to orbit a farm. Well that's obviously not very efficient, so we use
technology to reduce the mass and grow plants hydroponically instead of
using dirt. This is where the engineering comes in. But new technologies
bring new basic questions that we don't have the answers to. Like, in
dirt we can grow tomatoes and lettuce right beside each other, but in
hydroponics it turns out that you can't do that. The lettuce growth is
stunted when it's grown in the same hydroponic solution as tomatoes. So
now you have to consider what other plants are going to have similar
interactions. This means some basic applied scientific research. And that's
what needs to be done with all technologies that have been developed so far.
We also need to find out how they interact together. That's where we are now.
First you need to do the literature search. There is a lot of information
out there. Maybe we should just pick a specific area of long term habitation.
This could be useful, especially if we make it available on the net. Then
we can look at methods of analyzing the technologies.
Unless there is an unbelievable outpouring of interest on this on the net,
I think we should develop a detailed data base of the literature search
first. Then if we accomplish that we can go on to real analysis. The data
base itself could be useful for future engineers.
That's my response Ken, what do you think?
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Uh, no. These burst detectors are just that, burst detectors.
They have no angular resolution.
Now a network of burst detectors could have angular resolution,
but we do not have a decent set of different networks at the distances
neccesary from each other to determine if they're happening in the oort
cloud or not.
We have one network, and trying to make two networks out of it
degrades what angular resolution we have.
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jfc> If gamma ray bursters are extragalactic, would absorption from the
jfc> galaxy be expected? How transparent is the galactic core to gamma
jfc> rays?
and later...
JB> So, if the 1/r^2 law is incorrect (assume
JB> some unknown material [dark matter??] inhibits Gamma Ray propagation),
JB> could it be possible that we are actually seeing much less energetic
JB> events happening much closer to us? The even distribution could
JB> be caused by the characteristic propagation distance of gamma rays
JB> being shorter then 1/2 the thickness of the disk of the galaxy.
0.
Well, maybe not zero, but very little. At the typical energies for
gamma rays, the Galaxy is effectively transparent.
Hans Bloemen had a review article in Ann. Rev. Astr. Astrophys. a few
years back in which he discusses this in more depth.
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Jonathan, interesting questions. Some wonder whether or not the moon could
have ever supported an atmosphere. I'd be interested in knowing what
our geology/environmental sciences friends think.
As for human tolerances, the best example of human endurance in terms
of altitude (i.e. low atmospheric pressure and lower oxygen partial pressure)
is in my opinion to the scaling of Mt. Everest without oxygen assistance.
This was accomplished by a team of mountaineers who trained at high
altitudes for quite awhile (I think a few months) and then were flown by
helicopter from that training altitude to the equivalent altitude on
Mount Everest, where they began the ascent of our planet's highest peak
without oxygen tanks. This is quite a feat of physiological endurance, because
if you or I tried to go to 20,000 feet and exert ourselves, we would probably
pass out, get altitude sick, and could even die from cerebral edema. So
this is the limit of low pressure. High pressure situations would be
limited by the duration of time which it takes to slowly acclimate to a higher
pressure. Skin divers would know alot about high pressure situations and
could tell you about how they safely make deep dives without getting the
bends. Some military experiments have put people under several atmospheres of
pressure (not sure what the high limit was because the papers aren't in
front of me). Usually at a certain point, the nitrogen in the air becomes
toxic to the body and you start acting idiotic. Divers call this nitrogen
narcosis. Those afflicted can do very dangerous and irrational things, like
taking off a diving mask and oxygen tank in order to talk to fish at 100 feet
under water. (Hope any diving folk can elaborate on this matter, as I
am not a diving expert).
Mars cannot support human life without pressurization because the atmosphere
is too thin (1/100 th our Earth's atmospheric density). In addition,
the Mars atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. Basically, you would need a
pressure suit there, or you'd die from the low pressure. Interesting huh?
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You know, I'm a Ford fan, I must say, so I'm looking forward to the next
Mustang. I have faith that it will be a fine product, more desireable
than the Camaro is now. You know, that's MHO.
The differences these days between Ford and GM are not so much the quality,
just the philosophy. It used to be quality _and_ philosophy. GM is
barely catching up, but they have more room for improvement that
can only be made up in time. STSs still come off the assembly line
with screwed up paint stripes and poor trunk/door/hood/panel alignments;
it's those 75 year old plants. And the latest GM products still come
with the standard equipment RattleDash (tm). But like I said, they're
getting better and making the move in the right direction.
They beat Ford to the market with the Camaro/Firebird, but really only
in words. Production of these vehicles will be limited until the
end of the year, keeping selling prices above MSRP for the most part
since there are so many twitching Camaro fans out there. I wouldn't
press Ford to hurry the Mustang since the final wait could be worth it.
Besides, no bow-tie fanatic is gonna buy the Mustang anyway.
I do not put much stock in the mag rags' "inside" information, or even
Ford rep quotes. The Taurus was pretty much a surprise when it was
finally disclosed in it's entirety. "Inside" information had the
Taurus with a V8 and rear-wheel drive at one point. I wouldn't look
for a simple re-paneled Mustang, folks; you may be cheating yourself
if you do. There's a lot of potential. Ford hasn't released a new
car without a 4-wheel IS in 7 years. The Mustang project has been
brewing for at least 4, right? A 4-wheel IS could happen. Those
modular V8's are out there, too. In the interest of CAFE and
competition, don't rule those out, either. Your ignorant if you do.
And there are so many spy shots and artist renderings out there,
who really knows what it'll look like? The Mach III? Doubt it.
Highly.
The next Mustang will be Ford's highest profile car. It attracts
way more attention than the Camaro/Firebird because it's heritage
is more embedded in the general public. Don't lie to yourself and
believe Ford will forfeit that.
I submit that the Mustang will be a success. Enough to elicit
defensive remarks from some heavy Camaro fans here. You know,
intelligent, critical spews like, "The Mustang bites, man!" Some of
you are already beginning. I predict that the Mustang and Camaro
will be comparable performers, as usual. I predict that the
differences will be in subjective areas like looks and feel, as usual.
The Camaro is still a huge automobile; the Mustang will retain its
cab-rearward styling and short, pony-car wheelbase. The Camaro still
reaches out to the fighter pilot, while the Mustang will appeal to
the driver. The Camaro will still sell to the muscle car set, while
the Mustang will continue to sell to the college-degreed muscle car set.
Both will be more refined (I do think the Camaro is). There will be
no clear winner.
Unless the Ford gets the 32v, 300hp Romeo. You don't seriously believe
that it was designed for the Mark VIII only, do you?
:^)
Regards,
Brian
bqueiser@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu
------------------------------------------------------------------------
I am the engineer, I can choose K.
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I guess it's kind of an aesthetics argument.
I can see the solar arrays being expensive, and there could be
contingencies where you would be throwing away brand new
solar cells, but it seems so cheap compared toa shuttle
mission, i wouldn't think they would bother.
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V4s? I don't know of any. I4s and flat4s are abundant.
A whole $h!tload. Minivans, pickups, just about any car above the
subcompact/compact range and below the full-size range (with a few
exceptions).
I6s are much more rare now; the only one I personally know of that's
still in production is the venerable Ford 300CID in the F-series pickups.
I think that Jeep's big 6's are also straight sixes, but I'm not a
big Jeep person.
Where are you to not know of V8s? There are Mustangs, Cadillacs,
Lincolns, Camaros, Corvettes, Thunderbirds, all real full-size
pickups, Crown Vics, Chevy Moby^H^H^H^HCaprice ;-), and even a few
Japanese and European vee-hickles with V8s.
V10 - Dodge Viper; Dodge promises a truck with a V10.
Don't Ferarri and Lamborghini both use V-12s extensively?
James
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"Let's make a deal!" If you're going to put up a billion, I'd want to budget
the whole sheebang for $450-600 million. If I have that much money to throw
around in the first place, you betcha I'm going to sign a contract committing
to volume production...
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I agree with Gaia. Even though the Saturn has proved to be a very reliable car
so far, a little money spent now is worth the peace of mind.
In my opinion, getting the PowerTrain warranty is enough. In my case, that's be
cause; anything that needed repairing in the interior (sunroof, windows, doors,
etc.) I could do myself. I just didn't want to mess with the engine and such.
Plus I think the extra 3 years of 24-hour RoadSide Assistance must be worthe so
meting. I opted for the 5 year plan for $375.
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This does not propose a _mechanism_ for GRBs in the Oort (and, no,
anti-matter annihilation does not fit the spectra at least as far
as I understand annihilation spectra...). Big difference.
That's ignoring the question of how you fit a distribution
to the Oort distribution when the Oort distribution is not well
known - in particular comet aphelia (which are not well known)
are not a good measure of the Oort cloud distribution...
Merging neutron stars is at least a mechanism with about the right
energy, except it doesn't explain why there is no apparent correlation
with galaxies or galaxy structure, there is no mechanism for getting
all the energy out in gamma rays (with any significant amount of
baryons around there will be a lot of pair production, which makes a
plasma, which thermalizes the energy), it has trouble generating
enough energy to explain the most powerful bursts (10^52-53 ergs), it
happens too fast compared to the burst duration, and it is hard to
make tight-binaries of neutron stars.
Another cosmological mechinism is the catalytic conversion of a
neutron star to a strange star or the merger of two strange stars, but
that uses pretty far-out physics.
My point is that we don't have a good mechanism at any distance, so
GRB's are likely to be happening by an unknown mechanism, so we can't
rule out the Oort cloud. What would be the spectrum of an event which
converts a comet to strange matter? The spectra for primordial black
holes eating comets and antimatter comets colliding with matter comets
aren't quite right, but perhaps there is an unusual mechanism which
modifies the spectrum. The energy matches very well for both of these
mechanisms. According to Trevor Weeks, if the "Tunguska Meteorite"
was a mini-black hole collision with the earth, then there are likely
to be enough mini-black holes around that the rate for BH-comet
collisions matches the GRB rate well.
The fact that we don't know the distribution of comets in the Oort
cloud isn't a reason to rule them out; it makes it harder to rule them
out. The point of the cited paper was that if we assume they got the
right distribution for the Oort cloud, it is hard but not impossible
to match that up with the distribution of GRB's. If they got the
wrong distribution for the Oort cloud, they can't constrain any Oort-
cloud GRB's at all.
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Wanna bet ??? You must be too young to remember Bob Askin :-)
Read the Costigan commision report if you want to know about corruption
in OZ.
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If you've got a good propulsion system that's not useful for deceleration,
sure you can use chemical rockets for that part... but even just doing the
deceleration chemically is a major headache. We're talking seriously high
cruising velocities; taking the velocity down nearly to zero for a Pluto
orbit isn't easy with chemical fuels.
Incidentally, solar sails are not going to be suitable as the acceleration
system for something like this. They don't go anywhere quickly. (I speak
as head of mission planning for the Canadian Solar Sail Project, although
that is more or less an honorary title right now because CSSP is dormant.)
They can't fly a mission like this unless you start talking about very
advanced systems that drop in very close to the Sun first.
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My comment was off the top of my head; I wasn't aware that it had
already been thought of. Guess it's true that there's nothing new under
the sun (or in this case, the flying billboards.)
--
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The European version is called 200 SX and have a 1.8 liter engine with
turbo and have more power than the US version ( 169 HP ); it goes from
0 to 100 Km/h in 7.5 sec and have a top speed of 225 Km/h ( 140 miles/h ).
I just purchased one ( new ) and I am looking for a repair book. I could
not find one in FRANCE and GERMANY; does anybody knows where to find one ?
Is there one in the UK ?
Probabaly no use to look in the US as the 240 SX have here a different motor.
I am very pleased with the car and have no problem with it; but like to have
good technical documentation about the car I own.
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QUESTION: what's your experience with car wash wax?
This is the liquid type of wax in bottles that you pour it in
water, sponge it on you car, hose it off, and dry it with cloth.
Many people have used it. It is very easy to work with and gives
seeminly the same visual results as that of paste type of wax.
But, does it last long? Does it have any negative effects to car
paint?
Can you forward your reply directly to my email id? Thanks.
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Just to clear things up (as to why I posted the question that way)...
I was debating with a co-worker about diesels. I claimed they were
cleaner-burning than gas engines. He said the extra "junk" put out by them
was offset by the savings in greenhouse gasses. I made all the SAME claims
you did. But, one question of his was what about the carbon? I said it
was harmless, but he wanted to know how to get rid of it. I suggested
scrubbers. (I figured it would be no harder or more expensive to install
than "cats".) Does there exist any designs for a scrubber? (I'd like
to know just to answer his final question.) I convinced him that diesels
are cleaner otherwise.
BTW, (I named my subject "Dirty Diesels" because I knew it would get a reaction
out of people who knew they were cleaner than gas engines and that they'd
read it...)
--
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Vel Natarajan nataraja@rtsg.mot.com Motorola Cellular, Arlington Hts IL --
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I'm not sure if this will help you, but the (local) interstellar
radiation field has been measured and modeled by various groups. If I
remember things correctly, the models involved contributions from three
different BB sources, so there's no obvious "temperature" of background
radiation in our local area. However, the following references give the
interstellar radiation density as a function of wavelength, and you can
integrate and average in an appropriate manner to get an "effective"
temperature if you like:
Witt and Johnson (1973) Astrophys. J. 181, 363 - 368
Henry et al. (1980) Astrophys. J. 239, 859 - 866
Mathis et al. (1983) Astron. Astrophys. 128, 212 - 229
As you can see, the references are out of date, but they might get you
started.
Hope this helps,
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: Mike Adams suggested discussions on long-term effects of spaceflight
: to the human being. I love this topic, as some of you regulars know.
: So, having seen Henry's encouraging statement about starting to talk
: about it; I shall.
: I feel that we as a community of people have unique resources
: to deliver to the world a comprehensive book which can elaborate
: on the utility of spaceflight to fields which are as divergent
: as medical intensive care, agriculture, environmental protection, and
: probably more. I do not believe that the general public understands
: the impact of spaceflight on the whole of society. In the absence
: of such knowledge, we see dwindling support of the world's space effort.
Just a few contributions from the space program to "regular" society:
1. Calculators
2. Teflon (So your eggs don't stick in the pan)
3. Pacemakers (Kept my grandfather alive from 1976 until 1988)
p.s. To all the regular contributors to sci.space.news and
sci.space.shuttle, thanks for all your hard work keeping us informed
as to the doings down in NASA and other space-type agencies. I don't
have much time to read USENET, but I ALWAYS read these two groups....
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I dont know about Saabs but whenever there is a 'long temr tset' in a magazine
they always say that tehy're are little annoying niggles which keep on occuring
every so often... I wouldn't expect that from such a 'quality' car.... why
doesn't anything like this ever happen on BMWs? Maybe coz they're 'quality'
cars ;-)
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Pennicillin if i have everything correct, was a highly valuable
Myco-toxin, discovered during WW2. It proved to have an amazing
Bacterio-cidal effect without human toxicity. It's immediate
administration showed immediate dramatic results solving
problems that previously were fatal. Although initially
enormously expensive to culture, within 3 years,
the price had fallen at least two orders of magnitude,
and within 10 years, was not much more expensive then
aspirin. Penicillin was also usable for an amazingly wide
class of infections.
Centoxin is a drug that is not passing FDA approval. It promised
amazing results for Toxic shock, a rapidly fatal disease.
It consumed enormous amounts of funding in testing and
developement, However it works less then 1 in 5 times
of administration and costs $2,000 per administration
with no promise of any reduction in manufacturing cost.
The drug thus costs $10,000 per useful case, and is
implicated in a slight increase in mortality for some
patients.
I would not dare to compare the shuttle to Pennicillin,
but to centoxin.
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[Much discussion about economics of safety deleted]
This is a very simplistic view of safety. Assuming that you are in a collision
(less likely with a more agile smaller car), then the important factor
is how well does the car sacrifice itself to save you. This is why a thousand
pound F1 car can hit a wall at 200 and the driver walks out and why
everybody dies when a Suburban hits a wall at 35 (as I recall for the last
generation Suburban HIC numbers).
As an aside, just what is the point of an airbag? It seems to me that
seatbelts with pretensioners (Audi et al), or a good tight 5 point belt
will prevent you every moving far enough to hit the airbag. You might be
saved from some flyign glass? Or is an airbag just a lowest common denominator
safety device that is of some use in a head on collision when you are
wearing no seat belt?
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No, the thing is designed to be retrievable, in a pinch. Indeed, this
dictated a rather odd design for the solar arrays, since they had to be
retractable as well as extendable, and may thus have indirectly contributed
to the array-flapping problems.
The retrieval problems are exactly as stated: it would be costly, would
involve extensive downtime (and the worry of someone finding a reason not
to re-launch it), and would unnecessarily expose the telescope to a lot
of mechanical stresses and possibilities for contamination.
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I can't see the need for a single (big? expensive? heavy?) "mothership" except
for Voyager style flyby missions. A few years ago, I did some calculations on a
"Grand Tour" space probe launched by a Saturn V in 1975-76. At the time,I felt
that
the idea of a big "mother ship" had some merit - the Voyagers had to be rather
small, lightweight craft due to the limitations imposed by using weak Titan
III/Centaur launchers. The concept I examined (and Michael's?) had a lot in
common with the British Interplanetary Society's Daedalus project for sending a
probe to Barnard's Star - i.e. a large "bus" spacecraft carrying several
smaller probes to be dispatched when the ship arrives at its destination.
The Saturn V supposedly would have been able to launch a 10-ton payload towards
Jupiter and beyond. The "bus" could have included far more powerful
cameras/telescopes/scientific equipment and a heavier/more powerful power
source than the Voyagers as there would be no limitations on weight anymore.
Extremely important as the Voyagers had to perform most of their measurements
within a couple of weeks before and after planetary encounter, and usually at a
relatively great distance.
---
The smaller probes carried aboard might have been based on the "real" Voyagers,
and an even smaller version like the one scheduled for launch towards Pluto in
the early 21st century, and would have been released at various points during
the mission. The advantages are obvious: the bus would have carried out the
same basic Jupiter-Saturn-Uranus-Neptune mission than Voyager 2 did, but in
addition two "sub-probes" could have been relased at Saturn, examining
that planet's south polar regions before moving on to Pluto. This would have
enabled NASA to map both hemispheres of Pluto/Charon by 1986...and several
other probes could have examined parts of the Jupiter/Saturn/Uranus/Neptune
systems that weren't examined in great detail by the Voyagers due to
trajectory-related factors. A small "swarm" of camera-equipped miniature space
probes released a month before encounter would have been too costly for a
small Voyager-type mission but entirely feasible if launched from a heavy,
well-equipped spacecraft. And would we have learned a lot more about the outer
planets! The reason why the Grand Tour was cancelled was lack of money, of
course.
MARCU$
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Not useful unless you've got some truly wonderful propulsion system for
the mother ship that can't be applied to the probes. Otherwise it's
better to simply launch the probes independently. The outer planets
are scattered widely across a two-dimensional solar system, and going
to one is seldom helpful in going to the next one. Uranus is *not* on
the way to Neptune. Don't judge interplanetary trajectories in general
by what the Voyagers did: they exploited a lineup that occurs only
every couple of centuries, and even so Voyager 2 took a rather indirect
route to Neptune.
Solar sails are pretty useless in the outer solar system. They're also
very slow, unless you assume quite advanced versions.
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Someone named Hansk asked about pictures.
Well, there is an archive of portraits in xfaces format at
ftp.uu.net. Henry Spencer's picture is there somewhere, along
with several thousand others.
I don't remember the path, though it should be easy to find.
Remember, though, it seems to use both internet and uucp
addresses.
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-jeremy
Are you talking about a single BATSE component, or
the whole thing?
You *could* propose a BATSE probe; launch two or three with ion
drive on various planetary trajectories... your resolution increaces
the more they're spaced apart. You could probably cheaply eject them
from the solar system with enough flybys and patience.
Things would start out slow, then slowly get better and better
resolution...
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Yes a flotation tank, combined with floride breathing water(REF: the Abyss
breathing solution I think).. also the right position of the astronaut and
strapping you can probably get much more than 45gs in an accesloration..
More like near 100g (or somewhat less)..
Saw I book called the "Time Master" (I thjink that was the title) that had some
ideas on how fast and all you could go..
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Actually, I've heard that some M1 Abrams tank commanders take the
governers off their turbine engines, and can acheive 90MPH on a
paved road. Never seen it myself, but I believe it...
[stuff deleted]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
___
/ _ \ '85 Mustang GT Bob Pitas
/ /USH 14.13 @ 99.8 bpita@ctp.com
/ /| \ Up at NED, Epping, NH (Cambridge, MA)
"" - Geddy Lee (in YYZ)
Disclaimer: These opinions are mine, obviously, since they end with my .sig!
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# >Coca Cola company will want to paint the moon red and white. (Well,
# >if not this moon, then a moon of Jupiter)...
This reminds me of the old Arthur C. Clarke story about the Coca Cola
ad stashed inside an experiment.
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I purchased a used 1988 Nissan 300ZX (non-turbo) last year. I had a
question on gear/rpm ratios. Right now in 5th @65mph I'm at
2600-2700 rpms. @70mph I'm at about 2900rpms. Is this about the
norm? I'm an auto neophyte so I'm just wondering if these are
the proper ranges? Somehow the rpm figures seem high. A friend of mine
just told me he can hit 60mph in 3rd on his 88 Chevy Beretta (2.8l V6.)
Also, anyone know the top speed attainable (@redline???) for this model Z?
(Not that I would try it but it would be an interesting factoid. :)
Thanx!
Derek
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Yup. Radar detectors that detect Ka band will pick up photo radar
as it's reflected from some poor slob ahead of you that just got nailed.
BTW, many photo radar installations in the southern U.S. became
targets for high-powered rifles, or had their lenses "decorated" with cow
flop, etc. Not that I'm advocating destruction of public property, but you
get the picture....
Later,
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I don't think this will work. Still the same in space
integration problems, small modules, especially the Bus-1 modules.
the MOL would be bigger.
Also, budget problems may end up stalling developemnt.
A small undersized station wont have the science community support.
Program effeciencies may cut costs, but the basic problems
with freedom remain. in space integration, too many flights
too build. not enough science retrurn.
Essentialy $5 billion to build MIR.
I think had NASA locked onto this design, back in 1984, with
scarring to support a TRUSS for real expandability, we'd be looking
at a flying space station.
This looks the most realistic, to me, IMHO, but, i dont know if
there is enough will power to toss the CDR'd existing hardware
and then take a 1/3rd power cut and do it this way.
the core launch station has a lot of positive ideas. You could stick
in more hatches for experimental concept modules. Like the ET
derived workshops. Or inflatable modules.
pat
Sad but true.
epitaph. Killed by mis-management.
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Probably the most famous V16 is the one Cadillac made from about 1925
to 1935. They had to scale down then because the Great Depression really put
the crimp on luxury cars. It had 452 cubic inches with over two hundred horse
power. "They don't make them like they used to."
There were others though. Packard had one until about 1930 whe it down
sized to their legendary Twin-Six, their mainstay for the next twenty years.
Lincoln and Pierce Arrow might have also had one but I am not two sure.
Most luxury and semi-luxury cars of this era at least experimented with
V16 if they did not actually produce them. There was actually a "cylinder war"
among the Big Three to see who could produce the biggest engine.
Big M
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Ok, so in my ongoing search for a sport utility, here's the latest;
Toyota 4runner:
Small. Small Small Small. The interior of this vehical is impossible
for a large person. Too bad; it would have been the winner otherwise.
Nissan Pathfinder:
Very low ceiling. My head hit the roof, Fun on bumps, no? Also has
a cheap-looking interior.
Isuzu Trooper:
Class act. This is a really, really nice vehical. Very comfortable,
handled ok. Has really cool grab handles EVERYWHERE. But it's huge,
and the engine is a bit too small for it's bulk; also the manual shift is
weird and kind of awkward. I'd buy this if it were $3k cheaper or 10"
shorter. But at this size and for this price, no. I kept picturing trying to
park in in San Francisco. No Thanks.
Chevy Blazer:
Cheap looking. Small. Not as small as the Toyota and Nissan, but still
too small.
Ford Explorer:
This is no sports car, and it's certainly not for the serious off roader.
But it's big enough to be comfortable without being as huge and heavy as the
trooper. It's engine has plenty of power for everyday driving, though it would
be nice if it had a *bit* more. The automatic tranny is pretty nice; head and
shoulders above my '90 mazda MPV. The steering is not as tight as I'd like,
but it's acceptable. The two door has easy-to-enter back seats (Easier to get
into, in fact, than the driver's seat of the 4runner!) and with a 10" shorter
wheelbase and the easier availability of a manual tranny, (Yes, I'm a manual
shift biggot, I admit it...) it's the one I'm thinking of buying.
So, that said, is there anyone out there who has one of these and hates it?
Anyone had any major problems? Heard any horror stories?
Also, any reason to buy the ford over the mazda Navajo, both being essentially
the same vehical?
Thanks-
-Karl
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Whoa! Watch your terminology. "Dealer invoice" is *not* "dealer cost".
You'll hear lots of ads screaming "two dollars over dealer invoice!!!"
Sounds like a real deal, huh? No. You know what the "dealer invoice"
(also called factory invoice) is? It's a piece of paper with numbers
on it that the factory sends the dealer. What do the numbers
signify? Absolutely nothing. It's a marketing gimmick that the
salesman can wave in your face to impress you. Note that nowhere
on the "invoice" does it claim to be the real price of the car, and
most ads which mention dealer invoice will end with a very fast,
low voice saying something like "invoice may not reflect actual
dealer cost". Actually, I *guarantee* it does not reflect actual
dealer cost.
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About three weeks ago on the SPACE list, someone was quoting a source on the
relative traffic and rankings of this listserv. A figure of 88th in
traffic(?) was given. Unfortunately I did not clip the message and I would
like to know the source of the rankings list. If anybody still has that
discussion on their disk or knows the source (or is the poster himself!)
I'd appreciate getting that reference. Being on the road I have temporarily
unsubscribed to the list to cut down mail box stuffing <g> so please reply
via e-mail to lek@aip.org OR 71160.2356@compuserve.com or I won't get your
answer!
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Actually, both numbers are correct. The difference is in the direction
of the acceleration. For pilots, accelerations tend to be transverse to
the direction you're facing (pulling out from a steep dive, the
acceleration will force blood toward your feet, for instance). In this
case, you can only put up with about 8 g's even with a pressure suit.
The record for acceleration, though, is measured along "the direction
you're facing" (for lack of a better term). As I recall, this record
was set in rocket sleds back in the 60's -- and was about 40 g's or so.
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The last V8 in Mad Max is based on a Holden (Australia). Holden is
linked with GM (Vauxhall GB) and so they're quite unlikely to use
Ford parts.
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:
: |> Derek....
: |>
: |> There is a tool available to reset the service indicator on BMWs but the lights
: |> will come back on after 2-3 weeks. The tool is in fact illegal (in Europe
: |> atleast). It is often the case that the unsuspecting punter trots off to buy a
: |> used BMW and a few weeks later, all the lights come on! Other than that, I know
: |> of no other tool.... anyone else?
: |>
: Shaz,
:
: Hmm.. but the service indicators that I have works this way:
: There are 5 green,1 yellow, 1 red indicators.
: initially all green indicators will be on for few minutes when you start
: your car. The computer will actually "sense" how you drive your car and
: as time goes by the green indicators will start to go off one by one and
: then the yellow indicator will turn on and then the red indicator will go
: on. And you should get service when by the time green indicators are off.
:
: After service the mechanic(or you) will reset the service indicators and the
: computer starts counting again.
:
: So I expect to have a tool(or a procedure) to reset it so the green lights will
: come on and the yellow and red lights will go off.
:
: I wonder how people can do oil change themself without knowing how to reset the
: indicator.
:
: It's the first european car I have and changing oil at 15,000 miles is a
: surprise to me. and it's a big plus :-). But I wonder how that could happen
: since the oil lose its lubrication ability over time, I thought it's the oil and
: not the vehicle that determines how often we should change oil.
:
: Any BMW owner on the net? Response welcomed.
:
: PS. my initial question is "how do you seset the service indicator of a BMW"
:
: Derek
There is a perfectly legal tool available to reset the Bimmer service lights.
It will cost you 45$ from a mailorder, and buying one far outweighs
the possible consequences of destroying all the electronics if you try
di it yourself.
You wonder how people do an oil change without knowing how it reset.
Why is reseting so important? The only reason for doing
it is stop the annoyance of a red light staring at you.
Forget this 'in european cars you only need to change the oil every
15000' crap. Anyone serious about keeping their engine in good shape, and
extending its life, will change it every 3000, (inc filter). Don't wait
for the servive lights to come on before servicing the car.
I bought a bmw about 6 months ago, it had 3 green lights on. I have changed
the oil every 3000, completly flushed brake fliud, changed all filters(oil,
air and fuel, changed transmission and drive oils
and done almost all of the other things req for service 1
and a service 2. After nearly 6000 miles, I am still on 2 green lights.
After a winter in Burlington (and it is snowing today!!) that is not bad.
Good luck!
Blair
--
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Blair E. Robertson A New Zealander in Vermont
University of Vermont posting his own ideas.........
Medical Research Facilty
Smooth Muscle Ion Channel Group
Colchester
Vermont 05446-2500
email blair@northpole.med.uvm.edu
Telephone: (802) 656-8930
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which are them main trucking companeies and
their locations? do you have the name of ac
a contact person?
thanks..
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Actually, I've had a bad habit of stuffing a whole bunch of other garbage
junk mail in along with whatever else into *anybody's* prepaid envelopes
until they almost burst. I believe they pay postage by weight.
heh, heh, heh...
Anyways, don't tear up the quotes just yet...I sometimes use their
quotes or other insurance quotations as leverage to haggle for a
lower rate elsewhere. Usually it works to *your* advantage if
they are lower.
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There would be some point to doing long-term monitoring of things like
particles and fields, not to mention atmospheric phenomena. However,
there is no particular plan to establish any sort of monitoring network.
To be precise, there is no particular plan, period. This is a large
part of the problem. In this context, it's not surprising that unexciting
but useful missions like this get short shrift at budget time. The closest
approach to any sort of long-term planetary monitoring mission is the
occasional chance to piggyback something like this on top of a flashier
mission like Galileo or Cassini.
It is most unlikely that there is much happening on Pluto that would be
worth monitoring, and it is a prohibitively difficult mission to fly
without new propulsion technology (something the planetary community
has firmly resisted being the guinea pigs for). The combined need to
arrive at Pluto within a reasonable amount of time, and then kill nearly
all of the cruise velocity to settle into an orbit, is beyond what can
reasonably be done with current (that is, 1950s-vintage) propulsion.
Most of this can be done just about as well from Earth. The few things
that can't be, can be done better from a Voyager-like spacecraft that is
*not* constrained by the need to enter orbit around a planet.
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Being what? Oh, _weird_. OK, I'm warned!
Keep watch for what?
Oh, the several tens (or hundreds) of millions of dollars it would cost
to "record things" there. And I'd prefer a manned mission, anyway.
We've already got a pretty good platform to "scan" the solar
system, as well as SETI and looking at the galaxy without having
much of the solar system to worry about..
Care to guess where it is?
Shag
--
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It isn't that bad. At least the Bugatti EB110 has compound curves compared
to the slab sides on the Consulier. And the Bugatti has a quad turbo V-12
(thing of it as 4 three cylinder turbo engines tied together). Also Ettore
Bugatti's nephew is on the board of directors and had a hand in the
development. So that's about as much Bugatti as you are likely to get in
today's world. Much like Enzo Ferrari's illegitamate son being allowed to
take over part of Ferrari as well...
That's funny. I have motorcylclist friends who say the same about `cages'.
:-)
Most GP 500cc motorcycles are V-4s, and the VF line of Hondas were all V-4s
(from the VF-400F through the VF-1000F, including the RC30 race bike and
the present VFR-750F). It should be noted that Lancia built a V-4 in
recent history in the Fulvia HF, a very pretty Italian coupe.
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I know it's only wishful thinking, with our current President,
but this is from last fall:
"Is there life on Mars? Maybe not now. But there will be."
-- Daniel S. Goldin, NASA Administrator, 24 August 1992
-- Ken Jenks, NASA/JSC/GM2, Space Shuttle Program Office
kjenks@gothamcity.jsc.nasa.gov (713) 483-4368
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In many of our cities, there are traffic signals every 100 feet (unsynchronised,
of course (well here in Ottawa anyway)) and the roads are so congested that
shifting manually is a real pain in the left foot. Also, most Canadians are
too stupid to learn how to shift manually (gee, I gotta co-ordinate my two
feet on the clutch, brake _and_ accelerator, and I gotta steer, shift _and_
operate the signals (optional) and radio with my two hands... duh... it
can't be done). Also, most North American made cars come with the automatic
as standard equipment, so why bother with a manual when the car can shift
for you for no addition money.
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AW>>>My 85 Caprice Classic with 120K+ miles has finally reached
>>>the threshold of total number of mechanical problems that
>>>I am forced to post :). Anyone out there who might be
>>>able to give me some pointers on one or more of the below,
>>>please e-mail or post!
AW>>>1. When making turns, especially when accelerating,
>>>there is usually a loud "thunk" from the rear of
>>>of the car. Sounds like it could be the differential.
Wheel bearing, ujoint.
AW>>>2. On starting the car, I get blue (oil) smoke from
>>>the exhaust for 5-10 seconds. Exhaust valves
Bad valve stem seals.
AW>>>3. Brakes. More pedal travel than I feel comfortable
>>>with, but master cylinder is full and fluid is
Worn pads, rear brakes not adjusted up tight or worn out drums.
90% of low pedal complaints usually are from a rear brake problem.
AW>>>4. Tranny. Tranny problems seem to be slowly getting
>>>worse -- takes almost 2 seconds to downshift from
>>>3rd to 2nd on heavy throttle application, and more
>>>recently, it is reluctant to shift from 2nd to 3rd.
>>>Fluid (checked with car running with tranny put
>>>through all the gears and then back to park, as per
>>>Haynes manual) is red and clear, and is on full mark.
Possible modulator valve if equipped with one. Also could be the
kickdoen cable.
AW>>>5. My springs all around are just about shot -- I have
>>>4 new shocks on, but car still skips out on bumps
>>>in turns at moderate to high speed. How hard are
>>>they to change? Can they be reconditioned?
Difficult on front. Easy on rear. They are not expensive. about $75-$100
for front and less than $50 for the rear.
Its also kind of dangerous to work on the front springs without the
proper equipment.
Don
* SLMR 2.1a * I put spot remover on my dog....Spots gone!
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My son is considering the purchase of a 71 MGB, which has been substantially
restored. The odometer has rolled over, but we can't be sure of the actual
mileage. The engine and drive train apparently weren't touched in the
restoration, except for a new carb and a few hoses. He plans to do vacuum and
compression checks to see what they might tell us about the engine. The body
and undercarriage have no visible rust, the interior is new, as are tires,
front brakes (not sure about the back), battery, bumpers and other misc parts.
The paint is checked in a few places, and scuffed here and there, allegedly by
a wind-blown car cover. It seemed to handle OK, except for soft front shocks.
Questions:
Are there problem areas common to MGBs we should check out?
The brakes seem soft and rather ineffective; what should we expect in the way
of braking action?
It seemed to be "doggy" when accelerating from a stop. What should we expect
it to do, given the 4-cylinder engine?
The top is in place, but will not reach a number of the snaps. The weather
was cold. Should the vinyl stretch and fit when it warms up, or is it forever
shrunk?
Is it normal for the wire wheels to be painted, or are they usually chromed?
Given this rather limited description, what would be a reasonable price?
Gee, this turned out to be a little long--sorry. While my brother once owned
an XK120 Jag (what a car!) we're obviously not into sports cars. Any help with
these questions, or suggestions on other things to investigate would surely be
appreciated.
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Could someone please help me. I am trying to find the
address to the TDRS receiving station at White Sands
Missile Range. I am interested in possible employment
and would like to write for information.
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I do not understand what you are saying here. What is improved, what
is Significant, and what does this have to do with carrying more
equipment on a servicing mission? Also, as implied by other posters, why
do you need to boost the orbit on this mission anyway? Maybe you have
something here, but could you please clarify it for us on the net?
From what I've heard, the motors are fine - it is one of the two
sets of electronics that control the motors that needs a fix. The
motors and electronics are separate pieces of hardware. I expect
to be corrected if I'm wrong on this.
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I am a little confused on all of the models of the 88-89 bonnevilles.
I have heard of the LE SE LSE SSE SSEI. Could someone tell me the
differences are far as features or performance. I am also curious to
know what the book value is for prefereably the 89 model. And how much
less than book value can you usually get them for. In other words how
much are they in demand this time of year. I have heard that the mid-spring
early summer is the best time to buy.
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a yes, but the improvement in boost orbit to the HST is Significant,
and that means you can then carry EDO packs and enough consumables
so the SHuttle mission can go on long enough to also fix the
array tilt motors, and god knows what else is going to wear out
on the HST in the next 9 months.
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Picture our universe floating like a log
in a river. As the log floats down the
river, it occasionally strikes rocks, the
bank, the bottom, other logs. When this collission
occurs, kinetic energy is translated into heat, the
log degrades, gets scraped up, and other energy
translaions occur. The distribution of damage to
the log depends on the shape of the log.
However, to a very small virus in a mite on the head of a
termite in the center of the log, the shock waves from the
collissions would appear uniformly random in direction.
This is my theory for GRB. They are evidence of our universe
interacting with other universes! Why not! Makes
just as much sense as the GRB coming from the Oort cloud!
The log theory of universes can't be ruled out!
Of course, I'm a layman in the physics world. You
physicists out there, Tell me about this !!!!
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Ahh, perhaps that's why we've (astronomers) have just built *2* 10-meter
ground-based scopes and are studying designs for larger ones.
Seriously, though, you're never going to get a 10-meter scope into orbit
as cheaply as you can build one on the ground, and with adaptive optics
and a good site, the difference in quality is narrowed quite a bit
anyway. Also, scopes in low orbit (like Hubble) can only observe things
continuously for ~45 minutes at a time, which can be a serious
limitation.
I sure as hell does if the 'point of light' is half a degree in extent
and as bright as the moon. Have you ever noticed how much brighter the
night sky is on a moonlit night?
Existing satellites *are* points of light, but an advertising sign that
appeared as a point would be useless, so I rather think these will
appear larger than a 'typical' satellite. Also, satellite tracks *are*
ruining lots of plates in the current Palomar Sky Survey.
What deparment are you in anyway, Philosophy? You obviously are not
qualified to speak about astronomy...
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big Capacitor :-) Real Big capacitor.
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I agree about the durability of the old TH400 trannies from GM. While I
never intentionally slamed my '68 Firebird 400 ci Conv. into gear, I would leave
the trannie in Low (read 1st), grab hold, hit the pedal, and once the tires
grabbed, take off. When I reached about 57-60mph the turbo 400 Auto would
shift to S (read 'super' or 2nd) and leave about 10 to 15 foot of double
stripped rubber on the ground. Most everyone I knew at the time was quite
impressed with 'peeling' out at 60 MPH. The trannie held up just fine.
Motor mounts would last about a year until I tied the motor down with large
chains. Oh yea,FYI: Pontiac 400 ci bored 0.04 over
Large Valve heads
Holley 650 Spread bore
Crain 'BLAZER' cam (don't remember the specs)
PosiTrac, Hooker headers, Dual exhaust
Get this (Conv., leather seats, power windows
power top, AC, Cruise etc.)
Oh yea, I also pulled the 'Cocktail shakers' (weights) from the front
and removed the lead pellet from the accelerator pedal. (Damn US regulations)
OH, HOW I MISS THAT CAR!!!
-- 0-60 under 6.7 sec and about 6 to 14 mpg (well I don't miss the mpg)
-- front wheels 4" off the ground with three quick jabs at the pedal.
-- bent pushrods, stripped rocker studs, every 6-12 months
( I really wonder what kind of rev's I was turning - no tach)
Re: Improvements in Automatic Transmissions
Anyone seen one of these lately? I'd buy it back in a sec!!!
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It's public because it belongs to everybody. It's vandalism because many people -- power companies -- do maliciously waste light. If they can sell you
or your city or your state an unshielded light that wastes 30 to 50 percent
of its light, they make more _money_. Never mind that your money is wasted.
Never mind that taxpaper's money is wasted. Never mind that the sky is ruined.
Bob Bunge
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From article <1r8uckINNcmf@gap.caltech.edu>, by wen-king@cs.caltech.edu (Wen-King Su):
--Yes, it does come with the Maxima GXE engine mated to the Maxima SE
transmission. And it has decent power for a minivan also.
Check again.
--Aamir Qazi
--
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Primarily milage. Gas is much more expensive, so people are very
concerned about it taking a few more liters per kilometer. This,
along with narrow old cities, also results in smaller cars with
smaller engines. These engines usually don't have the torque to mesh
well with an automatic. So, having engines that don't work well with
autos, and a great concern for milage, the usual Euro-car has a
manual.
(Note that not many big Benzes come with manuals. If you've got the
money for the car, you've got the money for the gas, and the engine to
drive through the slushbox.)
As automatics become more efficient, the "bigotry" is probably
reduced. Still, everyone knows how to drive a manual, and cars are
cheaper with one, and it saves a little expensive fuel. So there
aren't compelling reasons to go automatic.
-dB
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I don't think that a transmission fluid change will solve your problem.
Unless you are in an extremely cold climate and using a very heavy weight
fluid. Follow the manufacturer's recommended oil weight. Some of the
cars I have had (all standard transmissions 4 or 5 speeds) recommend
changing the transmission fluid at 30,000 miles under normal driving
conditions. I've gone 100,000 without changing the transmission oil (and
had to replace the transmission bearings!). My older cars used 85 weight
oil whereas my 92 Honda uses 10-30 motor oil (or maybe 30 weight).
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From: Wales.Larrison@ofa123.fidonet.org
If this facility is in Kaliningrad, this is not near Moscow,
it is in fact the ex-East Prussian Konigsberg, now a Russian
enclave on the Baltic coast. It is served by ships and rail,
and the intrepid traveller in Europe would find it accessible
and might even want to try to arrange a tour (??).
* Fred Baube (tm) * In times of intellectual ferment,
* baube@optiplan.fi * advantage to him with the intellect
* #include <disclaimer.h> * most fermented
* May '68, Paris: It's Retrospective Time !!
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My 85 Caprice Classic with 120K+ miles has finally reached
the threshold of total number of mechanical problems that
I am forced to post :). Anyone out there who might be
able to give me some pointers on one or more of the below,
please e-mail or post!
1. When making turns, especially when accelerating,
there is usually a loud "thunk" from the rear of
of the car. Sounds like it could be the differential.
What could cause this? Is the differential going
bad? I recently had the differential fluid changed,
and it DID have tiny metal bits in it. (And no,
the sound is NOT something rolling around in the
trunk!)
2. On starting the car, I get blue (oil) smoke from
the exhaust for 5-10 seconds. Exhaust valves
going bad? Worn rings? Anyone know whether the
valves on the 4.3 TBI engine can be lapped?
3. Brakes. More pedal travel than I feel comfortable
with, but master cylinder is full and fluid is
relatively clear. Pedal does NOT slowly sink to
the floor when held down. Pedal does not feel
spongey, but I suppose that bleeding the brakes
might help -- could anything else cause this?
4. Tranny. Tranny problems seem to be slowly getting
worse -- takes almost 2 seconds to downshift from
3rd to 2nd on heavy throttle application, and more
recently, it is reluctant to shift from 2nd to 3rd.
Fluid (checked with car running with tranny put
through all the gears and then back to park, as per
Haynes manual) is red and clear, and is on full mark.
5. My springs all around are just about shot -- I have
4 new shocks on, but car still skips out on bumps
in turns at moderate to high speed. How hard are
they to change? Can they be reconditioned?
I'd be interested in hearing from any GM full-size RWD owners
out there with stories to tell and/or advice. Here in Philly,
these cars are apparently stolen(!) quite often and converted
into taxis. Apparently the cab conversion shops will get a
junk title for the car or switch VINs with a car about to be
junked. About 60% of Philly cabs are Caprice's, with most of
the rest being Crown Vic's with a few old New Yorkers and
Impalas (& Broughams).
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'63 to '82 vettes had the same basic chassis. 1980 add aluminum (weaker)
rear 'axle' housing. All these years used same brakes, similar springs etc
Late 70's was a bad year for GM reliability. Catastrophic converter was
added in 1975.
Cheapest corvette '78 to '79 low end about 4k tops out about $12k except
for those morooons that think there '78 indy / 25th aniversity vette is
special. These guys have been known to ask 25K. I don't think they get it
.
Best buy: convertables 69 - 74. I got my 69 for 5K - needs body work but
I'm willing.
Parts for all are readily avail at swap meets and mail order etc.
V-8 reliability / looks / independant suspension / 4 wheel disk and all
under 10K. And they thought a miata was a good deal.
My origional inquires to my insurance agent: I can drive my '69 convertable
for 3000 miles or less per year, I must keep it in a locked garage and it
will cost me 2% of the stated value per year (does this sound right?).
Get an appraiser to look at the car. He will check serial numbers and look
for origional equipe. Depending on what mods have been done the car could
be worth only 10K. Problems like wrong engine / trans. Wrong paint type (
vetts used lacquer) An modification would reduce tthe value. But your
looking for a car to drive right?
This sounds like a ball park price for a small-block (327 cu in.) / manual
/ no air car. A 427 would put it closer to $30K.
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Where did that idea come from? It's news to me.
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Static test firings are now scheduled for this Saturday.....after many
schedule changes.....
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Does anyone know how to reset the service indicator of a BMW after changing
the oil yourself?
Also, I have about 3,000 miles on my 525i and so far only one of the five
yellow service indicators went out. That means I don't need oil service until
it reach approximatly 15,000 miles which doesn't make sense to me. Any idea?
PS of cause I did my first oil change at 1,200 miles
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After a tip from Gary Crum (crum@fcom.cc.utah.edu) I got on the Phone
with "Pontiac Systems" or "Pontaic Customer Service" or whatever, and
inquired about a rumoured Production Hold on the Formula Firebird and
Trans Am. BTW, Talking with the dealer I bought the car from got me
nowhere. After being routed to a "Firebird Specialist", I was able
to confirm that this is in fact the case.
At first, there was some problem with the 3:23 performance axle ratio.
She wouldn't go into any details, so I don't know if there were some
shipped that had problems, or if production was held up because they
simply didn't have the proper parts from the supplier. As I say, she
was pretty vague on that, so if anyone else knows anything about this,
feel free to respond. Supposedly, this problem is now solved.
Second, there is a definate shortage of parts that is somehow related
to the six-speed Manual transmission. So as of this posting, there is
a production hold on these cars. She claimed part of the delay was
not wanting to use inferior quality parts for the car, and therefore
having to wait for the right high quality parts... I'm not positive
that this applies to the Camaro as well, but I'm guessing it would.
Can anyone else shed some light on this?
Chris S.
--
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chris Silvester | "Any man capable of getting himself elected President
chriss@sam.amgen.com | should by no means be allowed to do the job"
chriss@netcom.com | - Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
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To anyone with experience about Honda Civic (EX or DX) or Saturn SL1:
I would be interested in knowing how reliable these cars are, how expensive
they are to own and operate (parts, maintenance, gas, insurance), if the
dealers are good, and if they actually live up to their economy image.
Another question: what would I expect to pay for a Civic EX coupe with
automatic, air, and an AM/FM radio?
Mail to the address below or post to this group.
Thanks,
Rob
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I'm glad this forum came up. I've been pricing insurance lately and had considered GEICO. But no more!! Any company with practices like theirs can
E.S.A.D.!! I'll stay with Liberty mutual.
Steve Nicholas
Wells Computer Center - Georgia State University
oprsfnx@gsusgi1.gsu.edu
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I had a similar experience. We had a written quote which had been mailed
to us from the salesman at one of these "no-haggle" Toyota dealers for
a Camry XLE w/ABS, leather, etc. The price seemed fair, but when we
went in to take them up on their offer, they "discovered" that certain
extra cost items hadn't been included in their original written quote.
It would have totaled an extra $1100 and, in spite of the fact that we
had a written quote, they said there was nothing they could do.
Bottom line, quotes from salemen are worthless and it appears to me that
the Toyota dealers think they've got such a superior auto that they
don't have to deal. We walked, went out and bought a new LH car
(Eagle Vision TSI) and I don't regret it one bit!
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Davis Nicoll sez;
I'd buy that for two reasons. The tubes for TV's and radios (if you can
still find them) are usually 3x or more expensive than comparable transistors.
Also, ask any electric-guitar enthusiast which type of amp they prefer, and
they'll tell you tube-type, since tubes have lower distortion and noise
than transistors. 'Course, most of your electric guitar types just say
"Tubes sound better, dude." :-)
Also, transistors have the advantage in both waste-heat and energy-use,
mainly because of the heaters on the cathodes of the tubes.
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \\ As the radius of vision increases,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \\ the circumference of mystery grows.
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GK>Occasionally, I have trouble shifting into reverse. The shifter
GK>refuses to enter the gate, and I often grind the synchros trying to
GK>get it into gear. I'll be watching this carefully in the next couple
GK>of months.
Enter 1st, wait 2-3 seconds and then go into reverse. They use the same
synchros, and you'll never (at least I haven't) ground-em-to-fit when using
this technique.
Exercise (medium)¶
Sort the messages from the one where the classifier was most wrong (i.e. where the classifier assigned a very low score to the true class) to the one in which it was most right (i.e. where the classifier assigned a very high score to the true class).
In [ ]:
Exercise¶
- Consider only the testing observations with true class = 1. Draw the histogram of the score for class 1 returned by the classifier for these observations. Do we want these scores to be high or low?
- Consider only the testing observations with true class = 0. Draw the histogram of the score for class 1 returned by the classifier for these observations. Do we want these scores to be high or low? Note: if the classifier is good, it should return high scores for class 0, which means that the scores for class 1 will be ...?
- Draw both histograms on the same axes
Results should look similar to this:
In [36]:
import plotly.offline as py
import plotly.graph_objs as go
py.init_notebook_mode(connected = True)
trace1 = go.Histogram(
x=yhat_te[:,0],
name="rec.autos",
opacity=0.3
)
trace2 = go.Histogram(
x=yhat_te[:,1],
name="sci.space",
opacity=0.3
)
data = [trace1,trace2]
layout = go.Layout(barmode='overlay')
fig = go.Figure(data=data, layout=layout)
py.iplot(fig, filename='overlaid histogram')
Exercise¶
Write a cell that, given some text (you can use the input() function) prints the predictions of the classifier.
Assume you have a trained classifier and a function to compute the features (careful: should be the same type on which the classifier has been trained on!!).
In [37]:
trainerclassifier = input()
print(trainerclassifier.split())
bho come ['bho', 'come']
Exercise: extend to all 20 newsgroups!¶
We just used data from 2 newsgroups so far, but the dataset contains 20 of them. You can download all the data as shown in the cell below.
Decide on a feature extraction method and train a classifier; then apply it to the testing set. How can you evaluate it?
- Compute the accuracy; is it good? What is the baseline accuracy? Note: you can find the baseline accuracy also by training and evaluating a dummy classifier.
- Compute the confusion matrix manually or using sklearn.metrics.confusion_matrix(...) then display it. Reading a 20x20 matrix of numbers is not very nice, isn't it?
- A good way to visualize patterns in the confusion matrix is to draw it as an heatmap (plotly docs). Explore its options, and make sure you use the correct labels for the x/y axes but also for the x/y ticks: i.e. every row and column of the matrix should be annotated with the corresponding newsgroup.
The expected result looks like this:
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_20newsgroups ds_tr = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='train',remove=('headers', 'footers', 'quotes')) ds_te = fetch_20newsgroups(subset='test', remove=('headers', 'footers', 'quotes')) y_names = ds_tr.target_names
Non sono riuscito a fare cm¶
cm = sklearn.metrics.confusion_matrix(ds_tr.data,ds_tr.target_names) trace = go.Heatmap(z=cm, x=y_names, y=y_names) fig = dict(data=[trace], layout=dict( yaxis=dict( title="true class", autorange='reversed', automargin=True, tickfont=dict(size=10)), xaxis=dict( title="predicted class", automargin=True, tickfont=dict(size=8)))) py.iplot(fig)
Hint: once you have your predictions for the test set, use this code to plot a confusion matrix like described above
cm = sklearn.metrics.confusion_matrix(...)
trace = go.Heatmap(z=cm,
x=y_names,
y=y_names)
fig = dict(data=[trace],
layout=dict(
yaxis=dict(
title="true class",
autorange='reversed',
automargin=True,
tickfont=dict(size=10)),
xaxis=dict(
title="predicted class",
automargin=True,
tickfont=dict(size=8))))
py.iplot(fig)Exercise¶
For each message in the test set, print:
- a) its true class
- b) the 5 top predicted classes and their scores, sorted by descending score (first the top-scoring one)
- c) whether the message has been correctly classified
In [39]:
for i,s in enumerate(ds_te.data[:100]):
print("█████████████████████████████████████████████████████")
print(f"Testing instance {i} - True class {y_names[y_te[i]]}")
if(yscores_te[i,0] > yscores_te[i,1]):
if(y_te[i] == 0):
print("Corretto")
else:
print("scorretto")
else:
if(y_te[i] == 1):
print("Corretto")
else:
print("scorretto")
for j in np.argsort(yscores_te[i,:])[:-6:-1]:
print(f"Score for {y_names[j]}: {yscores_te[i,j]:.3f}")
print(f"Text:\n{s}\n")
for i in range(len(ds_te.data)):
print(f"Instance {i} - True class {y_te[i]} =====================================")
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 0 - True class alt.atheism
Corretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
I am a little confused on all of the models of the 88-89 bonnevilles.
I have heard of the LE SE LSE SSE SSEI. Could someone tell me the
differences are far as features or performance. I am also curious to
know what the book value is for prefereably the 89 model. And how much
less than book value can you usually get them for. In other words how
much are they in demand this time of year. I have heard that the mid-spring
early summer is the best time to buy.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 1 - True class alt.atheism
scorretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
I'm not familiar at all with the format of these "X-Face:" thingies, but
after seeing them in some folks' headers, I've *got* to *see* them (and
maybe make one of my own)!
I've got "dpg-view" on my Linux box (which displays "uncompressed X-Faces")
and I've managed to compile [un]compface too... but now that I'm *looking*
for them, I can't seem to find any X-Face:'s in anyones news headers! :-(
Could you, would you, please send me your "X-Face:" header?
I *know* I'll probably get a little swamped, but I can handle it.
...I hope.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 2 - True class alt.atheism
Corretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
In a word, yes.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 3 - True class comp.graphics
scorretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
They were attacking the Iraqis to drive them out of Kuwait,
a country whose citizens have close blood and business ties
to Saudi citizens. And me thinks if the US had not helped out
the Iraqis would have swallowed Saudi Arabia, too (or at
least the eastern oilfields). And no Muslim country was doing
much of anything to help liberate Kuwait and protect Saudi
Arabia; indeed, in some masses of citizens were demonstrating
in favor of that butcher Saddam (who killed lotsa Muslims),
just because he was killing, raping, and looting relatively
rich Muslims and also thumbing his nose at the West.
So how would have *you* defended Saudi Arabia and rolled
back the Iraqi invasion, were you in charge of Saudi Arabia???
I think that it is a very good idea to not have governments have an
official religion (de facto or de jure), because with human nature
like it is, the ambitious and not the pious will always be the
ones who rise to power. There are just too many people in this
world (or any country) for the citizens to really know if a
leader is really devout or if he is just a slick operator.
You make it sound like these guys are angels, Ilyess. (In your
clarinet posting you edited out some stuff; was it the following???)
Friday's New York Times reported that this group definitely is
more conservative than even Sheikh Baz and his followers (who
think that the House of Saud does not rule the country conservatively
enough). The NYT reported that, besides complaining that the
government was not conservative enough, they have:
- asserted that the (approx. 500,000) Shiites in the Kingdom
are apostates, a charge that under Saudi (and Islamic) law
brings the death penalty.
Diplomatic guy (Sheikh bin Jibrin), isn't he Ilyess?
- called for severe punishment of the 40 or so women who
drove in public a while back to protest the ban on
women driving. The guy from the group who said this,
Abdelhamoud al-Toweijri, said that these women should
be fired from their jobs, jailed, and branded as
prostitutes.
Is this what you want to see happen, Ilyess? I've
heard many Muslims say that the ban on women driving
has no basis in the Qur'an, the ahadith, etc.
Yet these folks not only like the ban, they want
these women falsely called prostitutes?
If I were you, I'd choose my heroes wisely,
Ilyess, not just reflexively rally behind
anyone who hates anyone you hate.
- say that women should not be allowed to work.
- say that TV and radio are too immoral in the Kingdom.
Now, the House of Saud is neither my least nor my most favorite government
on earth; I think they restrict religious and political reedom a lot, among
other things. I just think that the most likely replacements
for them are going to be a lot worse for the citizens of the country.
But I think the House of Saud is feeling the heat lately. In the
last six months or so I've read there have been stepped up harassing
by the muttawain (religious police---*not* government) of Western women
not fully veiled (something stupid for women to do, IMO, because it
sends the wrong signals about your morality). And I've read that
they've cracked down on the few, home-based expartiate religious
gatherings, and even posted rewards in (government-owned) newspapers
offering money for anyone who turns in a group of expartiates who
dare worship in their homes or any other secret place. So the
government has grown even more intolerant to try to take some of
the wind out of the sails of the more-conservative opposition.
As unislamic as some of these things are, they're just a small
taste of what would happen if these guys overthrow the House of
Saud, like they're trying to in the long run.
Is this really what you (and Rached and others in the general
west-is-evil-zionists-rule-hate-west-or-you-are-a-puppet crowd)
want, Ilyess?
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 4 - True class comp.graphics
scorretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
I've just spent two solid months arguing that no such thing as an
objective moral system exists.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 5 - True class alt.atheism
scorretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
Elisabeth, let's set the record straight for the nth time, I have not read
"The Yeast Connection". So anything that I say is not due to brainwashing
by this "hated" book. It's okay I guess to hate the book, by why hate me?
Elisabeth, I'm going to quote from Zinsser's Microbiology, 20th Edition.
A book that you should be familiar with and not "hate". "Candida species
colonize the mucosal surfaces of all humans during birth or shortly
thereafter. The risk of endogenous infection is clearly ever present.
Indeed, candidiasis occurs worldwide and is the most common systemic
mycosis." Neutrophils play the main role in preventing a systemic
infection(candidiasis) so you would have to have a low neutrophil count or
"sick" neutrophils to see a systemic infection. Poor diet and persistent
parasitic infestation set many third world residents up for candidiasis.
Your assessment of candidiasis in the U.S. is correct and I do not dispute
it.
What I posted was a discussion of candida blooms, without systemic
infection. These blooms would be responsible for local sites of irritation
(GI tract, mouth, vagina and sinus cavity). Knocking down the bacterial
competition for candida was proposed as a possible trigger for candida
blooms. Let me quote from Zinsser's again: "However, some factors, such as
the use of a broad-spectrum antibacterial antibiotic, may predispose to
both mucosal and systemic infections". I was addressing mucosal infections
(I like the term blooms better). The nutrition course that I teach covers
this effect of antibiotic treatment as well as the "cure". I guess that
your nutrition course does not, too bad.
My, my Elisabeth, do I detect a little of Steve Dyer in you? If you
noticed my faculty rank, I'm a biochemist, not a microbiologist.
Candida is classifed as a fungus(according to Zinsser's). But, as you point
out, it displays dimorphism. It is capable of producing yeast cells,
pseudohyphae and true hyphae. Elisabeth, you are probably a microbiologist
and that makes a lot of sense to you. To a biochemist, it's a lot of
Greek. So I called it a yeast-like fungus, go ahead and crucify me.
You know Elisabeth, I still haven't been able to figure out why such a small
little organism like Candida can bring out so much hostility in people in
Sci. Med. And I must admitt that I got sucked into the mud slinging too.
I keep hoping that if people will just take the time to think about what
I've said, that it will make sense. I'm not asking anyone here to buy into
"The Yeast Connection" book because I don't know what's in that book, plain
and simple. And to be honest with you, I'm beginning to wish that it was never
written.
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Testing instance 6 - True class comp.graphics
Corretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
Dishonest money dwindles away, but he who gathers money little by little makes
it grow.
Proverbs 13:11
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Testing instance 7 - True class comp.graphics
scorretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
A friend of mine managed to get a copy of a computerised Greek and Hebrew
Lexicon called "The Word Perfect" (That is not the word processing
package WordPerfect). However, some one wiped out the EXE file, and she
has not been able to restore it. There are no distributors of the package in
South Africa. I would appreciate it, if some one could email me the file, or
at least tell me where I could get it from.
My email address is
fortmann@superbowl.und.ac.za or
fortmann@shrike.und.ac.za
Many thanks.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 8 - True class comp.graphics
Corretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
Hi,
We have a requirement for dynamically closing and opening
different display servers within an X application in a manner such
that at any time there is only one display associated with the client.
Assumming a proper cleanup is done during the transition should
we anticipate any problems.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 9 - True class comp.graphics
Corretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
:
: well, i have lots of experience with scanning in images and altering
: them. as for changing them back into negatives, is that really possible?
: (stuff deleted)
: jennifer urso: the oh-so bitter woman of utter blahness(but cheerful
: undertones)
I use Aldus Photostyler on the PC and I can turn a colour or black and white
image into a negative or turn a negative into a colour or black and white
image. I don't know how it does it but it works well. To test it I scanned
a negative and used Aldus to create a positive. It looked better than the
print that the film developers gave me.
--
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 10 - True class comp.graphics
scorretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
I have uploaded the Windows On-Line Review shareware edition to
ftp.cica.indiana.edu as /pub/pc/win3/uploads/wolrs7.zip.
It is an on-line magazine which contains reviews of some shareware
products...I grabbed it from the Windows On-Line BBS.
--
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 11 - True class comp.graphics
scorretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
Most graphics systems I have seen have drawing routines that also specify
a color for drawing, like
Drawpoint(x,y,color) or Drawline(x1,y1,x2,y2,color) or
Fillrectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,color)
With X, I have to do something like
XSetForeground(current_color)
XDrawPoint(d,w,x,y)
Why split this into two functions? Why did X designers decide to not associate
the color with the object being drawn, and instead associate it with the
display it is being drawn on?
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 12 - True class comp.graphics
scorretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
You *know* that putting something like this out on the newsgroup is *only*
going to generate flames, not discussion. Try adding some substance to
the issue of "gestures" you mentioned.
What is it you feel that Israel *has* offered as a "gesture"? What would
you (*realistically*) expect to see presented by the Arabs/Palestinians
in the way of "gesture"?
What are the "rules" that have been bent by Arab actions? It would seem
that the Israeli deportations were seen by the other side as an example
of "changing the rules".
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 13 - True class alt.atheism
scorretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
Accusation? I thought it was a recommendation. (I mean, I did grow up there,
I oughta know).
Bring the truck and about 10 pounds of crawfish and we'll talk.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 14 - True class alt.atheism
scorretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
Probably because it IS rape.
So nothing. It may work for some, but not for others: it doesn't give any
insight into an overall God or overall truth of a religion- it would seem to be
dependent solely on the individual, as well as individually-created. And since
Christians have failed to show us how there way of life is in any wy better
than ours, I do not see why the attempt to try it is necessary, or even
particularly attractive.
Well, we will nerver know for sure if we were told the truth or not, but at the
very least there is a bit more evidence pointing to the fact that, say, there
was a military conflict in Vietnam 25 years ago, then there is a supernatural
diety who wants us to live a certain way. The fact that Jesus warned against
it means nothing. *I* warn against it too. Big deal.
This is not true. The first two choices here (life and death) are scantily
documented, and the last one is total malarky unless one uses the Bible, and
that is totally circular. Perhaps it be better to use the imagination, or
one's ignorance. Someone else will address this I'm sure, and refer you to
plenty of documentation...
How is this? There is nothing more disgusting than Christian attempts to
manipulate/interpret the Old Testament as being filled with signs for the
coming of Christ. Every little reference to a stick or bit of wood is
autmoatically interpreted as the Cross. What a miscarriage of philology.
Well, since we have skeptical hearts (thank goodness,) there is no way to get
into us. Here we have the irreconcilable difference: Christians glorify
exactly what we tend to despise or snub: trust/belief/faith without knowledge.
If I am lucky one day and I happen to be thinking of God at the same time my
enkephalins go up, then I may associate this as a sign of God (it will "feel"
right, and I will trust without knowing). Maybe. Religosity does not seem to
be anything that is conclusively arrived at, but rather it seems to be more of
a sudden affliction...
I believe many of us were willing to die for what we believed, many of us were
not. The question is, is suchg an attitude reflective of a _correct_ or
healthy morality. IT would seem not to be. The same thing could reflect
fanaticism, for example, and is any case an expression of simple selfishness.
--
--Adam
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 15 - True class alt.atheism
scorretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
From article <C68uBG.K2w@world.std.com>, by cfw@world.std.com (Christopher F Wroten):
Good question.
Answer: The EISA bus does move 32 bits rather than ISA's 8/(16?)
But it still moves it at about the speed as the ISA bus.
I think that's either 8 or 10 mhz.
The local bus designs also move 32 bits like the EISA, but
they move the data at the cpu speed, up to 40 mhz.
So, on a 33mhz cpu, the local bus is moving 32bit data at
33 mhz, and the EISA is moving 32bit data at 8 or 10 mhz.
So the local bus should be 3 to 4 times faster than EISA on
a 33 mhz cpu. EISA should be about two (maybe 3) times as
fast as ISA.
That's a very good question. The EISA bus does have more advantages
over the ISA bus than just it's width. For example: more/better
interrupts and bus mastering. But these other factors do not impact
a video card very much. They have more impact on file servers with
multiple hard drives, full-throttle network cards, cd-roms, etc.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 16 - True class comp.graphics
scorretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
Iv'e got a problem printing with a StyleWriterII. I am printing from a IIvx
with 20 megs ram. I am trying to print a Quark file that has 2 fonts a couple
of boxes and 3 gradient fills.
Two things happen: I get a " Disk is full" error, that I can't find documented,
I also have parts of letters that are over one of the gradient fills get cut
off. This only happens to the text over the fill. Text adjecent in a different
box is uneffected.
Any ideas?
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 17 - True class comp.graphics
Corretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
Hello,
i'm interested in those devices too.
Could also send me your suggestions.
Thank in advance.
Regards.
--
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 18 - True class alt.atheism
scorretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
I said
what a SILLY boy i was, now i have zillions of messages like
"does that include shipping"
"is it scsi"
"what rom version is it"
"will it work on a maximegalon gargantuabrain 9000"
ok, the deal is this - if you live in the twin cities, email me, and set
up a time, sure, you can drop round and grab one for a tenner.
Else
Min order $20 (2 drives) + shipping. No guarantees they are good for
any purpose at all (they look newish & clean), no technical
negotiations. They are model 525 floppytape, part # 960273-639
revision D. 17 pin floppy style connector on the back
Else
They go in the bin - life is too short for extended negotiations over
$10 items :-)
cheers
Mike.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 19 - True class alt.atheism
Corretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
I just called Texas' legislative bill tracking service and found out
that HB 1776 (Concealed Carry) is scheduled for a floor vote TODAY!
Let those phone calls roll in.
Daryl
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 20 - True class alt.atheism
Corretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
This is an invitation to send articles to the Informatica magazine.
The first fully international issue has been published and echoes
are quite favourable. For any information, contact (matjaz.gams@ijs.si).
Dear Colleague, April 25, 1993
Number 1 of volume 17 of Informatica is now out of print and some of you
will receive it in a week or so. As you will see, the journal is structured
in the following way: the editorial (first page); profiles (second page
-- biography of an editor, in this issue, Terry Winograd); the edited
part of papers (pp. 3-80); mission and research reports (A plan for
knowledge archives project in Japan and CSLI in Stanford, pp. 81-100);
and news and announcements (pp. 101-108). This structure is mentioned to
give you a suggestion how could you help to make the contents of the
journal significant, diverse, and interesting, bringing your own views
into the discourse.
A great emphasis is given to the so-called editorial page. This page
expresses an opinion (belief) of the writing editor to some problems
within the scope of computing and informatics, extending into other
concerning disciplines, e.g. cybernetics, advanced AI, cognitive sciences,
mind, informationally concerned neural sciences, advanced technology
(e.g. photonics), etc. I asked professor Terry Winograd to write this
page for Number 2. I certainly would appreciate very much to get
suggestions or possible offers from other editors, who like to express
their strong (directed) beliefs concerning a future development of the
area in question.
On the second page of each Number an editor's profile is published.
The aim of the profile is twofold: to show his/her professional
achievements, interests, scientific, and philosophical orientation on
one side; to narrate his/her life story in the environments in which
editors has lived and live on the other side. This kind of story should
be instructive, adequately factically faced, contributing to the
understanding of circumstances in which editors have to act and live.
The edited part (edited papers) is still critical. I would like to have
a stock of accepted papers in advance, so the issuing dates of a particular
number can be fixed (e.g. January, April, July, and October). In situation
right now, I ask you to help me with contributions of yours or your
colleagues, collaborators, students, etc. Some critical views to the
contemporary development of computing and informatics are appreciated.
A special emphasis should be given also to originality by which fresh
ideas are coming into the circulation of different professional communities.
Reports of different occasions (symposia, conferences, meetings, etc.)
and particularly on new books, papers, and interesting events are welcome.
You can send these news immediately (also by your secretary) by e-mail.
On the other hand, you can send books and other publications (annual
reports, journals, calls for papers, etc.) for reviewing and publishing
in Informatica. We in the editorial staff will manage the rest.
E-mail is functioning satisfactorily, so please use it in every respect.
You can submit editorial notes, profiles, reports, news and even complete
papers written in standard LaTex format (especially formulas). We received
several final (corrected) texts in Number 1 from different sites (US,
Russia, etc.). In this way, you can compose reports from already typed
texts, using your own choice and editing, and submit them to the contact
person (matjaz.gams@ijs.si), who is always being on your disposal. So,
you will receive a prompt confirmation and any information concerning
our common interest and job.
At the end, please do not forget: we need your cooperation and help in
every mentioned respect. The aim of Informatica is to open various
possibilities of communication concerning strong scientific and
philosophical orientations as well as those coming up, still unrevealed,
and on the way to become significant. Please, do not apprehend to give
proposals, suggestions, and, certainly, contributions via the e-mail
and by other means.
Sincerely yours,
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Testing instance 21 - True class alt.atheism
Corretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
********************* NEW PRICE ***********
I have an extra copy of Lotus 1-2-3 ver 3.4 for DOS. this package was
originally $600. I'd like to get $75 for it. please reply by e-mail to
jth@bach.udel.edu
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Testing instance 22 - True class comp.graphics
Corretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
Bosnian Muslims are citizens od Bosnia-Herzegovina who identify themselves
with Bosnian Muslim cultural and religious tradition.
In Bosnia, "Muslim" is not merely a religious category, but an ethnic
one as well. Actually, here are the two contradictory arguments
made by people on this subject:
(1) There is only Serbian and Croatian nationality, and Bosnian Muslims
are simply Croats and Serbs of Islamic faith.
(2) Bosnian Muslims are a separate nationality since they do not feel
themselves to be Croats nor Serbs.
In 1968, argument (2) was accepted by former Yugoslavia as valid,
and (1) was soundly rejected. The reasons are pragmatic: even if
Bosnian Muslims are Croats and Serbs who converted to Islam under
Turkish rule centuries ago, none of the present generation has any
clue what was their ancestor's actual nationality. In fact, although
Bosnian Muslims have felt drawn to Croatian or Serbian national
allegiance, most of them feel they have a separate cultural and
historic identity. So, arguments like "yes, but your ancestors were
Croats or Serbs" carry very little weight. Regardless of what
their ancestors might have been, as long as Bosnian Muslims feel
that they are a separate national group, that ends the debate.
What outsiders say is simply not relevant.
In the case of former Yugoslavia, the date is 1971, when "Muslim nationality"
appeared as a census category for the first time. This was the result
of a sequence of decisions over the past decade, from recognizing
"Bosniaks" as an ethnic group (1961) to February 1968 resolution (in B-H)
declaring that Muslims are a separate nation, to formal endorsement
of this in January 1969, and eventually to the 1971 inclusion of
"Muslim nationality" choice in census forms.
For comparison, in 1948 census there were three national categories
available to Muslims in Bosnia-Herzegovina:
Serb-Muslims: 71,991
Croat-Muslims: 25,295
Muslims, ethnically undeclared: 788,403
This clearly demonstrates that Muslims feel themselves to be their own
nationality. Only a tiny minority felt able to choose Serb or Croat
nationality. Census results show that Bosnian Muslims have
consistently opted for a third category: in 1948 they chose "undeclared",
in 1953 they chose "Yugoslavs", in 1961 both "Yugoslavs" and "Bosniak
ethnic group", and in 1971, 1981 and 1991 they chose "Muslim nationality".
Perhaps the term "Bosnian Muslim nationality" is too confusing for
the rest of the world. But, in the present context, we ARE talking
about Muslims as nationality; not as a religous group within some
separate national identity. The reasons are mostly historical and
cultural. Religion plays a smaller role, as a part of culture in general,
because the area is simply not known for religious fanaticism. Political
fanaticism, yes; religious fanaticism, no. Group security and survival
dominate people's thinking; not fine points of theology. In fact,
Bosnia-Herzegovina is as well known for religious tolerance in peacetime
as it is known for terrible carnage in wartime.
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Why not design the solar arrays to be detachable. if the shuttle is going
to retunr the HST, what bother are some arrays. just fit them with a quick release.
one space walk, or use the second canadarm to remove the arrays.
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A couple of points :-
I have an Adaptec 1542B and am very happy with it.
Not so! I have both IDE and an Adaptec1542B in the same box and can use both
disks at the same time, eg. IDE to SCSI disk copy.
Well, one statement and one correction!
Guy
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Hi sci.med folks...
I would like to know anything you folks can tell me regarding Lithium.
I have a 10 year old son that lives with my ex-wife. She has been having
difficulty with his behavior and has had him on Ritalin, Tofranil, and now
wants to try Lithuim at the local doctors suggestion. I would like to
know whatever is important that I should know. I worry about this sort of
thing and would like pros/cons regarding Lithium therapy.
I have a booklet from the "Lithium Information Center" based at the
University of Wisconsin, but feel that it is pro-lithium and would be
interested in comments from the "not necessarily PRO" side of the fence.
I am a concerned father and just wish to be well informed...
Thanks for any information you can provide.
Please email me directly...
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It is said that CELP vocoders can run on the highest speed 486s with
some room to spare -- they turn 64kbit (8 bit samples, 8k samples/sec)
into 4800 baud. However, DSP is hairy, and I have yet to see actual
proof of this in the form of an implementation. I have heard fairly
reliable rumors to the effect that a famous internetworking guru has a
CELP implementation that runs on Sparcstation 1+'s with some room to
spare, but I have not succeeded thus far in getting my hands on a copy
-- the guru in question has a reputation for not releasing code
without having beaten on it for a very very long time first.
DSP experts are heavily encouraged to try their own hand at this
problem.
--
Perry Metzger pmetzger@shearson.com
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I have a 90 Eagle Talon and I wanted a pair of GTS
Headlight covers. Actually, they are turning signal
covers since the Talons that year had pop-up lights.
I went to a auto shop and bought the tail-light
blackouts for $45, but they did not have the turning
signal covers in stock. I asked how much it would be
and he told me it would cost me another $40. I thought
this was a bit high for two small pieces of plastic.
Can anyone find me a cheaper pair or even a used one?
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Hi,
I need your help with a problem I have with a 1989 Mitsubishi
Galant GS transmission. The car has a 5 speed manual tranmission.
Since the car was bought new, while shifting from 2nd to 3rd, unless
I do it SLOWLY and carefully, it makes a "popping" or "hitting" sound.
The dealer and Mitsubishi customer service (reached by an 800 #) say
this is NORMAL for the car. IS IT?
And about a year ago, at 35Kmiles, the stick shift handle got STUCK
while attempting to put it in reverse:
1- The shifter would not budge. The clutch had no effect.
2- The front tires would not budge, even when the clutch is
fully depressed.
3- If the clutch is released the engine would die.
4- Assuming that some gear was engaged while the shifter was
stuck, I could not make the car move. It acted as if
it were in Neutral(except for dying when clutch is released.)
5- I finally was able to release the shifter by having
someone rock the car back and forth (less than an inch),
while I depressed the clutch and jiggled the shifter.
6- The shifter acted normally after that.
When this happened, I took it to the dealer, they checked the
clutch, it was o.k. They checked the transmission, it was o.k.
I had the exact problem a couple of months ago, and again last
week. The dealer says there is nothing they can do because
Mitsubishi (the 800 #) says they have never heard of the
problem, and the dealer could not reproduce the problem while
they had the car.
In all three occurances, the car was parked head first in a garage,
and since the front wheels were stuck, the car could not be towed
to the dealer before releasing the shifter (hence temporarily
solving the problem). And the dealer, and Mitsubishi, refused to
send someone to check the car while it was stuck.
I KNOW there is smething wrong with the transmission (shifting
from 2nd to 3rd), and getting stuck at random, but I can't get
the dealer to fix it. I need your help with the mechanical problems,
and with how to handle Mitsubishi.
All hints and suggestions are greatly appreciated, and sorry to
bore you with the long post.
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I don't know about Canada, but I have heard from people
doing translation work in Papua New Quinea, that they
like them and have had good response on service.
Another is seriously considering buying one.
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I am writing a X-based dosemu which requires XKeyReleasedEvent.
I found the keycode of XKeyReleasedEvent is wrong. If I run the program on
a Linux host(XFree1.2) with DISPLAY set to the local Linux and to
the Sun host (X11R5), the two keycodes from the two Xservers are different.
Of course, the keycode of XKeyPressedEvent is O.K.
Can anybody verify this ? Did I do anything wrong ?
Thanks.
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A while back (i.e., several months) someone posted a method for allowing
a user to choose (via XMenu and something else??) a window manager
interactively at X startup time. Could the original poster (or anyone
else) please Email a copy of the method to me, as I have lost the
original posting? Thanks.
______________________________________________________________________________
Henry Stilmack )
Computing Systems Manager ) Perform random kindnesses
UK/Netherlands/Canada Joint Astronomy Centre ) and senseless acts of beauty
660 N. A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720 )
hps@jach.Hawaii.Edu 808-969-6530 )
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I'm trying to find a program that will stop the Macs from spitting out
their Boot Disk. I was told one exists but I can't find it.
Anyone know where I can find it?
Thanks
Robert Harvey
Duty Programmer
Information Technology
Victoria University
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Recently, I have been getting a CMOS Checksum error when I first turn on my
computer. It doesn't happen everytime I turn it on, nor can I predict when it
is going to happen. I have an AMI BIOS and all of the setting are lost, for
example the drive types and the password options. However, the date and time
remain correct. If anyone knows what can be causing this, please let me know.
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Forwarded from Neal Ausman, Galileo Mission Director
GALILEO
MISSION DIRECTOR STATUS REPORT
POST-LAUNCH
April 23 - 29, 1993
SPACECRAFT
1. On April 22 and 23, delta Differenced One-way Range (DOR) passes were
performed over DSS-14/63 (Goldstone/Madrid 70 meter antennas) and DSS-14/43
(Goldstone/Canberra 70 meter antennas), respectively. Initial results
indicate the delta DOR pass on April 22 was unsuccessful due to ground
station hardware problems but the one on April 23 was successfully performed.
2. On April 23, a cruise science Memory Readout (MRO) was performed for the
Magnetometer (MAG) instrument. Analysis indicates the data was received
properly.
3. On April 23, the spare power relay contacts were commanded closed via the
spacecraft stored sequence. These relays were commanded closed by the CDS
(Command Data Subsystem) prior to launch and were again commanded closed to
preclude the possibility at Jupiter of the PPS relays/wiring being a
source of internal electrostatic charge (IESD).
4. On April 26, cruise science Memory Readouts (MRO) were performed for the
Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EUV), Dust Detector (DDS), and Magnetometer
(MAG) instruments. Preliminary analysis indicates the data was received
properly.
5. During the period from April 26 to April 27, a navigation cycle was
performed. This navigation cycle provided near-continuous acquisition of
two-way doppler and ranging data during three consecutive passes of the
spacecraft over DSS-63, DSS-14, and DSS-43.
6. On April 26, real-time commands were sent to test slew the Radio Relay
Antenna (RRA) in preparation for the mini-sequence slew test on April 28.
The RRA was slewed from approximately 3.5 degrees from stow to approximately
20.3 degrees. Preliminary analysis indicated the antenna slewed to about 18
degrees which was well within the predicted range. The RRA was commanded back
to approximately 15.2 degrees from stow. Preliminary analysis indicated the
antenna reached about 15.8 degrees also well within the predicted range. The
RRA motor temperature was at 1 degree C at the start of the activity and had
increased to 1.6 degrees C at its completion.
After verifying proper RRA slewing, the RRA slew test mini-sequence was
uplinked to the spacecraft for execution on April 28. Upon successful uplink,
a Delayed Action Command (DAC) was sent which will reposition the stator on
May 4 to its initial pre-test position. Also, a DAC was sent to turn the
Two-Way Noncoherent (TWNC) on April 28 prior to the start of the RRA slew test
mini-sequence.
7. On April 27, a NO-OP command was sent to reset the command loss timer to
264 hours, its planned value during this mission phase.
8. On April 28, the RRA slew test executed nominally. The spacecraft under
stored sequence control performed six RRA slews starting at about 16 degrees
from stow and going to 53 degrees, back to 25 degrees, then to 51 degrees,
back to 22 degrees, then to 48 degrees and then back to 21 degrees. All of
the slews were well within the predicted range. The RRA motor temperature was
at 2.3 degrees C at the start of the activity and had increased to 4.4
degrees C at its completion. After completion of the RRA slews, real-time
commands were sent to reconfigure back to the pre-test configuration.
9. The AC/DC bus imbalance measurements have not exhibited significant change
(greater than 25 DN) throughout this period. The AC measurement reads 17 DN
(3.9 volts). The DC measurement reads 134 DN (15.7 volts). These
measurements are consistent with the model developed by the AC/DC special
anomaly team.
10. The Spacecraft status as of April 29, 1993, is as follows:
a) System Power Margin - 75 watts
b) Spin Configuration - Dual-Spin
c) Spin Rate/Sensor - 3.15rpm/Star Scanner
d) Spacecraft Attitude is approximately 23 degrees
off-sun (lagging) and 4 degrees off-earth (leading)
e) Downlink telemetry rate/antenna- 40bps(coded)/LGA-1
f) General Thermal Control - all temperatures within
acceptable range
g) RPM Tank Pressures - all within acceptable range
h) Orbiter Science- Instruments powered on are the PWS,
EUV, UVS, EPD, MAG, HIC, and DDS
i) Probe/RRH - powered off, temperatures within
acceptable range
j) CMD Loss Timer Setting - 264 hours
Time To Initiation - 203 hours
GDS (Ground Data Systems):
1. The first Galileo-GDS test of the MGDS V18.0 Command System (CMD) took
place April 27, 1993 with DSS-61 (Madrid 34 meter antenna). The test went
well and demonstrated that the new command system interfaced with the new DSN
(Deep Space Network) Group 5 Command Processor Assembly (CPA). The test was
successful and the next test for V18.0 CMD is scheduled for May 1, 1993 with
DSS-15 (Goldstone 34 meter antenna).
2. The April System Engineers Monthly Report(SEMR)/Ground System Development
Office (GSDO) MMR was conducted Thursday, April 29. A review of current
Project and Institutional (DSN and MOSO) system status was conducted. On-going
cruise development plus the GSDO Phase 1 and 2 delivery schedules, past months
accomplishments and potential problem areas were discussed. No significant
schedule changes or significant problems were reported.
TRAJECTORY
As of noon Thursday, April 29, 1993, the Galileo Spacecraft trajectory
status was as follows:
Distance from Earth 187,745,300 km (1.26 AU)
Distance from Sun 296,335,800 km (1.98 AU)
Heliocentric Speed 89,100 km per hour
Distance from Jupiter 522,015,800 km
Round Trip Light Time 20 minutes, 58 seconds
SPECIAL TOPIC
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[stuff deleted]
I have a similiar question relating to anti-alaising that my friend has asked
to have posted to the more knowledgable in this group. I'm sorry if this is
an FAQ.
"What anti-alaising methods do Persistance Of Vision & Polyray use?"
Thank you in advance. You can either email me or reply (or flame me if it is
an FAQ :-) )
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} Last night, Boston Red Sox win its 11 games of 14 games by beating Seattle
} 5-2. Roger Clemson pitch not so dominate. He walked at least 6 man in
} first 6 inns. But Valetin and Greenwell hit homeruns and Red Sox prevail.
Clemens struggled with his control, but was also the "beneficiary"
of some pretty shoddy umpiring. but to be fair, most of the walks were
early in the game, and he adjusted. he was also helped by (dare i say
it?) some pretty good defense by the Sox, including Rivera playing
at second, not his normal position.
actually, Clemens is pretty lucky that he got the win, considering the Sox
almost gave up the lead in the bottom of the 7th on Mo's error catching
a throw-over.
} I think that game is must win for Red Sox in Seattle, considering Darwin will
} faced Seattle ace Randy Johnson tonight.
must win? in April?
they've already won 4 more games so far than anyone thought they would at this
point of the season... i hope people aren't getting too caught up
in this streak; it's been fun, but teams have 11-3 streaks all the time,
and it is only when they are at the start of the season that they get
so much attention.
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Is there any third party video ram adapter for vewing 24 bit color on LCII?
I heard that Apple is selling it aroung 160$.
Please e-mail me.
Thanks.
Young
youyj@mace.cc.purdue.edu
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I have a mac LCII 4/80 purchased last august.
Just the cpu and mouse... no monitor or keyboard.
$800 OBO
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Does any one know of a decent quality library of routines for
performing 3D graphics modelling on the PC?
Ideally the routines would be embeded in our application program.
Requirements (wish list):
- flat surface modelling (simple phong shading optional)
- ability to plot hidden-line drawings
- Texture mapping -- both procedural and bit map
- modeling light sources (local, distant, and spot lights)
- Ray-tracing
- Radiosity (optional)
Any comments would be appreciated.
John Chinnick -- jchinnic@mach1.wlu.ca
phone : (519) 888-9666
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ERGINEL) asked:
[EE] No, no flaming here. Just a simple question.
...with a simple answer!
[EE] As far as I know most of the Armenians belong to the Gregorian Orthodox
[EE] faith and such was the case in nineteenth century Ottoman Empire. It is
[EE] also known that some Armenian communities were converted into Catholicism
[EE] and Protestantism by the Western European missionaries in this period.
The vast majority of Armenians in eastern Anatolia were Gregorian or Armenian
Apostolic. There was, however, a higher percentage of non-Gregorian Armenians
in Cilicia, closer to the Mediterranean, in Adana, Marash, Aintab, etc.
[EE] Another known fact is that almost half of the Armenians living in Anatolia
[EE] did not speak any Armenian, but used Turkish in their everyday lives.
This is not true. While it was forbidden for Armenians to speak Armenian in
certain areas of Cilician Armenia, most all Armenians spoke Armenian. In fact,
Turks who interacted with Armenians also spoke Armenian! For sure, most all
Armenians, especially men, also knew Turkish in order to function in larger
society.
[EE] My question is, given so many separations in the Armenian community, what
[EE] was the common denominator of the Armenian people that allowed Armenian
[EE] nationalism to emerge in the nineteenth century? As I stated, religion
[EE] was not uniform (unlike the Greeks) and many Armenians couldn't even speak
[EE] Armenian. I would like to know what factors brought the Armenians in the
[EE] Ottoman Empire together and led to the formation of an Armenian
[EE] consciousness.
The Armenians in Turkey were persecuted because they were Armenian, regardless
of the specific branch of Christianity they professed. The resultant Armenian
nationalism was in direct reaction to this persecution. Even at the later
stages of WWI, and after the genocide, many Armenians who were converted to
Islam were also exterminated because they continued as Armenian Moslems. This
practice continued well into the 1920s by Ataturk in parallel with the policy
of clearing out pockets of steadfast Islamic fundamentalism. Many of these
converted Armenians, ironically, in order to stay alive, were staunch Moslems.
[EE] Any information will be appreciated.
You answered your own question! The common thread throughout your inquiry
was the word Armenian!
[EE] Regards,
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Yamanari,
---Hey isn't it funny how betas have bugs in them....
Hey...do me a favor and don't put up stupid posts.
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They don't. It's a closed access road, you pay to get in (if you don't
have a resident sticker), and they simply don't open the gates if
you're on a bike.
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I have a little question:
I need to convert RGB-coded (Red-Green-Blue) colors into HVS-coded
(Hue-Value-Saturnation) colors. Does anyone know which formulas to
use?
Thanks!
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Tom Clancy omitted these key steps to try to prevent groups of people from
building a nuclear bomb. However, he asserts that you can find these key
steps in any university library. The main point of _Five Minutes To Midnight_
is that it is impossible to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons,
since it has become easy to acquire the knowledge to build one, and fissible
materials are nearly impossible to control. Read this article, or better
yet, run to your library yourself and dig up some stuff on constructing a
nuclear weapon.
Doug Holland
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I've done a bit of looking, and havn't been able to
come up with a mailing list or newsgroup for users
of Adobe Photoshop. Assuming I've just not missed
it, I'll go ahead and see if there is enough interest
to start a mailing list (and/or alt. newsgroup).
Drop me a note if you might be interested in subscribing.
THANKS!
--Bob Wier (NOT of the Grateful Dead :-)
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The "artist renderings" that I've seen of the HST reboost still have
the arrays fully extended, with a cradle holding HST at a ~30 degree
angle to the Shuttle. I think the rendering was conceived before the
array replacemnet was approved, so I'm not sure if the current reboost
will occur with the arrays deployed or not. However, it doesn't
appear that an array retraction was necessary for reboost.
Thanks for the input on GRO's S/A design constraints. That would
explain the similar design on UARS.
Heck, the MMS project used to design _missions_ with servicing in mind.
The XTE spacecraft was originally designed as an on-orbit replacement
for the instrument module on EUVE. That way, you get two instruments
for the price of one spacecraft bus (the Explorer Platform). A
second on-orbit replacement was also considered, with the FUSE telescope.
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There should be no problem with this - just remember to get the number of
wait states correct!
Guy
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: I have seen various references to 'triple des' recently. Could anyone
: tell me what it is ? From context, I would guess that it means
: encrypting each block 3 times, with a different key each time, but
: I'd like to be sure.
: Replies by email preferred - our news is unreliable.
Could people replying to the above question post their responses here
as well, as I'm sure others (including myself) would like to hear them.
Thanks.
Jon
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The CLIPPER initiative is an announcement by Clinton that all the
"secure" voice phones will use the same crypto chip, as a de-facto
government standard. Problem is, the government is admitting that
they hold the keys to break the code easily, and the Justice department
will be using the keys to listen in on "illegal activities." Many
people are really scared about such an initiative because it is
a major step towards outlawing real crypto protection on things
like email if you read the press release. The project was developed
by NSA and given to NIST. It uses two keys S1 and S2 that the
government claims are needed to break the code. They claim that
these keys will be handed to two different companies, and when they
get a warrant to do a wiretap (the chip is nicknamed the wiretap chip),
they have to get the keys from both companies. People have poked holes
through and through the press release official version and shown how
it is nowhere near as nice as it sounds, and I have given the simplified
version. People over on sci.crypt are really scared about this
proposal it seems.
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Oh yeah, all the time. On a nice spring/summer day, I roll down the window
and drive around looking for bikes. When a bike motors by in the opposite
direction, I stick my arm out and hi5'em. My arm feels like a million
bucks when I'm doing this a 60km/h. I do the same thing with cyclists.
The only problem with hi5ing a cyclist is their always in the right hand lane.
I hafta roll down the other window and hi5 them on the back. Oh well, I
think they appreciate the thought.
Regards, Ted.
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Thanks, Jody. I can't say I've ever seen it summed up so succinctly before.
I might only add two things.... stupid road design (or poor, at least) and
we deal with it for the fun and *brotherhood* we share with others who take
their lives in their hads to feel the wind in their hair....IMHO.
Binger
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As I recall from my bout with kidney stones, there isn't any
medication that can do anything about them except relieve the pain.
Either they pass, or they have to be broken up with sound, or they have
to be extracted surgically.
When I was in, the X-ray tech happened to mention that she'd had kidney
stones and children, and the childbirth hurt less.
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Let's be careful here. If players' performance was completely random
in (Clutch-No Clutch), then you would still expect some players to be
good in the clutch every year and some to be not-so-good every year.
With two years worth of data, you'd have 1/4 of the players good each
year, 1/4 bad each year, and 1/2 would have one good and one bad year.
We have 96 players for 5 years ('84-'88). Just flipping a coin, you'd
expect 3 players to be good all 5 years and 3 to be bad every year.
This is what we actually get--
No. of good years 0 1 2 3 4 5
Clutch performers 4 10 37 24 18 3
Coin flip (random) 3 15 30 30 15 3
Essentially the distribution of clutch performers by number of years
of good performance is the same as what you would get if the process
leading to deviations from non-clutch performance was completely random.
If there was anything to clutch hitting (at least in this definition)
that had any predictive capability, you expect to see the number of
players at the ends to be much larger than that predicted by flipping
a coin. Further, if you limit yourself to players who were a lot above
or below average in clutch situations (say, 1 standard deviation from
the mean) more than one year, the random explanation still looks good.
In the four years ('84-'87) that I looked at the data from Elias, there
were 79 (29) players with a minimum of 25 (50) at bats in clutch
situations that were 1 sigma from the mean two different years. Of
those 79 (29) players, 38 (14) of them changed sign between the two
years. In other words, they were great clutch hitters one year and
really horrible the other year. If it was just a random process,
you'd expect those numbers to be 39.5 (14.5).
Everything that's been measured about clutch hitting over a period
of years that could be used to predict any ability with any
proposed definition has looked like a random process (with the
caveat that there may be something related to platoon advantage
that could be dragged out of the data--e.g., John Lowenstein
probably never had a "clutch" AB against a left-handed pitcher,
but he might well have had some in blowouts, so that there would
be a bias since his clutch ABs would be more geared to his
platoon advantage). This is not a subject that has been glanced
at casually. A lot of people have put a lot of effort into
studying it and every one of them, with the exception of the
Elias study, has been unable to find anything that would allow
you to predict how someone will do in clutch situations better
than flipping a coin. (Self-serving plug follows: some of the
flaws in the Elias study are discussed in my paper in the forth-
coming SABR book, _The Perfect Game_, by Taylor Publishing. The
authors are supposed to get a slice of the advance, so go bug
your local bookstores now, and maybe I can get enough to take my
wife to dinner once.:-)
Harold
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Where can I find it ?
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Hmmm. I gave two examples which matched your objective criteria, and your
response was some subjective claptrap about them being 'lame'. You never
did counter the fact that those examples fit your objective criteria.
One wonders who's playing semantic games, here.
--
Rick Schaut
UUCP:...{uunet | uw-beaver}!microsoft!richs
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WATCH OUT PITSBURGH HERE COME THE ISLES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
They said we wouldn't make the playoffs and we came in third
They said the Caps would beat us and they're not going to
They say that Pitsburgh has a 1:1 ratio of winning the cup but We'll prove them
wrong.
L E T S G O I S L A N D E R S!!!!!!! Bring it back home
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Quite a few people couldn't have cared less about what
happened to the Jews of Europe. If they had cared, they would have
done something.
Maybe its because many of us, who have been on usenet for
several years remember tripe like this being posted:
-------------
This was posted fairly recently. There has been much more
racist stuff in the past. Why are we expected to listen to it and
remain "calm?" I don't think that listening to racist or anti-semetic
slurs is an incitement to calm debate.
Perhaps you don't mean to be coming off as highly offensive.
However, the way you have posted seems to be typical of those who have
an irrational dislike for Israel and Jews. Perhaps if you took a
close look at what you've posted thought a bit about the combatative
tone you've used, you would see why people are reacting the way they
are.
Adam Shostack adam@das.harvard.edu
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This is the AP story from Fri morning.
As the walls came tumbling down and tear gas filled the air, cult leader
David Koresh sprang into action. He left his third-floor bedroom and began
looking around the house, making sure women and children were secure and
checking that everyone had their gas masks on properly. Within hours, the
compound became an inferno. Nine Branch Davidians excaped.
This is their story, gleaned from lawyers who spoke with six of them
who are jailed on charges that include conspiracy and murder. That day the
six said a portable radio offered the only contact with the outside world
since Koresh's right-hand man, Steve Schneider, ripped out the compounds's
phone line after FBI agents called before dawn Monday saying this was the
cults last chance: Come out or prepare to get forced out.
They kept their word. By dawn, tanks were battering the Mount Carmel
compound, punching for hours to creat holes for tear gas to enter. The BD
meanwhile proceeded with their daily routines. Strapped into gas masks, the
women did laundry. Others read Bibles in their rooms. The 17 children, all
under 10, remained by their mothers' sides. Still, it was hard to ignore what
was happening around them. Each time a tank rammed the poorly-constructed building
it shook violently. Cult members dodges falling gypsum wallboard and doors.
Hundreds of gas canisters hurled in from the armored vehicles were filling
the air with noxious fumes. The flying canisters were more frightening than
the tanks. At least one man was hit in the face. The gas began filling the air,
driven by heavy gusts of wind coming through windows and the holes the tanks
made. Scattered throughout the house, the cult members made no efforts to
gather. Then the FBI sent in its biggest weapon -- a massive armored vehicle
headed for a chamber, lined with cinder blocks, where authorities hoped to
find Koresh and Schneider and fire tear gas directly at them.
Here the cult members' story diverges from the government's version. The
FBI says cult members set fires in three places. But each of the six cult
members, in separate discussions with lawyers, consistently gave versions
at odds with the FBI's account. They say the tank flattened a barrel of
propane, spilling its contents. And as the tank thundered through the house,
it tipped over lit lanterns, spitting flames that ignited the propane and
other flammables. The home of used lumber, plywood, and wallboard tacked
together with tar paper was vulnerable. The building erupted. Nine BD's
escaped jumping through windows and dashing through other openings. Others
died groping in the blackness.
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James Nicholl sez;
Jeff responds;
I wouldn't worry too much about it, Jeff. If you work for JPL, then your
job IS imaging things :-)
(I know, it was a just a typo, but I couldn't resist. At least, I hope it
was a typo, or my stupid joke is stupider than I intended :-)
-Tommy Mac
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tom McWilliams 517-355-2178 wk \\ As the radius of vision increases,
18084tm@ibm.cl.msu.edu 336-9591 hm \\ the circumference of mystery grows.
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We were having a problem with instability in the universal gravitational
constant that day: the closer I got to those exposed fangs (still dripping,
no doubt, with the viscera of the last foolhardy experimenter cum canine
psychology) the bigger and heavier the dog appeared to become. Also,
recall that the distribution of the ~150lb is one five pound jaw+teeth
operated by two 70lb muscles driven by a .005 ounce brain possessing an
instinctual heuristic composed of equal parts of bloodlust and ravening hunger.
The other ~5 lb is, of course, dog poop, but that varies all over the place
as the dog deposits it regularly on the painstakingly manicured and tended
lawns of the dog's owner's neighbors (whilst continuously replenishing its
inexhaustible supply, no doubt by consuming the likes of folks like me).
My very thought at the time, but as I looked down at these once formidable
instruments of mayhem, I realized they had become weak and atrophied by too
many sedentary hours tapping away at my ergonomically-correct CRT keyboard.
There was only one option left: I reached down to the toolbox near my
car and grasped my Craftsman 150 ft-lb torque wrench, surely the bludgeon
of dire necessity if ever there was one. To my amazement and
confusion, the setter started shaking and rolling on the grass, then leapt
to its feet and vanished down the street, still quivering and occasionally
looking back at me.
"Seven at One Blow!" I exclaimed, flexing my new-found biceps and brandishing
my Terrible Weapon of Invincibility as I stalked the now-secure environs
of my domicile. It was only later that I found out what the dog apparently
knew all along: the wrench was defective, would no longer measure torque
accurately, and Sears wouldn't fix it or replace it. What I had interpreted
as fear and subservience were in fact unmitigated hilarity and contempt.
Exactly: nobody can look quite as silly as we can.
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I watched the game Germany-Czechs in WC today...and i was astonished about
the behaviour of the German audience!
The German team got a few penalties in the last period and the crowd went
grazy! They threw coins, extra pucks and other trash into the rink...is
that stupid or what?? I guess the Canadian referee (one of the
Isostar-bros ;) gave the German team a penalty for that, but it didn't help
much.
I guess the Germans just are proud over their Nazi-Kill-'em-All-Everyone-
But-Us-Germans-Sucks attitude...they just seem to have that kind of attitude
in every possible sport (remember the European champs in Stockholm in soccer)
It really pisses me off!
I do not mean that every single German has this attitude that sucks, but
most of them seem to do...
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All right! Let's hope they get off their rear ends and do something
because the UN clearly is content to sit on its.
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--
Douglas C. Meier | You can't play Electro-magnetic Golf
Northwestern University, ACNS | according to the rules of Centrifugal
This University is too Commie- | Bumblepuppy. -Huxley, Brave New World
Lib Pinko to have these views. | dmeier@casbah.acns.nwu.edu
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Hello,
recently I noticed there is a directory named "DiskImage" in my disk. I didn't
notice it before and I wonder if while installing an application an image of
the disk was created, or if Win3.1 automatically created a backup of its files.
I couldn't find any documentation on the diskimage utility; having an image of
the disk is taking *a lot* of disk space. Does anybody know if this is just
something the people who installed Win3.1 did or it is a backup mechanism?
Thanks,
Anibal
--
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anibal Mayorga | 21 Wenark Dr #7 | W: (302) 831-8704
mayorga@cis.udel.edu | Newark, DE 19713 | H: (302) 453-0309
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The White House
Office of the Press Secretary
-----------------------------------------------------------------
For Immediate Release April 19, 1993
STATEMENT OF PRESIDENT CLINTON
I am deeply saddened by the loss of life in Waco today. My
thoughts and prayers are with the families of David Koresh's
victims.
The law enforcement agencies involved in the Waco siege
recommended the course of action pursued today. The Attorney
General informed me of their analysis and judgment and
recommended that we proceed with today's action given the risks
of maintaining the previous policy indefinitely. I told the
Attorney General to do what she thought was right, and I stand by
that decision.
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Your post is based on the premise that the laws as they stand do not
discriminate anybody, so your argument falls over immediately. Are you
really that dumb as to use emotive language to prove an argument?
Please feel free to answer, that is, if you have anything intelligent
to say on the matter.
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Do I ever!!!!!! After 2 years of having health problems that had been
cleared up w/allery shots, and not knowing why, I went and was re-tested.
I actually did better than when I had been tested 2 years ago....
Then putting 2 + 2 together, I realized that it all started back up
when the laser printer came into the office. I kept track of the usage, and
on hi use days, I was worse. I got better over the weekends....
The laser printer is gone, I'm 100% better!!!..... Whether it is the toner
dust or chemicals, I dont know (I am highly allergic to dust...), but
it definitely was the laser printer....
brenda peters
carderock div, nswc, david taylor model basin
bethesda, md 20084
e-mail : cape@dtvms.dt.navy.mil
or
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Then Einstein should have had lunch with me at the Tien Fu
on Castro Street yesterday, when they handed me a fortune
cookie that said "He who has imagination but not knowledge
has wings, but no feet".
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Quite honestly, this one is ridiculous. Consider the following
scenario: Runner on third. As the pitcher starts to throw home, the
runner takes off for home and the batter squares around to bunt for
the suicide squeeze. The pitcher, seeing this, does not throw home,
but stops in mid action and puts the runner in a run down. It is the
balk rule that prevents this from happening.
Believe it or not, this actually happened to me once in an OBA
(Ontario Baseball association) game in Milton, Ontario. I was the
batter and to my amazement, the umpire missed it. In the 12 years
that I played ball, this was worst piece of umpiring I ever saw.
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: To those of you who have the BMW heated handgrips:
: What are they like during the summer? Yes, you
: wiseguy, I mean while they are off!
: Are they comfortable? Do they transmit a lot of
: vibration? How do they compare to the stock grips?
: To foam grips?
: Do they really make a difference during the winter?
I just got a K75 and had the heated grips installed. As far as I can
tell the grips look and feel the same as the standard grips.
They are *not* soft. Last weekend I did a 500 mile round-trip and
got to a point where it was in the 30s and raining. Those heated
grips were *great*. I've only had the bike a month and the heated
grips are already one of my favorite features on the bike.
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Not this again.
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The tv coverage of the playoffs is fucking ridicules. Overtime time games
that are not shown? What the hell kind of shit is this? If that would
have happened to the Flyers(if they were in the damn playoffs to begin
with) while I was watching, I would have gone throught the roof!
However, everybody is getting pissed off at ESPN, but they are not the
ones to blame. They have prior contracts that they just can't simply break
whenever they want to. The N.H.L. is to blame. When they signed the
deal with ESPN, they had to know of this. They had to know shit like this
would happen since they wouldn't have complete priority. The N.H.L.
should be feeling the heat that is being thrown at ESPN. How can the
N.H.L. do this to its fans? How dare they. We are the ones that make the
damn league exist and they can't even televise complete playoff games for us to
watch! They more I write about this, the more pissed off I get. We must
let the N.H.L. know that we expect a little better than this. If anybody
out there knows how to go about doing this, let me and everybody else know.
Well I had to get that off my chest and while I'm at it....
Mario is the Michael Jordan of hockey. All that fucker has to do is fall
on the ice and the closet guy to him gets at least 2. Last night in the
3rd game between NJ and Pitt, he was being pushed while skating across the
front of the goal while trying to get a shot off. The guy on him was
doing a good job, so he got off a weak shot, but then he decided to fall
to the ice. Then the fucking ref(Van Helloamend?) called the guy for
holding. They replayed the play, and my roomate(who is clueless about
hockey) wanted to know what the NJ guy did to get a call, because it was so fucking obvious the NJ player
had both hands on his stick, and no, he did not trip him. It is simple,
Mario gets touched, he falls to the ice, automatic 2. But the thing that
really pissed me off is, Pitt scored the 3rd or 4th goal, I don't remember,
on the resulting PP and
eventually won 4-3. His diving/calls makes a HUGE difference in the
outcome of a game.
They gotta stop the damn holding and interference that is so fucking
obvious. That is not hockey. It allows inferior players to bring down the
level of the better players, and allows inferior teams to beat better ones.
This has pissed me off for many years now, and it has improved somewhat.
However, during the playoffs and 3rd periods, the damn refs must misplace
their balls, because they sure don't make any calls that show that they got
any.
All agreeing or disagreeing replies are welcomed.
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No, which is why I want an investigation.
Who ever said he was? What is obvious is that he was defending himself, and his
followers, from the government. Whether you think he was right or wrong in
this is another question. If he was right, then he had the moral right to kill
those kgBATF agents.
--Ray Cote
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I have one of these monitors. It appears to function OK, but is unhookable
to anything standard (CGA,EGA,VGA) - it will plug in but gives fuzzy
diagonal noise.
I also have a graphics board that is apparently a 3270 graphic board
(double card with 2 8-bit bus connectors, and a 9-pin female connector
with a picture of monitor). I tried plugging these two into a standard AT
to no avail. How can one connect these to (the monitor seems to
be of relatively high quality, so I'm curious)? Any special drivers and/or
setup needed - I can't locate any jumpers on the card.
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They changed the lights and slope of the hood, along with the new
grille. Otherwise, it is unchanged.
Interestingly, their lack of wood and lack of a grille was a BIG
design statement... they tried to defy conventional wisdom and carve
their own niche ... unfortunately, sales were only half those of the
LEXUS and hence, they now join the pack. I still wonder if much of
the problem wasn't the slow start from the initial AD campaign.
Personally, I like the Q without the Grille.
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True. Today's Boston Globe interviewed a former Unification Church
leader who is now a consultant on cults. He said the FBI's approach
was totally wrong. He said they should have tried to break down the
BD's loyalty to Koresh through psychological means. Koresh's whole
theology was based on an approaching confrontation with the forces
of evil in the world and a seige mentality based on this. The Feds
played into his hands **PERFECTLY**. By surrounding the compound
with tanks and playing loud rock music and glaring lights at them
they strongly reinforced Koresh's message that the outside world was
evil and threatening. He said instead they should have set up
a picnic atmosphere, and acted inviting and friendly. If they
broadcast anything over PA systems it should have been loving
relatives reflecting on pleasant events from the cult members'
childhoods. The idea is to make the outside world and surrender
seem like a pleasant, desirable alternative. Interesting comments.
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I am thinking of buying a used Audi 90 Auto.
These cars look good and Audi do have a good rep. for these cars in Europe
(where I'm from).
I was just wondering if there anything about these cars that I should know.
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...which would make the number 15%, right Clayton?
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[...]
Tim Wallach can be explained with the rabbitball. Deion can be explained
as "learning how to play the game". I'm not betting that Deion will be able
to play as well as last year, but I think the odds of Deion playing as well
or better than he did last year are better than the odds of Otis Nixon
doing the same thing. When you factor in defense, Otis was more valuable last
year. But I'm not convinced he'll be more valuable this year, and especially
next year.
--
Dale J. Stephenson |*| (steph@cs.uiuc.edu) |*| Baseball fanatic
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Howdy All!
I have recently converted to Microsoft Visual C++.
I no longer want my Borland C++ 3.1 w/Application Frameworks product.
This version is about 6 months old. I have all of the manuals, disks (5.25"),
etc. It is licensed to me but I will transfer the license to the purchaser
under the accepted terms of the Borland license agreement.
I also have a copy of the books:
"Developing Windows Applications with Borland C++ 3", James McCord, Sams (39.95)
"Using Borland C++ 3 2nd ed", Mark & Lee Atkinson", Que (29.95)
I'd like to do is sell it all to the highest bidder under the conditions listed
below.
I'll ship C.O.D. to anywhere in the U.S. via the shipper of your choice
(provided they are local to me), and I will pay the COD charges (you just pay
for the shipping).
The list price for the product is about $750. I have seen it advertised for as
low as $500.
I will accept the best offer over $375 (plus shipping as described above) which
is 1/2 the list price, plus, I'm tossing in the 2 books listed above (which are
a $70 value).
I will hold the bidding open through the weekend and close it sometime in the
evening of 4/26/93.
Please reply via eMail. Only serious offers please apply. No, I will not
consider anything for trade, nor any offers less then $375 as I consider it a
fair price.
Regards,
Steve.
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Testing instance 81 - True class alt.atheism
scorretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
I have indeed heard of Pythagoras, but I don't know that he was ever
disparaged as a "bean eater". In the American Southwest and West
(e.g., Texas, California, Colorado), the term "bean eater" is
sometimes used as a slur against those of Hispanic heritage (generally
Mexicans, in those parts) -- much like how the Irish in the Northeast
are perceived (by some) as voracious beer guzzlers.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 82 - True class alt.atheism
scorretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
In September 1990, our medical reserve unit was sent to the KETZIOT
prison camp to take care of Arab prisoner who were housed in 5
sections of 1500 prisoners each, with each section subdivided in
5 units housing 300 prisoners. The prisoners would "communicate"
with other distant sections (sometimes 50-100 yards away) by
taking stones, tying written notes to the stones, and throwing
them with incredible precision to other sections. I should have
been a recruiter for the Red Sox :-) There were at least three
prisoners who could have been outstanding pitchers.
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Testing instance 83 - True class comp.graphics
Corretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
Those chimes indicate a hardware failure of some type during System startup.
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Testing instance 84 - True class alt.atheism
Corretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
Hi,
I am looking for a very high speed
D/A converter (at least 8bits and 150MHz) for
a research application. A paper in the January
issue of IEEE Solid-State Circuits mentions a
GaAs, 1GHz, 8bit DAC - anyone know where I can find
such a thing? Even a somewhat slower Si DAC would
do.
Needless to say, I have looked in all the
conventional places (Vitesse, Motorola, National,
etc. etc.). Any pointers would be appreciated.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 85 - True class comp.graphics
scorretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
Whoa. What you are effectively doing is implying that if a player plays
really well, he 'stores up' mistakes that can be used at a later time. Ths
is not so. Roy is the 'villain', as you so succinctly put it, because he
allowed a very cheap goal. If you think Roy outplayed Hextall, perhaps you
should get a tape of the game and watch the first 7-8 minutes of the third
period. NHL goaltenders _make_ some great saves. If they did not, they
would not be in the NHL in the first place. I do not expect any particular
goalie to be able to make the great saves all of the time, even though they
are occasionally required. However, when it comes to a routine shot like
Sakic's, especially at such a crucial time in a game, I don't think there
are any legitimate excuses.
I am not arguing that Hextall was brilliant. I am arguing is that a
relatively weak wrist shot from the outside of the circle shold not result
in a goal.
In a one-goal game with less than a minute to go there is no such thing as
'just the 1 goal'. I have not defended Dionne for taking the penalty
either...in fact I think it was a boneheaded move. But it led to _one_ goal
only, and Montreal had a _two_ goal lead. My main concern is the second
goal.
What you say about the skaters is absolutely true. But realize that the
game was effectively *won*. You could watch any hockey game (in fact, you
could watch any sporting event period) and spend hours discussing the 'what
if's' w.r.t. missed opportunities. They are not important when the final
result is decided. If I get the time soon, I'll watch the game again and
email you a list of lucky Montreal bounces and a list of Quebec offensive
screwups. Montreal was _leading_ with a minute to go. The goalie
is the last line of defence, and I will grant that extra attention is
focussed on him, sometimes without justification. But Roy gave up a *lousy*
goal, and a team cannot afford such a goal.
WHO CARES? Of what value is it to justify one lousy play with a totally
unrelated lousy play? I could do a Hextall critique if you'd like. But if
you're going to assess his performance, keep in mind that he made the key
saves at the key times.
For the record, I did not say that Roy was not one of the top goaltenders in
the league. In fact, I agree that he is.
I assume you are referring to me. However, I have pointed out that I think
the loss can be blamed on Roy. I have not said he sucks, nor do I think I've
made any other 'derogatory comments'. If you regard objective
(and informed, FYI) observations as derogatory, I really can't help you.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 86 - True class alt.atheism
scorretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
You forgot the part about encasing it in a small shaped charge so that
if anyone tries to tamper with it, it explodes and kills you.
Oh, and the shaped charge can be set off by remote control...but only
if you get out of line. Properly patriotic citizens have nothing to fear.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 87 - True class comp.graphics
scorretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
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Testing instance 88 - True class comp.graphics
scorretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
How DARE you make such an accusation! There are MANY sober, non-drinkers in
this state! If We wern't so busy unloading the beer truck for the week end,
I might just come up that and have a talk wit you! B->
----===== DoD #8177 = Technician(Dr. Speed) .NOT. Student =====----
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 89 - True class alt.atheism
scorretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
Hey All-
We have an old (1990) external HD attached to the Plus in our lab. It had
given us flawless service until last week. The problem: Someone in our lab
has an old 512 that was upgraded a couple years ago to a Plus with an
aftermarket SIMM/SCSI setup (Digigraphics "SIMMer"). the DB25 SCSI plug runs
through the back of the machine and attaches to the board with a 26-pin
rectangular connector. Well, this guy had removed the back from the machine,
to put more memory in, and had disconnected the the SCSI plug. Since the
26-pin connector is symmetrical (not keyed) he may have reinstalled it upside
down, essentially reversing the pins on the DB25. He came in and asked if he
could try out our HD on his SCSI port (it had never been used). Naive fools
that we are, we said o.k.. His computer failed to recognize the drive. Now,
none of the computers in our lab will recognize it. We tried Disk Doctor, and
it doesn't recognize anything on the SCSI chain. Could installing the SCSI
upside down have wrecked the HD's driver board? The drive seems to spin up
all right and unpark itself upon powerup. The events are too coincidental to
attribute the problem to stiction.
Any help greatly appreciated-
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 90 - True class comp.graphics
scorretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
I'd like to thank everyone and anyone who sent me information
to help me with my project.
_______ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
--| |- | | | | / /\ \ | |\ \ | | \ \/ /
| | | -- | / -- \ | | \ \ | | \ /
| | | __ | / ----- \ | | \ \| | / /\ \
|_| |__| |__| /__/ \__\ |_| \____| /__/ \_\
I'll send my report to all who requested a copy!
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 91 - True class comp.graphics
scorretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
Yes, I could look it up but I prefer to post this question
to the net...
I read somewhere in a long forgotten article that the handsignals
used by major league umps were originally used to help a
deaf ball player by the name of "Dummy". Urban myth? True?
I gots ta know.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 92 - True class alt.atheism
scorretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
: In article <1r6p8oINN8hi@clem.handheld.com>, jmd@cube.handheld.com (Jim De
: >
: > I have not made up my mind about Waco, but there sure seems to be a group of
: > devoted government following fanatics willing to believe whatever that
: > government wants to tell them, without any shred of doubt, nor thought of thier
: > own. They sure get shrill whenever their belief structure is being shaken.
: >
: > Kinda reminds you of the BDs, doesn't it?
: >
: > Jim
: Go to hell. I'm no "government [-] following fanatic." Your sweeping
: generalizations evince your own ignorance. What were they supposed to do?
: Just let him be?
Yes. Given the history of the BD's and the fact that they were just
peacefully minding their own business, I think this would have been
the correct course of action in the very beginning. Everything that
followed was a direct result of the major media fuck-up that the BATF
perpetrated just over 51 days ago.
:Fuck him. Fuck the ATF, too. They should've done it right
: the first time.
: joe.kusmierczak@mail.trincoll.edu
Yep, no doubt about it. They should have just bombed those kooks
right from the git-go. Yeah, sure! So much for any resemblence
to an America that abides by the Constitution. So much for feeling
safe in your home. So much for any of the rights enumerated in the
Bill of Rights being upheld. Why bother? They just get in the way
of an effective government. That is, a government of the elite, by
the elite, for the elite.
Joe, attitudes like yours frighten me. You have very few facts about
what actually happened, and what information you do have came from a
single source, the FBI/BATF. Yet you are more than happy to pronounce
the BD's guilty-as-charged based on this one-sided testimony. Scary!
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 93 - True class alt.atheism
scorretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
How about Acts 11: 15-18, 22-23
or, I John 4:1-8
which says to *try* the spirits to see if they be of God.
How do you know? When have you tried to learn anything about me?
--
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Testing instance 94 - True class alt.atheism
Corretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
Are you aware you can make a grenade with gunpower and metal water pipes?
Maybe we should outlaw hardware stores and ammo reloading.
Are you aware that you can make a firebomb with gasoline? etc.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 95 - True class alt.atheism
Corretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
Not by any standard of history I've seen. Care to back this up, sans the
lies apologists are so fond of?
Not really. Most of the prophesies aren't even prophesies. They're prayers
and comments taken from the Torah quite out of context. Seems Xians started
lying right from the beginning.
My we're an arrogant ass, aren't we?
You're wrong to think we haven't. The trust was in something that doesn't
exist.
I'm still willing to die for what I believe and don't believe. So were the
loonies in Waco. So what?
Besides, the point's not to die for what one believes in. The point's to
make that other sorry son-of-a-bitch to die for what *he* believes in! :)
Doesn't anyone else here get tired of these cretins' tirades?
Peter the Damed, and damned proud of it!
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 96 - True class comp.graphics
Corretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
At the time I didn't really want the Sox to sign either. I was more
than a little worried about Viola's elbow.
But you *surely* remember my shout of relief when, after a week of
rumors that Morris was coming to the Red Sox, they ended up with Viola
instead.
Now I'm even happier. Viola seems to have rebounded nicely.
How long did Viola sign for. Three years? I generally agree with
their policy of avoiding long-term contracts for pitchers. But I
think they enforce it rather too strictly. These days the premier
pitchers all sign three or four year deals. Which leaves the Jays
with Morris and Stewart. If the Jays want to compete for top free
agent pitchers, they will have to accept greater risks.
Any idea what the option year deal is for Morris? Are there any
automatic activation clauses? What is the buyout amount?f
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 97 - True class comp.graphics
Corretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
I got a ET4000/W32 card which is made by Cardex yesterday
and ran a winmark test on it. The card is a VL-BUS card which
can display 16.7 million colours in 640x480 mode with 1MB DRAM.
It comes with ET4000/W32 window drivers and a normal Et4000 drivers.
The ET4000/W32 drivers handles, 640x480, 800x600, 1024x786 in 256 colours.
Also, in 640x480 and 800x600, it supports hicolor, 32K and 64K colours.
Here is my winmark result running on a 16MB 486DX33 EISA/VL-BUS system using
Hint chipsets.
Winmark 3.11 from ZD lab.
Using ET4000/W32 drivers
640x480 256 10.63 megapixel/sec.
32k 7.34
64k 7.30
800x600 256 10.07
32k 6.38
64k 6.35
1kx786 256 8.17
Using ET4000 drivers.
640x480 16M 1.78
800x600 16colours 4.01
1kx786 16 4.22
From the result, the ET4000/W32 drivers are specialized to use the
hardware feature of the Et4000/W32 chip whereas the ET4000 drivers are
just normal driver for ET4000 based graphics card.
The price of this graphics card that I got is $185 from a local dealer.
It may be less from mail order. It has OS/2 2.0 drivers comes with it
which supports 256 colors on all resolution.
From these results, it has double the performance of a Et4000AX based card
in 256 colours mode.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 98 - True class alt.atheism
Corretto
Score for alt.atheism: 1.000
Score for comp.graphics: 0.000
Text:
I am servicing a machine (HP-286) and whenever the thing starts up I get
4 beeps on powerup. Does anyone know what error message that signifies? I
don't seem to have any problem with the machine but the lady who is using it
is "very concerned" about it.
Don't you just love HP computers???
Preferr responses by E-mail but I read the net so you can post it here.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 99 - True class comp.graphics
Corretto
Score for comp.graphics: 1.000
Score for alt.atheism: 0.000
Text:
pprun@august.it.uswc.uswe
Unites States Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
The House of Representatives
Washington, D.C. 20515
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
-Seth
__________________________________________________________________________
[unlike cats] dogs NEVER scratch you when you wash them. They just
become very sad and try to figure out what they did wrong. -Dave Barry
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Instance 768 - True class 0 =====================================
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Instance 770 - True class 0 =====================================
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Instance 772 - True class 0 =====================================
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Instance 775 - True class 1 =====================================
Instance 776 - True class 0 =====================================
Instance 777 - True class 0 =====================================
Instance 778 - True class 0 =====================================
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Instance 780 - True class 0 =====================================
Instance 781 - True class 0 =====================================
Instance 782 - True class 1 =====================================
Instance 783 - True class 1 =====================================
Instance 784 - True class 0 =====================================
Instance 785 - True class 0 =====================================
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Instance 788 - True class 1 =====================================
Instance 789 - True class 0 =====================================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- IndexError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-39-0d8c7f120f89> in <module>() 20 21 for i in range(len(ds_te.data)): ---> 22 print(f"Instance {i} - True class {y_te[i]} =====================================") IndexError: index 790 is out of bounds for axis 0 with size 790
Below, we report the results of points a and b above on the first 20 messages of the testing set.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 0 - True class rec.autos
Score for sci.med: 0.110
Score for sci.electronics: 0.110
Score for comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware: 0.080
Score for sci.space: 0.070
Score for comp.sys.mac.hardware: 0.070
Text:
I am a little confused on all of the models of the 88-89 bonnevilles.
I have heard of the LE SE LSE SSE SSEI. Could someone tell me the
differences are far as features or performance. I am also curious to
know what the book value is for prefereably the 89 model. And how much
less than book value can you usually get them for. In other words how
much are they in demand this time of year. I have heard that the mid-spring
early summer is the best time to buy.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 1 - True class comp.windows.x
Score for comp.graphics: 0.120
Score for alt.atheism: 0.110
Score for sci.electronics: 0.110
Score for talk.politics.mideast: 0.070
Score for comp.sys.mac.hardware: 0.060
Text:
I'm not familiar at all with the format of these "X-Face:" thingies, but
after seeing them in some folks' headers, I've *got* to *see* them (and
maybe make one of my own)!
I've got "dpg-view" on my Linux box (which displays "uncompressed X-Faces")
and I've managed to compile [un]compface too... but now that I'm *looking*
for them, I can't seem to find any X-Face:'s in anyones news headers! :-(
Could you, would you, please send me your "X-Face:" header?
I *know* I'll probably get a little swamped, but I can handle it.
...I hope.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 2 - True class alt.atheism
Score for misc.forsale: 0.180
Score for rec.motorcycles: 0.130
Score for talk.politics.misc: 0.110
Score for rec.sport.baseball: 0.090
Score for alt.atheism: 0.090
Text:
In a word, yes.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 3 - True class talk.politics.mideast
Score for talk.politics.misc: 0.200
Score for talk.politics.mideast: 0.180
Score for talk.politics.guns: 0.150
Score for sci.crypt: 0.110
Score for soc.religion.christian: 0.060
Text:
They were attacking the Iraqis to drive them out of Kuwait,
a country whose citizens have close blood and business ties
to Saudi citizens. And me thinks if the US had not helped out
the Iraqis would have swallowed Saudi Arabia, too (or at
least the eastern oilfields). And no Muslim country was doing
much of anything to help liberate Kuwait and protect Saudi
Arabia; indeed, in some masses of citizens were demonstrating
in favor of that butcher Saddam (who killed lotsa Muslims),
just because he was killing, raping, and looting relatively
rich Muslims and also thumbing his nose at the West.
So how would have *you* defended Saudi Arabia and rolled
back the Iraqi invasion, were you in charge of Saudi Arabia???
I think that it is a very good idea to not have governments have an
official religion (de facto or de jure), because with human nature
like it is, the ambitious and not the pious will always be the
ones who rise to power. There are just too many people in this
world (or any country) for the citizens to really know if a
leader is really devout or if he is just a slick operator.
You make it sound like these guys are angels, Ilyess. (In your
clarinet posting you edited out some stuff; was it the following???)
Friday's New York Times reported that this group definitely is
more conservative than even Sheikh Baz and his followers (who
think that the House of Saud does not rule the country conservatively
enough). The NYT reported that, besides complaining that the
government was not conservative enough, they have:
- asserted that the (approx. 500,000) Shiites in the Kingdom
are apostates, a charge that under Saudi (and Islamic) law
brings the death penalty.
Diplomatic guy (Sheikh bin Jibrin), isn't he Ilyess?
- called for severe punishment of the 40 or so women who
drove in public a while back to protest the ban on
women driving. The guy from the group who said this,
Abdelhamoud al-Toweijri, said that these women should
be fired from their jobs, jailed, and branded as
prostitutes.
Is this what you want to see happen, Ilyess? I've
heard many Muslims say that the ban on women driving
has no basis in the Qur'an, the ahadith, etc.
Yet these folks not only like the ban, they want
these women falsely called prostitutes?
If I were you, I'd choose my heroes wisely,
Ilyess, not just reflexively rally behind
anyone who hates anyone you hate.
- say that women should not be allowed to work.
- say that TV and radio are too immoral in the Kingdom.
Now, the House of Saud is neither my least nor my most favorite government
on earth; I think they restrict religious and political reedom a lot, among
other things. I just think that the most likely replacements
for them are going to be a lot worse for the citizens of the country.
But I think the House of Saud is feeling the heat lately. In the
last six months or so I've read there have been stepped up harassing
by the muttawain (religious police---*not* government) of Western women
not fully veiled (something stupid for women to do, IMO, because it
sends the wrong signals about your morality). And I've read that
they've cracked down on the few, home-based expartiate religious
gatherings, and even posted rewards in (government-owned) newspapers
offering money for anyone who turns in a group of expartiates who
dare worship in their homes or any other secret place. So the
government has grown even more intolerant to try to take some of
the wind out of the sails of the more-conservative opposition.
As unislamic as some of these things are, they're just a small
taste of what would happen if these guys overthrow the House of
Saud, like they're trying to in the long run.
Is this really what you (and Rached and others in the general
west-is-evil-zionists-rule-hate-west-or-you-are-a-puppet crowd)
want, Ilyess?
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 4 - True class talk.religion.misc
Score for talk.religion.misc: 0.160
Score for alt.atheism: 0.110
Score for comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware: 0.090
Score for rec.autos: 0.080
Score for rec.motorcycles: 0.060
Text:
I've just spent two solid months arguing that no such thing as an
objective moral system exists.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 5 - True class sci.med
Score for sci.med: 0.120
Score for talk.religion.misc: 0.110
Score for soc.religion.christian: 0.090
Score for talk.politics.misc: 0.070
Score for alt.atheism: 0.070
Text:
Elisabeth, let's set the record straight for the nth time, I have not read
"The Yeast Connection". So anything that I say is not due to brainwashing
by this "hated" book. It's okay I guess to hate the book, by why hate me?
Elisabeth, I'm going to quote from Zinsser's Microbiology, 20th Edition.
A book that you should be familiar with and not "hate". "Candida species
colonize the mucosal surfaces of all humans during birth or shortly
thereafter. The risk of endogenous infection is clearly ever present.
Indeed, candidiasis occurs worldwide and is the most common systemic
mycosis." Neutrophils play the main role in preventing a systemic
infection(candidiasis) so you would have to have a low neutrophil count or
"sick" neutrophils to see a systemic infection. Poor diet and persistent
parasitic infestation set many third world residents up for candidiasis.
Your assessment of candidiasis in the U.S. is correct and I do not dispute
it.
What I posted was a discussion of candida blooms, without systemic
infection. These blooms would be responsible for local sites of irritation
(GI tract, mouth, vagina and sinus cavity). Knocking down the bacterial
competition for candida was proposed as a possible trigger for candida
blooms. Let me quote from Zinsser's again: "However, some factors, such as
the use of a broad-spectrum antibacterial antibiotic, may predispose to
both mucosal and systemic infections". I was addressing mucosal infections
(I like the term blooms better). The nutrition course that I teach covers
this effect of antibiotic treatment as well as the "cure". I guess that
your nutrition course does not, too bad.
My, my Elisabeth, do I detect a little of Steve Dyer in you? If you
noticed my faculty rank, I'm a biochemist, not a microbiologist.
Candida is classifed as a fungus(according to Zinsser's). But, as you point
out, it displays dimorphism. It is capable of producing yeast cells,
pseudohyphae and true hyphae. Elisabeth, you are probably a microbiologist
and that makes a lot of sense to you. To a biochemist, it's a lot of
Greek. So I called it a yeast-like fungus, go ahead and crucify me.
You know Elisabeth, I still haven't been able to figure out why such a small
little organism like Candida can bring out so much hostility in people in
Sci. Med. And I must admitt that I got sucked into the mud slinging too.
I keep hoping that if people will just take the time to think about what
I've said, that it will make sense. I'm not asking anyone here to buy into
"The Yeast Connection" book because I don't know what's in that book, plain
and simple. And to be honest with you, I'm beginning to wish that it was never
written.
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Testing instance 6 - True class soc.religion.christian
Score for rec.sport.baseball: 0.190
Score for rec.motorcycles: 0.110
Score for talk.politics.misc: 0.100
Score for rec.sport.hockey: 0.090
Score for talk.religion.misc: 0.080
Text:
Dishonest money dwindles away, but he who gathers money little by little makes
it grow.
Proverbs 13:11
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Testing instance 7 - True class soc.religion.christian
Score for comp.graphics: 0.280
Score for sci.med: 0.110
Score for comp.os.ms-windows.misc: 0.100
Score for rec.motorcycles: 0.060
Score for comp.windows.x: 0.060
Text:
A friend of mine managed to get a copy of a computerised Greek and Hebrew
Lexicon called "The Word Perfect" (That is not the word processing
package WordPerfect). However, some one wiped out the EXE file, and she
has not been able to restore it. There are no distributors of the package in
South Africa. I would appreciate it, if some one could email me the file, or
at least tell me where I could get it from.
My email address is
fortmann@superbowl.und.ac.za or
fortmann@shrike.und.ac.za
Many thanks.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 8 - True class comp.windows.x
Score for comp.windows.x: 0.490
Score for comp.os.ms-windows.misc: 0.080
Score for comp.graphics: 0.080
Score for sci.electronics: 0.050
Score for comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware: 0.040
Text:
Hi,
We have a requirement for dynamically closing and opening
different display servers within an X application in a manner such
that at any time there is only one display associated with the client.
Assumming a proper cleanup is done during the transition should
we anticipate any problems.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 9 - True class comp.graphics
Score for comp.graphics: 0.310
Score for comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware: 0.140
Score for sci.electronics: 0.090
Score for comp.sys.mac.hardware: 0.060
Score for sci.med: 0.050
Text:
:
: well, i have lots of experience with scanning in images and altering
: them. as for changing them back into negatives, is that really possible?
: (stuff deleted)
: jennifer urso: the oh-so bitter woman of utter blahness(but cheerful
: undertones)
I use Aldus Photostyler on the PC and I can turn a colour or black and white
image into a negative or turn a negative into a colour or black and white
image. I don't know how it does it but it works well. To test it I scanned
a negative and used Aldus to create a positive. It looked better than the
print that the film developers gave me.
--
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 10 - True class comp.os.ms-windows.misc
Score for comp.os.ms-windows.misc: 0.760
Score for comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware: 0.080
Score for comp.graphics: 0.040
Score for rec.sport.baseball: 0.020
Score for misc.forsale: 0.020
Text:
I have uploaded the Windows On-Line Review shareware edition to
ftp.cica.indiana.edu as /pub/pc/win3/uploads/wolrs7.zip.
It is an on-line magazine which contains reviews of some shareware
products...I grabbed it from the Windows On-Line BBS.
--
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 11 - True class comp.windows.x
Score for comp.graphics: 0.380
Score for comp.windows.x: 0.330
Score for comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware: 0.080
Score for comp.sys.mac.hardware: 0.070
Score for comp.os.ms-windows.misc: 0.030
Text:
Most graphics systems I have seen have drawing routines that also specify
a color for drawing, like
Drawpoint(x,y,color) or Drawline(x1,y1,x2,y2,color) or
Fillrectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,color)
With X, I have to do something like
XSetForeground(current_color)
XDrawPoint(d,w,x,y)
Why split this into two functions? Why did X designers decide to not associate
the color with the object being drawn, and instead associate it with the
display it is being drawn on?
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 12 - True class talk.politics.mideast
Score for talk.politics.mideast: 0.890
Score for talk.politics.misc: 0.020
Score for comp.sys.mac.hardware: 0.020
Score for soc.religion.christian: 0.020
Score for sci.med: 0.020
Text:
You *know* that putting something like this out on the newsgroup is *only*
going to generate flames, not discussion. Try adding some substance to
the issue of "gestures" you mentioned.
What is it you feel that Israel *has* offered as a "gesture"? What would
you (*realistically*) expect to see presented by the Arabs/Palestinians
in the way of "gesture"?
What are the "rules" that have been bent by Arab actions? It would seem
that the Israeli deportations were seen by the other side as an example
of "changing the rules".
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 13 - True class rec.motorcycles
Score for sci.space: 0.120
Score for rec.motorcycles: 0.120
Score for rec.sport.baseball: 0.090
Score for sci.electronics: 0.090
Score for talk.politics.guns: 0.080
Text:
Accusation? I thought it was a recommendation. (I mean, I did grow up there,
I oughta know).
Bring the truck and about 10 pounds of crawfish and we'll talk.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 14 - True class alt.atheism
Score for soc.religion.christian: 0.500
Score for talk.religion.misc: 0.250
Score for alt.atheism: 0.160
Score for talk.politics.guns: 0.020
Score for rec.sport.hockey: 0.020
Text:
Probably because it IS rape.
So nothing. It may work for some, but not for others: it doesn't give any
insight into an overall God or overall truth of a religion- it would seem to be
dependent solely on the individual, as well as individually-created. And since
Christians have failed to show us how there way of life is in any wy better
than ours, I do not see why the attempt to try it is necessary, or even
particularly attractive.
Well, we will nerver know for sure if we were told the truth or not, but at the
very least there is a bit more evidence pointing to the fact that, say, there
was a military conflict in Vietnam 25 years ago, then there is a supernatural
diety who wants us to live a certain way. The fact that Jesus warned against
it means nothing. *I* warn against it too. Big deal.
This is not true. The first two choices here (life and death) are scantily
documented, and the last one is total malarky unless one uses the Bible, and
that is totally circular. Perhaps it be better to use the imagination, or
one's ignorance. Someone else will address this I'm sure, and refer you to
plenty of documentation...
How is this? There is nothing more disgusting than Christian attempts to
manipulate/interpret the Old Testament as being filled with signs for the
coming of Christ. Every little reference to a stick or bit of wood is
autmoatically interpreted as the Cross. What a miscarriage of philology.
Well, since we have skeptical hearts (thank goodness,) there is no way to get
into us. Here we have the irreconcilable difference: Christians glorify
exactly what we tend to despise or snub: trust/belief/faith without knowledge.
If I am lucky one day and I happen to be thinking of God at the same time my
enkephalins go up, then I may associate this as a sign of God (it will "feel"
right, and I will trust without knowing). Maybe. Religosity does not seem to
be anything that is conclusively arrived at, but rather it seems to be more of
a sudden affliction...
I believe many of us were willing to die for what we believed, many of us were
not. The question is, is suchg an attitude reflective of a _correct_ or
healthy morality. IT would seem not to be. The same thing could reflect
fanaticism, for example, and is any case an expression of simple selfishness.
--
--Adam
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 15 - True class comp.os.ms-windows.misc
Score for comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware: 0.340
Score for comp.graphics: 0.170
Score for comp.os.ms-windows.misc: 0.120
Score for comp.sys.mac.hardware: 0.100
Score for comp.windows.x: 0.060
Text:
From article <C68uBG.K2w@world.std.com>, by cfw@world.std.com (Christopher F Wroten):
Good question.
Answer: The EISA bus does move 32 bits rather than ISA's 8/(16?)
But it still moves it at about the speed as the ISA bus.
I think that's either 8 or 10 mhz.
The local bus designs also move 32 bits like the EISA, but
they move the data at the cpu speed, up to 40 mhz.
So, on a 33mhz cpu, the local bus is moving 32bit data at
33 mhz, and the EISA is moving 32bit data at 8 or 10 mhz.
So the local bus should be 3 to 4 times faster than EISA on
a 33 mhz cpu. EISA should be about two (maybe 3) times as
fast as ISA.
That's a very good question. The EISA bus does have more advantages
over the ISA bus than just it's width. For example: more/better
interrupts and bus mastering. But these other factors do not impact
a video card very much. They have more impact on file servers with
multiple hard drives, full-throttle network cards, cd-roms, etc.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 16 - True class comp.sys.mac.hardware
Score for comp.os.ms-windows.misc: 0.220
Score for comp.graphics: 0.190
Score for comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware: 0.070
Score for comp.sys.mac.hardware: 0.070
Score for alt.atheism: 0.040
Text:
Iv'e got a problem printing with a StyleWriterII. I am printing from a IIvx
with 20 megs ram. I am trying to print a Quark file that has 2 fonts a couple
of boxes and 3 gradient fills.
Two things happen: I get a " Disk is full" error, that I can't find documented,
I also have parts of letters that are over one of the gradient fills get cut
off. This only happens to the text over the fill. Text adjecent in a different
box is uneffected.
Any ideas?
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 17 - True class comp.graphics
Score for rec.sport.baseball: 0.180
Score for comp.graphics: 0.100
Score for comp.windows.x: 0.070
Score for sci.electronics: 0.070
Score for rec.motorcycles: 0.060
Text:
Hello,
i'm interested in those devices too.
Could also send me your suggestions.
Thank in advance.
Regards.
--
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 18 - True class misc.forsale
Score for comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware: 0.180
Score for comp.sys.mac.hardware: 0.180
Score for sci.electronics: 0.150
Score for misc.forsale: 0.150
Score for rec.motorcycles: 0.070
Text:
I said
what a SILLY boy i was, now i have zillions of messages like
"does that include shipping"
"is it scsi"
"what rom version is it"
"will it work on a maximegalon gargantuabrain 9000"
ok, the deal is this - if you live in the twin cities, email me, and set
up a time, sure, you can drop round and grab one for a tenner.
Else
Min order $20 (2 drives) + shipping. No guarantees they are good for
any purpose at all (they look newish & clean), no technical
negotiations. They are model 525 floppytape, part # 960273-639
revision D. 17 pin floppy style connector on the back
Else
They go in the bin - life is too short for extended negotiations over
$10 items :-)
cheers
Mike.
█████████████████████████████████████████████████████
Testing instance 19 - True class talk.politics.guns
Score for sci.electronics: 0.160
Score for sci.space: 0.140
Score for rec.sport.baseball: 0.090
Score for rec.autos: 0.090
Score for talk.politics.mideast: 0.070
Text:
I just called Texas' legislative bill tracking service and found out
that HB 1776 (Concealed Carry) is scheduled for a floor vote TODAY!
Let those phone calls roll in.
DarylExercise¶
Repeat the above, but this time for a message entered by the user